2009-04-16 01:31:04 +02:00
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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2010-01-05 21:51:05 +01:00
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Coding Style</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A. Contributing" /><link rel="prev" href="source_organization.html" title="Directory Layout and Source Conventions" /><link rel="next" href="documentation_style.html" title="Documentation Style" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Coding Style</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="source_organization.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix A.
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2009-04-16 01:31:04 +02:00
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Contributing
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2010-01-05 21:51:05 +01:00
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</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="documentation_style.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Coding Style"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="contrib.coding_style"></a>Coding Style</h2></div></div></div><p>
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</p><div class="sect2" title="Bad Identifiers"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="coding_style.bad_identifiers"></a>Bad Identifiers</h3></div></div></div><p>
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2009-04-16 01:31:04 +02:00
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Identifiers that conflict and should be avoided.
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</p><div class="literallayout"><p><br />
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2010-01-05 21:51:05 +01:00
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This is the list of names <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">reserved to the<br />
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implementation</span>”</span> that have been claimed by certain<br />
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2009-04-16 01:31:04 +02:00
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compilers and system headers of interest, and should not be used<br />
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in the library. It will grow, of course. We generally are<br />
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interested in names that are not all-caps, except for those like<br />
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"_T"<br />
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<br />
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For Solaris:<br />
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_B<br />
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_C<br />
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_L<br />
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_N<br />
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_P<br />
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_S<br />
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_U<br />
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_X<br />
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_E1<br />
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..<br />
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_E24<br />
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<br />
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Irix adds:<br />
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_A<br />
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_G<br />
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<br />
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MS adds:<br />
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_T<br />
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<br />
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BSD adds:<br />
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__used<br />
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__unused<br />
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__inline<br />
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_Complex<br />
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__istype<br />
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__maskrune<br />
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__tolower<br />
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__toupper<br />
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__wchar_t<br />
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__wint_t<br />
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_res<br />
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_res_ext<br />
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__tg_*<br />
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<br />
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SPU adds:<br />
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__ea<br />
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<br />
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For GCC:<br />
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<br />
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[Note that this list is out of date. It applies to the old<br />
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name-mangling; in G++ 3.0 and higher a different name-mangling is<br />
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used. In addition, many of the bugs relating to G++ interpreting<br />
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these names as operators have been fixed.]<br />
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<br />
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The full set of __* identifiers (combined from gcc/cp/lex.c and<br />
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gcc/cplus-dem.c) that are either old or new, but are definitely <br />
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recognized by the demangler, is:<br />
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<br />
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__aa<br />
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__aad<br />
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__ad<br />
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__addr<br />
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__adv<br />
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__aer<br />
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__als<br />
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__alshift<br />
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__amd<br />
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__ami<br />
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__aml<br />
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__amu<br />
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__aor<br />
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__apl<br />
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__array<br />
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__ars<br />
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__arshift<br />
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__as<br />
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__bit_and<br />
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__bit_ior<br />
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__bit_not<br />
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__bit_xor<br />
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__call<br />
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__cl<br />
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__cm<br />
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__cn<br />
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__co<br />
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__component<br />
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__compound<br />
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__cond<br />
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__convert<br />
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__delete<br />
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__dl<br />
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__dv<br />
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__eq<br />
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__er<br />
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__ge<br />
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__gt<br />
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__indirect<br />
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__le<br />
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__ls<br />
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__lt<br />
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__max<br />
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__md<br />
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__method_call<br />
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__mi<br />
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__min<br />
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__minus<br />
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__ml<br />
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__mm<br />
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__mn<br />
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__mult<br />
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__mx<br />
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__ne<br />
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__negate<br />
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__new<br />
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__nop<br />
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__nt<br />
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__nw<br />
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__oo<br />
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__op<br />
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__or<br />
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__pl<br />
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__plus<br />
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__postdecrement<br />
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__postincrement<br />
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__pp<br />
