diff --git a/gdb/doc/gdb.texinfo b/gdb/doc/gdb.texinfo index 407a8cd632..a8d90b6d45 100644 --- a/gdb/doc/gdb.texinfo +++ b/gdb/doc/gdb.texinfo @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ except that the section entitled ``GNU General Public License'' may be included in a translation approved by the author instead of in the original English. @end ifinfo - +@c @smallbook @setchapternewpage odd @settitle Using GDB (v4.0) @titlepage @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ original English. @end titlepage @page -@node Top, Top, Top, (DIR) +@node Top, New Features, (dir), (dir) @unnumbered Summary of GDB The purpose of a debugger such as GDB is to allow you to see what is @@ -106,31 +106,128 @@ is being implemented, and Fortran support will be added when a GNU Fortran compiler is written. @menu -* New Features:: What's new in GDB 4.0 -* License:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission - to redistribute GDB on certain terms; and also - explains that there is no warranty. -* User Interface:: GDB command syntax and input and output conventions. -* Files:: Specifying files for GDB to operate on. -* Options:: GDB arguments and options. -* Compilation::Compiling your program so you can debug it. -* Running:: Running your program under GDB. -* Stopping:: Making your program stop. Why it may stop. What to do then. -* Stack:: Examining your program's stack. -* Source:: Examining your program's source files. -* Data:: Examining data in your program. -* Symbols:: Examining the debugger's symbol table. -* Altering:: Altering things in your program. -* Sequences:: Canned command sequences for repeated use. -* Emacs:: Using GDB through GNU Emacs. -* Remote:: Remote debugging across a serial line or TCP/IP. -* GDB Bugs:: How to report bugs (if you want to get them fixed). -* Installing GDB:: How to set up GDB for your host and target -* Commands:: Index of GDB commands. -* Concepts:: Index of GDB concepts. +* New Features:: New Features in GDB version 4.0 +* User Interface:: GDB Commands and Displays +* Files:: Specifying GDB's Files +* Compilation:: Compiling Your Program for Debugging +* Targets:: Specifying a Debugging Target +* Running:: Running Your Program Under GDB +* Stopping:: Stopping and Continuing +* Stack:: Examining the Stack +* Source:: Examining Source Files +* Data:: Examining Data +* Symbols:: Examining the Symbol Table +* Altering:: Altering Execution +* Sequences:: Canned Sequences of Commands +* Options:: Options and Arguments for GDB +* Emacs:: Using GDB under GNU Emacs +* Remote:: Remote Debugging +* GDB Bugs:: Reporting Bugs in GDB +* Installing GDB:: Installing GDB +* License:: GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE +* Commands:: Command Index +* Concepts:: Index + + --- The Detailed Node Listing --- + +Specifying GDB's Files + +* File Arguments:: Specifying Files with Arguments +* File Commands:: Specifying Files with Commands + +Running Your Program Under GDB + +* Arguments:: Specifying the arguments for your program. +* Environment:: Specifying the environment for your program. +* Working Directory:: Specifying the working directory for giving + to your program when it is run. +* Input/Output:: Specifying the program's standard input and output. +* Attach:: Debugging a process started outside GDB. +* Kill Process:: Getting rid of the child process running your program. + +Stopping and Continuing + +* Signals:: Fatal signals in your program just stop it; + then you can use GDB to see what is going on. +* Breakpoints:: Breakpoints let you stop your program when it + reaches a specified point in the code. + an expression changes. +* Continuing:: Resuming execution until the next signal or breakpoint. +* Stepping:: Stepping runs the program a short distance and + then stops it wherever it has come to. + +Breakpoints + +* Set Breaks:: How to establish breakpoints. +* Exception Handling:: How GDB supports exception handling for C++. +* Delete Breaks:: How to remove breakpoints no longer needed. +* Disabling:: How to disable breakpoints (turn them off temporarily). +* Conditions:: Making extra conditions on whether to stop. +* Break Commands:: Commands to be executed at a breakpoint. +* Error in Breakpoints:: + +Examining the Stack + +* Frames:: Explanation of stack frames and terminology. +* Backtrace:: Summarizing many frames at once. +* Selection:: How to select a stack frame. +* Frame Info:: Information on a Frame + +Examining Source Files + +* List:: Using the @samp{list} command to print source files. +* Search:: Commands for searching source files. +* Source Path:: Specifying the directories to search for source files. + +Examining Data + +* Expressions:: Expressions that can be computed and printed. +* Variables:: Using your program's variables in expressions. +* Arrays:: Examining part of memory as an array. +* Format options:: Controlling how structures and arrays are printed. +* Output formats:: Specifying formats for printing values. +* Auto Display:: Printing certain expressions whenever program stops. +* Value History:: Referring to values previously printed. +* Convenience Vars:: Giving names to values for future reference. +* Registers:: Referring to and storing in machine registers. + +Output formats + +* Memory:: Examining Memory + +Altering Execution + +* Assignment:: Altering variable values or memory contents. +* Jumping:: Altering control flow. +* Signaling:: Making signals happen in the program. +* Returning:: Making a function return prematurely. +* Calling:: Calling functions from your program + +Canned Sequences of Commands + +* Define:: User-defined commands. +* Command Files:: Command files. +* Output:: Controlled output commands useful in + user-defined commands and command files. + +Options and Arguments for GDB + +* Mode Options:: Options controlling modes of operation. +* File Options:: Options to specify files (executable, coredump, commands) +* Other Arguments:: Any other arguments without options + also specify