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libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog
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2009-10-05 Benjamin Kosnik <bkoz@redhat.com>
* doc/html/*: Regenerate.
2009-10-05 John Bytheway <jbytheway@gmail.com>
PR libstdc++/41530

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<a class="ulink" href="http://www.fsf.org/" target="_top">FSF
</a>
</p></div><div><div class="legalnotice"><a id="id391427"></a><p>
</p></div><div><div class="legalnotice"><a id="id485923"></a><p>
<a class="link" href="manual/license.html" title="License">License
</a>
</p></div></div></div><hr /></div><p>

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<div>
<h1>The GNU C++ Library Documentation</h1>
<p>Copyright 2008 FSF</p>
<p>Copyright 2008, 2009 FSF</p>
<p>
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this

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@ -464,56 +464,56 @@ gcc test.c -g -O2 -L. -lone -ltwo /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.5 /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/PR24660" target="_top">24660: versioning weak symbols in libstdc++</a>
</p><p>
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/PR19664" target="_top">19664: libstdc++ headers should have pop/push of the visibility around the declarations</a>
</p></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id548079"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</p></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id390229"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
ABIcheck, a vague idea of checking ABI compatibility
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://abicheck.sourceforge.net/" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id548097"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id390246"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
C++ ABI Reference
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.codesourcery.com/public/cxx-abi/" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id548114"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id390263"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Intel® Compilers for Linux* -Compatibility with the GNU Compilers
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.intel.com/cd/software/products/asmo-na/eng/284736.htm" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id548131"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id497386"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Sun Solaris 2.9 : Linker and Libraries Guide (document 816-1386)
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/doc/817-1984" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id548148"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id497402"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Sun Solaris 2.9 : C++ Migration Guide (document 816-2459)
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/doc/819-5266" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id526655"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id497420"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
How to Write Shared Libraries
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://people.redhat.com/drepper/dsohowto.pdf" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id526683"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id497448"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
C++ ABI for the ARM Architecture
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.arm.com/miscPDFs/8033.pdf" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id526700"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id497465"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Dynamic Shared Objects: Survey and Issues
</i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
ISO C++ J16/06-0046
. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Benjamin</span> <span class="surname">Kosnik</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2006/n1976.html" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id526733"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id497497"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Versioning With Namespaces
</i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
ISO C++ J16/06-0083
. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Benjamin</span> <span class="surname">Kosnik</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2006/n2013.html" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id526765"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id497530"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Binary Compatibility of Shared Libraries Implemented in C++ on GNU/Linux Systems
</i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
SYRCoSE 2009

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@ -5,5 +5,5 @@
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt09pr02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.algorithms"></a>Part IX. 
Algorithms
<a id="id445064" class="indexterm"></a>
<a id="id397908" class="indexterm"></a>
</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="bk01pt09pr02.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html">20. Mutating</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.mutating.swap">swap</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.swap.specializations">Specializations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt09pr02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">One Past the End </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr></table></div></body></html>

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@ -75,11 +75,11 @@ _Alloc_traits</code> have been removed.
<span class="type">__alloc</span> to select an underlying allocator that
satisfied memory allocation requests. The selection of this
underlying allocator was not user-configurable.
</p><div class="table"><a id="id539341"></a><p class="title"><b>Table B.1. Extension Allocators</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Extension Allocators" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Allocator (3.4)</th><th align="left">Header (3.4)</th><th align="left">Allocator (3.[0-3])</th><th align="left">Header (3.[0-3])</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::new_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/new_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__new_alloc</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::malloc_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/malloc_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__malloc_alloc_template&lt;int&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::debug_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/debug_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::debug_alloc&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::__pool_alloc&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/pool_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__default_alloc_template&lt;bool,int&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::__mt_alloc&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/mt_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::bitmap_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/bitmap_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p> Releases after gcc-3.4 have continued to add to the collection
</p><div class="table"><a id="id505845"></a><p class="title"><b>Table B.1. Extension Allocators</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Extension Allocators" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Allocator (3.4)</th><th align="left">Header (3.4)</th><th align="left">Allocator (3.[0-3])</th><th align="left">Header (3.[0-3])</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::new_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/new_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__new_alloc</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::malloc_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/malloc_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__malloc_alloc_template&lt;int&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::debug_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/debug_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::debug_alloc&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::__pool_alloc&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/pool_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__default_alloc_template&lt;bool,int&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::__mt_alloc&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/mt_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::bitmap_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/bitmap_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p> Releases after gcc-3.4 have continued to add to the collection
of available allocators. All of these new allocators are
standard-style. The following table includes details, along with
the first released version of GCC that included the extension allocator.
</p><div class="table"><a id="id545205"></a><p class="title"><b>Table B.2. Extension Allocators Continued</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Extension Allocators Continued" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Allocator</th><th align="left">Include</th><th align="left">Version</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::array_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/array_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left">4.0.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::throw_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/throw_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left">4.2.0</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
</p><div class="table"><a id="id403516"></a><p class="title"><b>Table B.2. Extension Allocators Continued</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Extension Allocators Continued" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Allocator</th><th align="left">Include</th><th align="left">Version</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::array_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/array_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left">4.0.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::throw_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/throw_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left">4.2.0</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
Debug mode first appears.
</p><p>
Precompiled header support <acronym class="acronym">PCH</acronym> support.