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__pt<br />
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__rf<br />
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__rm<br />
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__rs<br />
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__sz<br />
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__trunc_div<br />
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__trunc_mod<br />
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__truth_andif<br />
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__truth_not<br />
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__truth_orif<br />
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__vc<br />
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__vd<br />
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__vn<br />
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<br />
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SGI badnames:<br />
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__builtin_alloca<br />
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__builtin_fsqrt<br />
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__builtin_sqrt<br />
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__builtin_fabs<br />
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__builtin_dabs<br />
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__builtin_cast_f2i<br />
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__builtin_cast_i2f<br />
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__builtin_cast_d2ll<br />
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__builtin_cast_ll2d<br />
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__builtin_copy_dhi2i<br />
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__builtin_copy_i2dhi<br />
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__builtin_copy_dlo2i<br />
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__builtin_copy_i2dlo<br />
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__add_and_fetch<br />
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__sub_and_fetch<br />
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__or_and_fetch<br />
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__xor_and_fetch<br />
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__and_and_fetch<br />
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__nand_and_fetch<br />
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__mpy_and_fetch<br />
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__min_and_fetch<br />
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__max_and_fetch<br />
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__fetch_and_add<br />
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__fetch_and_sub<br />
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__fetch_and_or<br />
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__fetch_and_xor<br />
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__fetch_and_and<br />
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__fetch_and_nand<br />
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__fetch_and_mpy<br />
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__fetch_and_min<br />
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__fetch_and_max<br />
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__lock_test_and_set<br />
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__lock_release<br />
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__lock_acquire<br />
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__compare_and_swap<br />
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__synchronize<br />
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__high_multiply<br />
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__unix<br />
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__sgi<br />
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__linux__<br />
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__i386__<br />
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__i486__<br />
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__cplusplus<br />
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__embedded_cplusplus<br />
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// long double conversion members mangled as __opr<br />
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// http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/1999-q4/msg00060.html<br />
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_opr<br />
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2010-01-05 21:51:05 +01:00
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</p></div></div><div class="sect2" title="By Example"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="coding_style.example"></a>By Example</h3></div></div></div><div class="literallayout"><p><br />
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2009-04-16 01:31:04 +02:00
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This library is written to appropriate C++ coding standards. As such,<br />
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it is intended to precede the recommendations of the GNU Coding<br />
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Standard, which can be referenced in full here:<br />
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<br />
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http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/standards.html#Formatting<br />
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<br />
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The rest of this is also interesting reading, but skip the "Design<br />
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Advice" part.<br />
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<br />
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The GCC coding conventions are here, and are also useful:<br />
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http://gcc.gnu.org/codingconventions.html<br />
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<br />
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In addition, because it doesn't seem to be stated explicitly anywhere<br />
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else, there is an 80 column source limit.<br />
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<br />
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ChangeLog entries for member functions should use the<br />
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classname::member function name syntax as follows:<br />
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<br />
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1999-04-15 Dennis Ritchie <dr@att.com><br />
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<br />
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* src/basic_file.cc (__basic_file::open): Fix thinko in<br />
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_G_HAVE_IO_FILE_OPEN bits.<br />
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<br />
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Notable areas of divergence from what may be previous local practice<br />
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(particularly for GNU C) include:<br />
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<br />
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01. Pointers and references<br />
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char* p = "flop";<br />
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char& c = *p;<br />
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-NOT-<br />
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char *p = "flop"; // wrong<br />
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char &c = *p; // wrong<br />
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<br />
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Reason: In C++, definitions are mixed with executable code. Here, <br />
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p is being initialized, not *p. This is near-universal<br />
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practice among C++ programmers; it is normal for C hackers<br />
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to switch spontaneously as they gain experience.<br />
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<br />
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02. Operator names and parentheses<br />
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operator==(type)<br />
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-NOT-<br />
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operator == (type) // wrong<br />
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<br />
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Reason: The == is part of the function name. Separating<br />
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it makes the declaration look like an expression. <br />
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<br />
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03. Function names and parentheses<br />
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void mangle()<br />
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-NOT-<br />
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void mangle () // wrong<br />
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<br />
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Reason: no space before parentheses (except after a control-flow<br />
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keyword) is near-universal practice for C++. It identifies the<br />
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parentheses as the function-call operator or declarator, as <br />
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opposed to an expression or other overloaded use of parentheses.<br />
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<br />
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04. Template function indentation<br />
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template<typename T><br />
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void <br />
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template_function(args)<br />
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{ }<br />
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-NOT-<br />