files. + +Remote Debugging + +* Remote Commands:: Commands used to start and finish remote debugging. + +Reporting Bugs in GDB + +* Bug Criteria:: Have You Found a Bug? +* Bug Reporting:: How to Report Bugs @end menu -@node New Features, License, Top, Top +@node New Features, User Interface, Top, Top @unnumbered New Features in GDB version 4.0 @itemize @bullet @@ -196,307 +293,7 @@ HPPA architecture support. @end itemize - - -@node License, User Interface, New Features, Top -@unnumbered GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE -@center Version 1, February 1989 - -@display -Copyright @copyright{} 1989 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA - -Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies -of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. -@end display - -@unnumberedsec Preamble - - The license agreements of most software companies try to keep users -at the mercy of those companies. By contrast, our General Public -License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free -software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. The -General Public License applies to the Free Software Foundation's -software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. -You can use it for your programs, too. - - When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not -price. Specifically, the General Public License is designed to make -sure that you have the freedom to give away or sell copies of free -software, that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, -that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free -programs; and that you know you can do these things. - - To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid -anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. -These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you -distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. - - For example, if you distribute copies of a such a program, whether -gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that -you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the -source code. And you must tell them their rights. - - We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and -(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, -distribute and/or modify the software. - - Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain -that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free -software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we -want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so -that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original -authors' reputations. - - The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and -modification follow. - -@iftex -@unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS -@end iftex -@ifinfo -@center TERMS AND CONDITIONS -@end ifinfo - -@enumerate -@item -This License Agreement applies to any program or other work which -contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be -distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The -``Program'', below, refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based -on the Program'' means either the Program or any work containing the -Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications. Each -licensee is addressed as ``you''. - -@item -You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source -code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and -appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and -disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this -General Public License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any -other recipients of the Program a copy of this General Public License -along with the Program. You may charge a fee for the physical act of -transferring a copy. - -@item -You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of -it, and copy and distribute such modifications under the terms of Paragraph -1 above, provided that you also do the following: - -@itemize @bullet -@item -cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that -you changed the files and the date of any change; and - -@item -cause the whole of any work that you distribute or publish, that -in whole or in part contains the Program or any part thereof, either -with or without modifications, to be licensed at no charge to all -third parties under the terms of this General Public License (except -that you may choose to grant warranty protection to some or all -third parties, at your option). - -@item -If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when -run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use -in the simplest and most usual way, to print or display an -announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice -that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a -warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these -conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this General -Public License. - -@item -You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a -copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in -exchange for a fee. -@end itemize - -Mere aggregation of another independent work with the Program (or its -derivative) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring -the other work under the scope of these terms. - -@item -You may copy and distribute the Program (or a portion or derivative of -it, under Paragraph 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of -Paragraphs 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: - -@itemize @bullet -@item -accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable -source code, which must be distributed under the terms of -Paragraphs 1 and 2 above; or, - -@item -accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three -years, to give any third party free (except for a nominal charge -for the cost of distribution) a complete machine-readable copy of the -corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of -Paragraphs 1 and 2 above; or, - -@item -accompany it with the information you received as to where the -corresponding source code may be obtained. (This alternative is -allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you -received the program in object code or executable form alone.) -@end itemize - -Source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making -modifications to it. For an executable file, complete source code means -all the source code for all modules it contains; but, as a special -exception, it need not include source code for modules which are standard -libraries that accompany the operating system on which the executable -file runs, or for standard header files or definitions files that -accompany that operating system. - -@item -You may not copy, modify, sublicense, distribute or transfer the -Program except as expressly provided under this General Public License. -Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, distribute or transfer -the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights to use -the Program under this License. However, parties who have received -copies, or rights to use copies, from you under this General Public -License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties -remain in full compliance. - -@item -By copying, distributing or modifying the Program (or any work based -on the Program) you indicate your acceptance of this license to do so, -and all its terms and conditions. - -@item -Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the -Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original -licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these -terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the -recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. - -@item -The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions -of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will -be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to -address new problems or concerns. - -Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program -specifies a version number of the license which applies to it and ``any -later version'', you have the option of following the terms and conditions -either of that version or of any later version published by the Free -Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of -the license, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software -Foundation. - -@item -If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free -programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author -to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free -Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes -make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals -of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and -of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. - -@iftex -@heading NO WARRANTY -@end iftex -@ifinfo -@center NO WARRANTY -@end ifinfo - -@item -BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY -FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN -OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES -PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED -OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF -MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS -TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE -PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, -REPAIR OR CORRECTION. - -@item -IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL -ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR -REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, -INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES -ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES -SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE -WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN -ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. -@end enumerate - -@iftex -@heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS -@end iftex -@ifinfo -@center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS -@end ifinfo - -@page -@unnumberedsec Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs - - If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest -possible use to humanity, the best way to achieve this is to make it -free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these -terms. - - To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to -attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey -the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the -``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. - -@smallexample -@var{one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.} -Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author} - -This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify -it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by -the Free Software Foundation; either version 1, or (at your option) -any later version. - -This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, -but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of -MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the -GNU General Public License for more details. - -You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License -along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software -Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. -@end smallexample - -Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. - -If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this -when it starts in an interactive mode: - -@smallexample -Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author} -Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. -This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it -under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. -@end smallexample - -The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the -appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the -commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show -c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever suits your -program. - -You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your -school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if -necessary. Here a sample; alter the names: - -@example -Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the -program `Gnomovision' (a program to direct compilers to make passes -at assemblers) written by James Hacker. - -@var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989 -Ty Coon, President of Vice -@end example - -That's all there is to it! - -@node User Interface, Files, License, Top +@node User Interface, Files, New Features, Top @chapter GDB Commands and Displays GDB is invoked with the shell command @samp{gdb}. Once started, it reads @@ -863,9 +660,8 @@ debug a core dump of a previous run, GDB must be told the file name of the core dump. @menu -* Arguments: File Arguments. Specifying files with arguments - (when you start GDB). -* Commands: File Commands. Specifying files with GDB commands. +* File Arguments:: Specifying Files with Arguments +* File Commands:: Specifying Files with Commands @end menu @node File Arguments, File Commands, Files, Files @@ -888,7 +684,7 @@ you plan to do is debug the program interactively.) @xref{Options}, for full information on options and arguments for invoking GDB. -@node File Commands,, File Arguments, Files +@node File Commands, , File Arguments, Files @section Specifying Files with Commands Usually you specify the files for GDB to work with by giving arguments when @@ -999,7 +795,7 @@ previous source line. Symbol number @var{n} contains a pointer into the string table which is larger than the size of the string table. GDB circumvents the problem by considering the symbol to have the name @code{foo}, which may cause -other problems if many symbols end up with this name. @index{foo} +other problems if many symbols end up with this name. @cindex{foo} @item unknown symbol type @code{0xNN} @@ -1155,7 +951,7 @@ option or use shorter file names. Alternatively, use a version of GNU @code{ar} dated more recently than August 1989. @end ignore -@node Targets, Running, Compilation, Top +@node Targets, Running, Compilation, Top @chapter Specifying a Debugging Target @cindex debugging target @kindex target @@ -1248,13 +1044,13 @@ symbols, GDB will discard its symbol table and re-read it from your program. In this process, it tries to retain your current breakpoints. @menu -* Arguments:: Specifying the arguments for your program. -* Environment:: Specifying the environment for your program. -* Working Directory:: Specifying the working directory for giving +* Arguments:: Specifying the arguments for your program. +* Environment:: Specifying the environment for your program. +* Working Directory:: Specifying the working directory for giving to your program when it is run. -* Input/Output:: Specifying the program's standard input and output. -* Attach:: Debugging a process started outside GDB. -* Kill Process:: Getting rid of the child process running your program. +* Input/Output:: Specifying the program's standard input and output. +* Attach:: Debugging a process started outside GDB. +* Kill Process:: Getting rid of the child process running your program. @end menu @node Arguments, Environment, Running, Running @@ -1448,7 +1244,7 @@ whether or not this happens by using the @samp{set caution} command The @samp{attach} command is also used to debug a remote machine via a serial connection. @xref{Remote}, for more info. -@node Kill Process,, Attach, Running +@node Kill Process, , Attach, Running @section Killing the Child Process @table @code @@ -1481,13 +1277,13 @@ that point; or so that if the program runs into trouble you can investigate and find out why. @menu -* Signals:: Fatal signals in your program just stop it; +* Signals:: Fatal signals in your program just stop it; then you can use GDB to see what is going on. -* Breakpoints:: Breakpoints let you stop your program when it +* Breakpoints:: Breakpoints let you stop your program when it reaches a specified point in the code. an expression changes. -* Continuing:: Resuming execution until the next signal or breakpoint. -* Stepping:: Stepping runs the program a short distance and +* Continuing:: Resuming execution until the next signal or breakpoint. +* Stepping:: Stepping runs the program a short distance and then stops it wherever it has come to. @end menu @@ -1574,7 +1370,7 @@ You can also use the @samp{signal} command to prevent the program from seeing a signal, or cause it to see a signal it normally would not see, or to give it any signal at any time. @xref{Signaling}. -@node Breakpoints, Watchpoints Continuing, Signals, Stopping +@node Breakpoints, Continuing, Signals, Stopping @section Breakpoints @cindex breakpoints @@ -1625,13 +1421,13 @@ releases of GDB will use such hardware if it is available. @end table @menu -* Set Breaks:: How to establish breakpoints. -* Exception Handling:: How GDB supports exception handling for C++. -* Delete Breaks:: How to remove breakpoints no longer needed. -* Disabling:: How to disable breakpoints (turn them off temporarily). -* Conditions:: Making extra conditions on whether to stop. -* Break Commands:: Commands to be executed at a breakpoint. -* Error in Breakpoints:: "Cannot insert breakpoints" error--why, what to do. +* Set Breaks:: How to establish breakpoints. +* Exception Handling:: How GDB supports exception handling for C++. +* Delete Breaks:: How to remove breakpoints no longer needed. +* Disabling:: How to disable breakpoints (turn them off temporarily). +* Conditions:: Making extra conditions on whether to stop. +* Break Commands:: Commands to be executed at a breakpoint. +* Error in Breakpoints:: @end menu @node Set Breaks, Exception Handling, Breakpoints, Breakpoints @@ -1780,7 +1576,7 @@ You cannot raise an exception interactively. You cannot interactively install an exception handler. @end itemize -@node Delete Breaks, Disabling, Set Breaks, Breakpoints +@node Delete Breaks, Disabling, Exception Handling, Breakpoints @subsection Deleting Breakpoints @cindex clearing breakpoints and watchpoints @@ -2078,7 +1874,7 @@ evaluated without changing the terminal modes. When you want to have nontrivial conditions for performing the side effects, the operators @samp{&&}, @samp{||} and @samp{?