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Appendix A.  Contributing</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html" title="Use" /><link rel="next" href="source_organization.html" title="Directory Layout and Source Conventions" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Appendix A. 
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Appendix A.  Contributing</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch41s03.html" title="Use" /><link rel="next" href="source_organization.html" title="Directory Layout and Source Conventions" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Appendix A. 
Contributing
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_organization.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="appendix.contrib"></a>Appendix A. 
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch41s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_organization.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="appendix.contrib"></a>Appendix A. 
Contributing
<a id="id419637" class="indexterm"></a>
<a id="id384414" class="indexterm"></a>
</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#contrib.list">Contributor Checklist</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.reading">Reading</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.copyright">Assignment</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.getting">Getting Sources</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.patches">Submitting Patches</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="source_organization.html">Directory Layout and Source Conventions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="source_code_style.html">Coding Style</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="source_code_style.html#coding_style.bad_identifiers">Bad Identifiers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="source_code_style.html#coding_style.example">By Example</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="documentation_style.html">Documentation Style</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="documentation_style.html#doc_style.doxygen">Doxygen</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="documentation_style.html#doc_style.docbook">Docbook</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="source_design_notes.html">Design Notes</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
The GNU C++ Library follows an open development model. Active
contributors are assigned maintainer-ship responsibility, and given
@ -110,4 +110,4 @@
mail message and send it to libstdc++@gcc.gnu.org. All
patches and related discussion should be sent to the
libstdc++ mailing list.
</p></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_organization.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Use </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Directory Layout and Source Conventions</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
</p></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch41s03.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_organization.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Use </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Directory Layout and Source Conventions</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

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</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="backwards.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_gpl.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="appendix.free"></a>Appendix C. 
Free Software Needs Free Documentation
<a id="id469283" class="indexterm"></a>
<a id="id501419" class="indexterm"></a>
</h2></div></div></div><p>
The biggest deficiency in free operating systems is not in the
software--it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in

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@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
</p><p>
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification
follow.
</p><h2><a id="id460710"></a>
</p><h2><a id="id514028"></a>
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
</h2><h2><a id="gpl-3-definitions"></a>
0. Definitions.
@ -617,7 +617,7 @@
waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a
warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in
return for a fee.
</p><h2><a id="id468427"></a>
</p><h2><a id="id510808"></a>
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
</h2><h2><a id="HowToApply"></a>
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