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template<class T><br />
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void template_function(args) {};<br />
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<br />
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Reason: In class definitions, without indentation whitespace is<br />
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needed both above and below the declaration to distinguish<br />
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it visually from other members. (Also, re: "typename"<br />
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rather than "class".) T often could be int, which is <br />
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not a class. ("class", here, is an anachronism.)<br />
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<br />
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05. Template class indentation<br />
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template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits><br />
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class basic_ios : public ios_base<br />
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|
{<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
public:<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Types:<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
};<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
-NOT-<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
template<class _CharT, class _Traits><br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
class basic_ios : public ios_base<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
{<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
public:<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Types:<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
};<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
-NOT-<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
template<class _CharT, class _Traits><br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
class basic_ios : public ios_base<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
{<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
public:<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Types:<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
};<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
06. Enumerators<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
enum<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
{<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
space = _ISspace,<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
print = _ISprint,<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
cntrl = _IScntrl<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
};<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
-NOT-<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
enum { space = _ISspace, print = _ISprint, cntrl = _IScntrl };<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
07. Member initialization lists<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
All one line, separate from class name.<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
gribble::gribble() <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
: _M_private_data(0), _M_more_stuff(0), _M_helper(0);<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
{ }<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
-NOT-<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
gribble::gribble() : _M_private_data(0), _M_more_stuff(0), _M_helper(0);<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
{ }<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
08. Try/Catch blocks<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
try <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
{<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
//<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
} <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
catch (...)<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
{<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
//<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
} <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
-NOT-<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
try {<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
// <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
} catch(...) { <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
//<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
}<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
09. Member functions declarations and definitions<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
Keywords such as extern, static, export, explicit, inline, etc<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
go on the line above the function name. Thus<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
virtual int <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
foo()<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
-NOT-<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
virtual int foo()<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
Reason: GNU coding conventions dictate return types for functions<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
are on a separate line than the function name and parameter list<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
for definitions. For C++, where we have member functions that can<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
be either inline definitions or declarations, keeping to this<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
standard allows all member function names for a given class to be<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
aligned to the same margin, increasing readability.<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
10. Invocation of member functions with "this->"<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
For non-uglified names, use this->name to call the function.<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
this->sync()<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
-NOT-<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
sync()<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
Reason: Koenig lookup.<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
11. Namespaces<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
namespace std<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
{<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
blah blah blah;<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
} // namespace std<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
-NOT-<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
namespace std {<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
blah blah blah;<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
} // namespace std<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
12. Spacing under protected and private in class declarations:<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
space above, none below<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
i.e.<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
public:<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
int foo;<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
-NOT-<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
public:<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
int foo;<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
13. Spacing WRT return statements.<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
no extra spacing before returns, no parenthesis<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
i.e.<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
}<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
return __ret;<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
-NOT-<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
}<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
return __ret;<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
-NOT-<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
}<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
return (__ret);<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
14. Location of global variables.<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
All global variables of class type, whether in the "user visible"<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
space (e.g., cin) or the implementation namespace, must be defined<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
as a character array with the appropriate alignment and then later<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
re-initialized to the correct value.<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
This is due to startup issues on certain platforms, such as AIX.<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
For more explanation and examples, see src/globals.cc. All such<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
variables should be contained in that file, for simplicity.<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
15. Exception abstractions<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
Use the exception abstractions found in functexcept.h, which allow<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
C++ programmers to use this library with -fno-exceptions. (Even if<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
that is rarely advisable, it's a necessary evil for backwards<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
compatibility.)<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
16. Exception error messages<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
All start with the name of the function where the exception is<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
thrown, and then (optional) descriptive text is added. Example:<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
__throw_logic_error(__N("basic_string::_S_construct NULL not valid"));<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
Reason: The verbose terminate handler prints out exception::what(),<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
as well as the typeinfo for the thrown exception. As this is the<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
default terminate handler, by putting location info into the<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