@dots{}:} may be useful. -@node Error in Breakpoints,, Break Commands, Breakpoints +@node Error in Breakpoints, , Break Commands, Breakpoints @subsection ``Cannot Insert Breakpoints'' Error Under some operating systems, breakpoints cannot be used in a program if @@ -2138,7 +1934,7 @@ you can continue with @samp{signal 0}. @xref{Signaling}. You can also act in advance to control what signals your program will see, using the @samp{handle} command (@pxref{Signals}). -@node Stepping,, Continuing, Stopping +@node Stepping, , Continuing, Stopping @section Stepping @cindex stepping @@ -2281,10 +2077,10 @@ frame and describes it briefly as the @samp{frame} command does (@pxref{Frame Info, Info}). @menu -* Frames:: Explanation of stack frames and terminology. -* Backtrace:: Summarizing many frames at once. -* Selection:: How to select a stack frame. -* Info: Frame Info, Commands to print information on stack frames. +* Frames:: Explanation of stack frames and terminology. +* Backtrace:: Summarizing many frames at once. +* Selection:: How to select a stack frame. +* Frame Info:: Information on a Frame @end menu @node Frames, Backtrace, Stack, Stack @@ -2453,7 +2249,7 @@ that source line. For example: After such a printout, the @samp{list} command with no arguments will print ten lines centered on the point of execution in the frame. @xref{List}. -@node Frame Info, , Selection, Stack +@node Frame Info, , Selection, Stack @section Information on a Frame There are several other commands to print information about the selected @@ -2516,9 +2312,9 @@ which execution in that frame has stopped in. You can also print parts of source files by explicit command. @menu -* List:: Using the @samp{list} command to print source files. -* Search:: Commands for searching source files. -* Source Path:: Specifying the directories to search for source files. +* List:: Using the @samp{list} command to print source files. +* Search:: Commands for searching source files. +* Source Path:: Specifying the directories to search for source files. @end menu @node List, Search, Source, Source @@ -2660,7 +2456,7 @@ with the one before the last line listed and going backward, for a match for @var{regexp}. It lists the line that is found. You can abbreviate this command with as little as @samp{rev}. -@node Source Path,, Search, Source +@node Source Path, , Search, Source @section Specifying Source Directories @cindex source path @@ -2746,17 +2542,15 @@ It examines data in memory at a specified address and prints it in a specified format. @menu -* Expressions:: Expressions that can be computed and printed. -* Variables:: Using your program's variables in expressions. -* Assignment:: Setting your program's variables. -* Arrays:: Examining part of memory as an array. -* Format Options:: Controlling how structures and arrays are printed. -* Output formats:: Specifying formats for printing values. -* Memory:: Examining memory explicitly. -* Auto Display:: Printing certain expressions whenever program stops. -* Value History:: Referring to values previously printed. -* Convenience Vars:: Giving names to values for future reference. -* Registers:: Referring to and storing in machine registers. +* Expressions:: Expressions that can be computed and printed. +* Variables:: Using your program's variables in expressions. +* Arrays:: Examining part of memory as an array. +* Format options:: Controlling how structures and arrays are printed. +* Output formats:: Specifying formats for printing values. +* Auto Display:: Printing certain expressions whenever program stops. +* Value History:: Referring to values previously printed. +* Convenience Vars:: Giving names to values for future reference. +* Registers:: Referring to and storing in machine registers. @end menu @node Expressions, Variables, Data, Data @@ -2982,10 +2776,10 @@ $1 = @{ @item set prettyprint off Cause GDB to print structures in a compact format, like this: -@example +@smallexample $1 = @{next = 0x0, flags = @{sweet = 1, sour = 1@}, meat \ = 0x54 "Pork"@} -@end example +@end smallexample @noindent This is the default format. @@ -3009,7 +2803,7 @@ structures. For example, given the declarations -@example +@smallexample typedef enum @{Tree, Bug@} Species; typedef enum @{Big_tree, Acorn, Seedling@} Tree_forms; typedef enum @{Caterpillar, Cocoon, Butterfly@} Bug_forms; @@ -3023,14 +2817,14 @@ struct thing @{ @}; struct thing foo = @{Tree, @{Acorn@}@}; -@end example +@end smallexample @noindent with @samp{set unionprint on} in effect @samp{p foo} would print -@example +@smallexample $1 = @{it = Tree, form = @{tree = Acorn, bug = Cocoon@}@} -@end example +@end smallexample @noindent and with @samp{set unionprint off} in effect it would print @@ -3040,7 +2834,7 @@ $1 = @{it = Tree, form = @{...