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</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="source_design_notes.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="internals.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="appendix.porting"></a>Appendix B. 
Porting and Maintenance
<a id="id492719" class="indexterm"></a>
<a id="id509079" class="indexterm"></a>
</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="appendix_porting.html#appendix.porting.build_hacking">Configure and Build Hacking</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.map">Overview: What Comes from Where</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.scripts">Storing Information in non-AC files (like configure.host)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.conventions">Coding and Commenting Conventions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.acinclude">The acinclude.m4 layout</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_porting.html#build_hacking.enable">GLIBCXX_ENABLE, the --enable maker</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="internals.html">Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.os">Operating System</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.cpu">CPU</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.char_types">Character Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.thread_safety">Thread Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.numeric_limits">Numeric Limits</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="internals.html#internals.libtool">Libtool</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="abi.html">ABI Policy and Guidelines</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.cxx_interface">The C++ Interface</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.versioning">Versioning</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.changes_allowed">Allowed Changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.changes_no">Prohibited Changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.testing">Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="abi.html#abi.issues">Outstanding Issues</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="api.html">API Evolution and Deprecation History</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_300">3.0</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_310">3.1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_320">3.2</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_330">3.3</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_340">3.4</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_400">4.0</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_410">4.1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_420">4.2</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="api.html#api.rel_430">4.3</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="backwards.html">Backwards Compatibility</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="backwards.html#backwards.first">First</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="backwards.html#backwards.second">Second</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="backwards.html#backwards.third">Third</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="appendix.porting.build_hacking"></a>Configure and Build Hacking</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="build_hacking.prereq"></a>Prerequisites</h3></div></div></div><p>
As noted <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/install/prerequisites.html" target="_top">previously</a>,
certain other tools are necessary for hacking on files that
@ -23,8 +23,8 @@
Regenerate all generated files by using the command sequence
<code class="code">"autoreconf"</code> at the top level of the libstdc++ source
directory. The following will also work, but is much more complex:
<code class="code">"aclocal-1.7 &amp;&amp; autoconf-2.59 &amp;&amp;
autoheader-2.59 &amp;&amp; automake-1.7"</code> The version
<code class="code">"aclocal-1.11 &amp;&amp; autoconf-2.64 &amp;&amp;
autoheader-2.64 &amp;&amp; automake-1.11"</code> The version
numbers may be absent entirely or otherwise vary depending on
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/install/prerequisites.html" target="_top">the
current requirements</a> and your vendor's choice of
@ -196,7 +196,7 @@
</p><p>
If you're wondering what that line noise in the last example was,
that's how you embed autoconf special characters in output text.
They're called <a class="ulink" href="http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/old-gnu/Manuals/autoconf-2.57/html_mono/autoconf.html#SEC95" target="_top"><span class="emphasis"><em>quadrigraphs</em></span></a>
They're called <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/manual/autoconf.html#Quadrigraphs" target="_top"><span class="emphasis"><em>quadrigraphs</em></span></a>
and you should use them whenever necessary.
</p></li><li><p>HELP-STRING is what you think it is. Do not include the
"default" text like we used to do; it will be done for you by

48
libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/backwards.html
View File