exception string, a very useful error message is printed out for<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
uncaught exceptions. So useful, in fact, that non-programmers can<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
give useful error messages, and programmers can intelligently<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
speculate what went wrong without even using a debugger.<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
17. The doxygen style guide to comments is a separate document,<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
see index.<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
The library currently has a mixture of GNU-C and modern C++ coding<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
styles. The GNU C usages will be combed out gradually.<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
Name patterns:<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
For nonstandard names appearing in Standard headers, we are constrained <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
to use names that begin with underscores. This is called "uglification".<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
The convention is:<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
Local and argument names: __[a-z].*<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples: __count __ix __s1 <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
Type names and template formal-argument names: _[A-Z][^_].*<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples: _Helper _CharT _N <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
Member data and function names: _M_.*<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples: _M_num_elements _M_initialize ()<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
Static data members, constants, and enumerations: _S_.*<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples: _S_max_elements _S_default_value<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
Don't use names in the same scope that differ only in the prefix, <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
e.g. _S_top and _M_top. See BADNAMES for a list of forbidden names.<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
(The most tempting of these seem to be and "_T" and "__sz".)<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
Names must never have "__" internally; it would confuse name<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
unmanglers on some targets. Also, never use "__[0-9]", same reason.<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
--------------------------<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
[BY EXAMPLE]<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
#ifndef _HEADER_<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
#define _HEADER_ 1<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
namespace std<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
{<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
class gribble<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
{<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
public:<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
gribble() throw();<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
gribble(const gribble&);<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
explicit <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
gribble(int __howmany);<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
gribble& <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
operator=(const gribble&);<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
virtual <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
~gribble() throw ();<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Start with a capital letter, end with a period.<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
inline void <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
public_member(const char* __arg) const;<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
// In-class function definitions should be restricted to one-liners.<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
int <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
one_line() { return 0 }<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
int <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
two_lines(const char* arg) <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
{ return strchr(arg, 'a'); }<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
inline int <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
three_lines(); // inline, but defined below.<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Note indentation.<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
template<typename _Formal_argument><br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
void <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
public_template() const throw();<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
template<typename _Iterator><br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
void <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
other_template();<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
private:<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
class _Helper;<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
int _M_private_data;<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
int _M_more_stuff;<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
_Helper* _M_helper;<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
int _M_private_function();<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
enum _Enum <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
{ <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
_S_one, <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
_S_two <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
};<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
static void <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
_S_initialize_library();<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
};<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
// More-or-less-standard language features described by lack, not presence.<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
# ifndef _G_NO_LONGLONG<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
extern long long _G_global_with_a_good_long_name; // avoid globals!<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
# endif<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Avoid in-class inline definitions, define separately;<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
// likewise for member class definitions:<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
inline int<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
gribble::public_member() const<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
{ int __local = 0; return __local; }<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
class gribble::_Helper<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
{<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
int _M_stuff;<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
friend class gribble;<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
};<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
}<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Names beginning with "__": only for arguments and<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
// local variables; never use "__" in a type name, or<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
// within any name; never use "__[0-9]".<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
#endif /* _HEADER_ */<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
namespace std <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
{<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
template<typename T> // notice: "typename", not "class", no space<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
long_return_value_type<with_many, args> <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
function_name(char* pointer, // "char *pointer" is wrong.<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
char* argument, <br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
const Reference& ref)<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
{<br />
|
|
|
|
|
|
// int a_local; /* wrong; see below. */<br />
|
|
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if (test) <br />
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{ <br />
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nested code <br />
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}<br />
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<br />
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int a_local = 0; // declare variable at first use.<br />
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<br />
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// char a, b, *p; /* wrong */<br />
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char a = 'a';<br />
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char b = a + 1;<br />
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char* c = "abc"; // each variable goes on its own line, always.<br />
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<br />
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// except maybe here...<br />
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for (unsigned i = 0, mask = 1; mask; ++i, mask <<= 1) {<br />
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// ...<br />
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}<br />
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}<br />
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<br />
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gribble::gribble()<br />
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: _M_private_data(0), _M_more_stuff(0), _M_helper(0);<br />
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{ }<br />
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<br />
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inline int <br />
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gribble::three_lines()<br />
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{<br />
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// doesn't fit in one line.<br />
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}<br />
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} // namespace std<br />
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