@}@} @end example @end table -@node Output formats, Memory, Format options, Data +@node Output formats, Auto Display, Format options, Data @section Output formats @cindex formatted output @@ -3102,7 +2896,11 @@ To reprint the last value in the value history with a different format, you can use the @samp{print} command with just a format and no expression. For example, @samp{p/x} reprints the last value in hex. -@node Memory, Auto Display, Output formats, Data +@menu +* Memory:: Examining Memory +@end menu + +@node Memory, , Output formats, Output formats @subsection Examining Memory @cindex examining memory @@ -3256,7 +3054,7 @@ If the @samp{x} command has a repeat count, the address and contents saved are from the last memory unit printed; this is not the same as the last address printed if several units were printed on the last line of output. -@node Auto Display, Value History, Memory, Data +@node Auto Display, Value History, Output formats, Data @section Automatic Display @cindex automatic display @cindex display of expressions @@ -3469,7 +3267,7 @@ The variable @code{$__} is automatically set by the @samp{x} command to the value found in the last address examined. @end table -@node Registers,, Convenience Vars, Data +@node Registers, , Convenience Vars, Data @section Registers @cindex registers @@ -3663,11 +3461,11 @@ locations, give the program a signal, restart it at a different address, or even return prematurely from a function to its caller. @menu -* Assignment:: Altering variable values or memory contents. -* Jumping:: Altering control flow. -* Signaling:: Making signals happen in the program. -* Returning:: Making a function return prematurely. -* Calling:: Calling functions from your program +* Assignment:: Altering variable values or memory contents. +* Jumping:: Altering control flow. +* Signaling:: Making signals happen in the program. +* Returning:: Making a function return prematurely. +* Calling:: Calling functions from your program @end menu @node Assignment, Jumping, Altering, Altering @@ -3815,7 +3613,7 @@ returned. Contrast this with the @samp{finish} command (@pxref{Stepping}), which resumes execution until the selected stack frame returns @emph{naturally}. -@node Calling, , , Returning, Altering +@node Calling, , Returning, Altering @comment node-name, next, previous, up @section Calling your Program's Functions @@ -3840,9 +3638,9 @@ ways to store sequences of commands for execution as a unit: user-defined commands and command files. @menu -* Define:: User-defined commands. -* Command Files:: Command files. -* Output:: Controlled output commands useful in +* Define:: User-defined commands. +* Command Files:: Command files. +* Output:: Controlled output commands useful in user-defined commands and command files. @end menu @@ -3920,7 +3718,7 @@ without asking when used in a command file. Many GDB commands that normally print messages to say what they are doing omit the messages when used in a command file. -@node Output,, Command Files, Sequences +@node Output, , Command Files, Sequences @section Commands for Controlled Output During the execution of a command file or a user-defined command, the only @@ -4001,9 +3799,9 @@ When you invoke GDB, you can specify arguments telling it what files to operate on and what other things to do. @menu -* Mode Options:: Options controlling modes of operation. -* File Options:: Options to specify files (executable, coredump, commands) -* Other Arguments:: Any other arguments without options +* Mode Options:: Options controlling modes of operation. +* File Options:: Options to specify files (executable, coredump, commands) +* Other Arguments:: Any other arguments without options also specify files. @end menu @@ -4091,7 +3889,7 @@ Execute GDB commands from file @var{file}. Add @var{directory} to the path to search for source files. @end table -@node Other Arguments,, File Options, Options +@node Other Arguments, , File Options, Options @section Other Arguments If there are arguments to GDB that are not options or associated with @@ -4197,7 +3995,7 @@ environment. Users of this environment can use a new command, each value is printed in its own window. @end ignore -@node Remote, Commands, Emacs, Top +@node Remote, GDB Bugs, Emacs, Top @chapter Remote Debugging @cindex remote debugging @@ -4216,13 +4014,13 @@ Several sample remote debugging drivers are distributed with GDB; see the @file{README} file in the GDB distribution for more information. @menu -* Remote Commands:: Commands used to start and finish remote debugging. +* Remote Commands:: Commands used to start and finish remote debugging. @end menu For details of the communication protocol, see the comments in the GDB source file @file{remote.c}. -@node Remote Commands, GDB Bugs, Remote, Remote +@node Remote Commands, , Remote, Remote @section Commands for Remote Debugging To start remote debugging, first run GDB and specify as an executable file @@ -4254,7 +4052,7 @@ has been equipped with a circuit to perform a hard reset (or some other interesting action) when a break is detected. @end table -@node GDB Bugs, , Remote Commands, Top +@node GDB Bugs, Installing GDB, Remote, Top @comment node-name, next, previous, up @chapter Reporting Bugs in GDB @cindex Bugs in GDB @@ -4271,12 +4069,11 @@ In order for a bug report to serve its purpose, you must include the information that makes for fixing the bug. @menu -* Criteria: Bug Criteria. Have you really found a bug? -* Reporting: Bug Reporting. How to report a bug effectively. -* Known: Trouble. Known problems. +* Bug Criteria:: Have You Found a Bug? +* Bug Reporting:: How to Report Bugs @end menu -@node Bug Criteria, Bug Reporting, Bugs, Bugs +@node Bug Criteria, Bug Reporting, GDB Bugs, GDB Bugs @section Have You Found a Bug? @cindex Bug Criteria @@ -4305,7 +4102,7 @@ If you are an experienced user of debugging tools, your suggestions for improvement of GDB are welcome in any case. @end itemize -@node Bug Reporting,, Bug Criteria, Bugs +@node Bug Reporting, , Bug Criteria, GDB Bugs @section How to Report Bugs @cindex Bug Reports @cindex Compiler Bugs, Reporting @@ -4493,7 +4290,7 @@ things without first using the debugger to find the facts. @include readline/inc-history.texinfo @end iftex -@node Installing GDB, , ,Top +@node Installing GDB, License, GDB Bugs, Top @appendix Installing GDB @cindex configuring GDB @cindex installation @@ -4539,12 +4336,310 @@ path to the GDB source. Display a list of supported target environments for GDB. @end table -@node Commands, Concepts, Remote, Top +@node License, Commands, Installing GDB, Top +@unnumbered GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE +@center Version 1, February 1989 + +@display +Copyright @copyright{} 1989 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA + +Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies +of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. +@end display + +@unnumberedsec Preamble + + The license agreements of most software companies try to keep users +at the mercy of those companies. By contrast, our General Public +License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free +software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. The +General Public License applies to the Free Software Foundation's +software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. +You can use it for your programs, too. + + When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not +price. Specifically, the General Public License is designed to make +sure that you have the freedom to give away or sell copies of free +software, that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, +that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free +programs; and that you know you can do these things. + + To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid +anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. +These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you +distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. + + For example, if you distribute copies of a such a program, whether +gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that +you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the +source code. And you must tell them their rights. + + We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and +(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, +distribute and/or modify the software. + + Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain +that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free +software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we +want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so +that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original +authors' reputations. + + The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and +modification follow. + +@iftex +@unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS +@end iftex +@ifinfo +@center TERMS AND CONDITIONS +@end ifinfo + +@enumerate +@item +This License Agreement applies to any program or other work which +contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be +distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The +``Program'', below, refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based +on the Program'' means either the Program or any work containing the +Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications. Each +licensee is addressed as ``you''. + +@item +You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source +code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and +appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and +disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this +General Public License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any +other recipients of the Program a copy of this General Public License +along with the Program. You may charge a fee for the physical act of +transferring a copy. + +@item +You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of +it, and copy and distribute such modifications under the terms of Paragraph +1 above, provided that you also do the following: + +@itemize @bullet +@item +cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that +you changed the files and the date of any change; and + +@item +cause the whole of any work that you distribute or publish, that +in whole or in part contains the Program or any part thereof, either +with or without modifications, to be licensed at no charge to all +third parties under the terms of this General Public License (except +that you may choose to grant warranty protection to some or all +third parties, at your option). + +@item +If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when +run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use +in the simplest and most usual way, to print or display an +announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice +that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a +warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these +conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this General +Public License. + +@item +You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a +copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in +exchange for a fee. +@end itemize + +Mere aggregation of another independent work with the Program (or its +derivative) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring +the other work under the scope of these terms. + +@item +You may copy and distribute the Program (or a portion or derivative of +it, under Paragraph 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of +Paragraphs 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: + +@itemize @bullet +@item +accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable +source code, which must be distributed under the terms of +Paragraphs 1 and 2 above; or, + +@item +accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three +years, to give any third party free (except for a nominal charge +for the cost of distribution) a complete machine-readable copy of the +corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of +Paragraphs 1 and 2 above; or, + +@item +accompany it with the information you received as to where the +corresponding source code may be obtained. (This alternative is +allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you +received the program in object code or executable form alone.) +@end itemize + +Source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making +modifications to it. For an executable file, complete source code means +all the source code for all modules it contains; but, as a special +exception, it need not include source code for modules which are standard +libraries that accompany the operating system on which the executable +file runs, or