@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ ISO Standard (e.g., statistical analysis). While there are a lot of
really useful things that are used by a lot of people, the Standards
Committee couldn't include everything, and so a lot of those
“<span class="quote">obvious</span>” classes didn't get included.
</p><p>Known Issues include many of the limitations of its immediate ancestor.</p><p>Portability notes and known implementation limitations are as follows.</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id467544"></a>No <code class="code">ios_base</code></h4></div></div></div><p> At least some older implementations don't have <code class="code">std::ios_base</code>, so you should use <code class="code">std::ios::badbit</code>, <code class="code">std::ios::failbit</code> and <code class="code">std::ios::eofbit</code> and <code class="code">std::ios::goodbit</code>.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id467576"></a>No <code class="code">cout</code> in <code class="code">ostream.h</code>, no <code class="code">cin</code> in <code class="code">istream.h</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
</p><p>Known Issues include many of the limitations of its immediate ancestor.</p><p>Portability notes and known implementation limitations are as follows.</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id426872"></a>No <code class="code">ios_base</code></h4></div></div></div><p> At least some older implementations don't have <code class="code">std::ios_base</code>, so you should use <code class="code">std::ios::badbit</code>, <code class="code">std::ios::failbit</code> and <code class="code">std::ios::eofbit</code> and <code class="code">std::ios::goodbit</code>.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id426904"></a>No <code class="code">cout</code> in <code class="code">ostream.h</code>, no <code class="code">cin</code> in <code class="code">istream.h</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
In earlier versions of the standard,
<code class="filename">fstream.h</code>,
<code class="filename">ostream.h</code>
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ considered replaced and rewritten.
archived. The code is considered replaced and rewritten.
</p><p>
Portability notes and known implementation limitations are as follows.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id467674"></a>Namespace <code class="code">std::</code> not supported</h4></div></div></div><p>
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id427002"></a>Namespace <code class="code">std::</code> not supported</h4></div></div></div><p>
Some care is required to support C++ compiler and or library
implementation that do not have the standard library in
<code class="code">namespace std</code>.
@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ AC_DEFUN([AC_CXX_NAMESPACE_STD], [
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_NAMESPACE_STD,,[Define if g++ supports namespace std. ])
fi
])
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id524920"></a>Illegal iterator usage</h4></div></div></div><p>
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id384005"></a>Illegal iterator usage</h4></div></div></div><p>
The following illustrate implementation-allowed illegal iterator
use, and then correct use.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ AC_DEFUN([AC_CXX_NAMESPACE_STD], [
</p></li><li><p>
<code class="code">if (iterator)</code> won't work any more =&gt; use
<code class="code">if (iterator != iterator_type())</code>
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id524981"></a><code class="code">isspace</code> from <code class="filename">cctype</code> is a macro
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id384066"></a><code class="code">isspace</code> from <code class="filename">cctype</code> is a macro
</h4></div></div></div><p>
Glibc 2.0.x and 2.1.x define <code class="filename">ctype.h</code> functionality as macros
(isspace, isalpha etc.).
@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ std:: (__ctype_b[(int) ( ( 'X' ) )] &amp; (unsigned short int) _ISspace ) ;
(<code class="filename">ctype.h</code>) and the
definitions in namespace <code class="code">std::</code>
(<code class="code">&lt;cctype&gt;</code>).
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id525075"></a>No <code class="code">vector::at</code>, <code class="code">deque::at</code>, <code class="code">string::at</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id384160"></a>No <code class="code">vector::at</code>, <code class="code">deque::at</code>, <code class="code">string::at</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
One solution is to add an autoconf-test for this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
AC_MSG_CHECKING(for container::at)
@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ AC_DEFINE(HAVE_CONTAINER_AT)],
</pre><p>
If you are using other (non-GNU) compilers it might be a good idea
to check for <code class="code">string::at</code> separately.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id525113"></a>No <code class="code">std::char_traits&lt;char&gt;::eof</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id492905"></a>No <code class="code">std::char_traits&lt;char&gt;::eof</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
Use some kind of autoconf test, plus this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#ifdef HAVE_CHAR_TRAITS
@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ AC_DEFINE(HAVE_CONTAINER_AT)],
#else
#define CPP_EOF EOF
#endif
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id525131"></a>No <code class="code">string::clear</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id492923"></a>No <code class="code">string::clear</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
There are two functions for deleting the contents of a string:
<code class="code">clear</code> and <code class="code">erase</code> (the latter returns the
string).
@ -206,12 +206,12 @@ erase(size_type __pos = 0, size_type __n = npos)
Unfortunately, <code class="code">clear</code> is not implemented in this
version, so you should use <code class="code">erase</code> (which is probably
faster than <code class="code">operator=(charT*)</code>).
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id525176"></a>
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id492968"></a>
Removal of <code class="code">ostream::form</code> and <code class="code">istream::scan</code>
extensions
</h4></div></div></div><p>
These are no longer supported. Please use stringstreams instead.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id525195"></a>No <code class="code">basic_stringbuf</code>, <code class="code">basic_stringstream</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id492987"></a>No <code class="code">basic_stringbuf</code>, <code class="code">basic_stringstream</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
Although the ISO standard <code class="code">i/ostringstream</code>-classes are
provided, (<code class="filename">sstream</code>), for
compatibility with older implementations the pre-ISO
@ -299,14 +299,14 @@ any = temp;
Another example of using stringstreams is in <a class="link" href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html" title="Shrink to Fit">this howto</a>.
</p><p> There is additional information in the libstdc++-v2 info files, in
particular “<span class="quote">info iostream</span>”.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id545596"></a>Little or no wide character support</h4></div></div></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id511920"></a>Little or no wide character support</h4></div></div></div><p>