for standard header files or definitions files that +accompany that operating system. + +@item +You may not copy, modify, sublicense, distribute or transfer the +Program except as expressly provided under this General Public License. +Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, distribute or transfer +the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights to use +the Program under this License. However, parties who have received +copies, or rights to use copies, from you under this General Public +License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties +remain in full compliance. + +@item +By copying, distributing or modifying the Program (or any work based +on the Program) you indicate your acceptance of this license to do so, +and all its terms and conditions. + +@item +Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the +Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original +licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these +terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the +recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. + +@item +The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions +of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will +be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to +address new problems or concerns. + +Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program +specifies a version number of the license which applies to it and ``any +later version'', you have the option of following the terms and conditions +either of that version or of any later version published by the Free +Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of +the license, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software +Foundation. + +@item +If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free +programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author +to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free +Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes +make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals +of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and +of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. + +@iftex +@heading NO WARRANTY +@end iftex +@ifinfo +@center NO WARRANTY +@end ifinfo + +@item +BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY +FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN +OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES +PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED +OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF +MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS +TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE +PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, +REPAIR OR CORRECTION. + +@item +IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL +ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR +REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, +INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES +ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT +LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES +SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE +WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN +ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. +@end enumerate + +@iftex +@heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS +@end iftex +@ifinfo +@center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS +@end ifinfo + +@page +@unnumberedsec How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs + + If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest +possible use to humanity, the best way to achieve this is to make it +free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these +terms. + + To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to +attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey +the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the +``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. + +@smallexample +@var{one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.} +Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author} + +This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify +it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +the Free Software Foundation; either version 1, or (at your option) +any later version. + +This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the +GNU General Public License for more details. + +You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software +Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. +@end smallexample + +Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. + +If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this +when it starts in an interactive mode: + +@smallexample +Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author} +Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. +This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it +under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. +@end smallexample + +The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the +appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the +commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show +c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever suits your +program. + +You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your +school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if +necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: + +@smallexample +Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the +program `Gnomovision' (a program to direct compilers to make passes +at assemblers) written by James Hacker. + +@var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989 +Ty Coon, President of Vice +@end smallexample + +That's all there is to it! + +@node Commands, Concepts, License, Top @unnumbered Command Index @printindex ky -@node Concepts, , Commands, Top +@node Concepts, , Commands, Top @unnumbered Index @printindex cp