Classes <code class="classname">wstring</code> and
<code class="classname">char_traits&lt;wchar_t&gt;</code> are
not supported.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id545615"></a>No templatized iostreams</h4></div></div></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id511939"></a>No templatized iostreams</h4></div></div></div><p>
Classes <code class="classname">wfilebuf</code> and
<code class="classname">wstringstream</code> are not supported.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id545634"></a>Thread safety issues</h4></div></div></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id511958"></a>Thread safety issues</h4></div></div></div><p>
Earlier GCC releases had a somewhat different approach to
threading configuration and proper compilation. Before GCC 3.0,
configuration of the threading model was dictated by compiler
@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ libstdc++-v3.
of the SGI STL (version 3.3), with extensive changes.
</p><p>A more formal description of the V3 goals can be found in the
official <a class="link" href="source_design_notes.html" title="Design Notes">design document</a>.
</p><p>Portability notes and known implementation limitations are as follows.</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id545751"></a>Pre-ISO headers moved to backwards or removed</h4></div></div></div><p> The pre-ISO C++ headers
</p><p>Portability notes and known implementation limitations are as follows.</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id512074"></a>Pre-ISO headers moved to backwards or removed</h4></div></div></div><p> The pre-ISO C++ headers
(<code class="code">iostream.h</code>, <code class="code">defalloc.h</code> etc.) are
available, unlike previous libstdc++ versions, but inclusion
generates a warning that you are using deprecated headers.
@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ like <code class="filename">vector.h</code> can be replaced with <code class="fi
directive <code class="code">using namespace std;</code> can be put at the global
scope. This should be enough to get this code compiling, assuming the
other usage is correct.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id545834"></a>Extension headers hash_map, hash_set moved to ext or backwards</h4></div></div></div><p>At this time most of the features of the SGI STL extension have been
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id385442"></a>Extension headers hash_map, hash_set moved to ext or backwards</h4></div></div></div><p>At this time most of the features of the SGI STL extension have been
replaced by standardized libraries.
In particular, the unordered_map and unordered_set containers of TR1
are suitable replacement for the non-standard hash_map and hash_set
@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ AC_DEFUN([AC_HEADER_EXT_HASH_SET], [
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_EXT_HASH_SET,,[Define if ext/hash_set is present. ])
fi
])
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id476825"></a>No <code class="code">ios::nocreate/ios::noreplace</code>.
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id385545"></a>No <code class="code">ios::nocreate/ios::noreplace</code>.
</h4></div></div></div><p> The existence of <code class="code">ios::nocreate</code> being used for
input-streams has been confirmed, most probably because the author
thought it would be more correct to specify nocreate explicitly. So
@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ open the file for reading, check if it has been opened, and then
decide whether you want to create/replace or not. To my knowledge,
even older implementations support <code class="code">app</code>, <code class="code">ate</code>
and <code class="code">trunc</code> (except for <code class="code">app</code> ?).
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id476873"></a>
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id385592"></a>
No <code class="code">stream::attach(int fd)</code>
</h4></div></div></div><p>
Phil Edwards writes: It was considered and rejected for the ISO
@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ No <code class="code">stream::attach(int fd)</code>
For another example of this, refer to
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.josuttis.com/cppcode/fdstream.html" target="_top">fdstream example</a>
by Nicolai Josuttis.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id476937"></a>
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id385656"></a>
Support for C++98 dialect.
</h4></div></div></div><p>Check for complete library coverage of the C++1998/2003 standard.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
@ -610,7 +610,7 @@ AC_DEFUN([AC_HEADER_STDCXX_98], [
AC_DEFINE(STDCXX_98_HEADERS,,[Define if ISO C++ 1998 header files are present. ])
fi
])
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id476964"></a>
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id403656"></a>
Support for C++TR1 dialect.
</h4></div></div></div><p>Check for library coverage of the TR1 standard.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
@ -687,7 +687,7 @@ AC_DEFUN([AC_HEADER_TR1_UNORDERED_SET], [
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_TR1_UNORDERED_SET,,[Define if tr1/unordered_set is present. ])
fi
])
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id477008"></a>
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id403699"></a>
Support for C++0x dialect.
</h4></div></div></div><p>Check for baseline language coverage in the compiler for the C++0xstandard.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
@ -899,27 +899,27 @@ AC_DEFUN([AC_HEADER_UNORDERED_SET], [
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_UNORDERED_SET,,[Define if unordered_set is present. ])
fi
])
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id477085"></a>
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id403776"></a>
Container::iterator_type is not necessarily Container::value_type*
</h4></div></div></div><p>
This is a change in behavior from the previous version. Now, most
<span class="type">iterator_type</span> typedefs in container classes are POD
objects, not <span class="type">value_type</span> pointers.
</p></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="backwards.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id477115"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
</p></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="backwards.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id403806"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
kegel41
</abbr>] <span class="title"><i>
Migrating to GCC 4.1
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Dan</span> <span class="surname">Kegel</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.kegel.com/gcc/gcc4.html" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id469192"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id403838"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
kegel41
</abbr>] <span class="title"><i>
Building the Whole Debian Archive with GCC 4.1: A Summary
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Martin</span> <span class="surname">Michlmayr</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://lists.debian.org/debian-gcc/2006/03/msg00405.html" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id469224"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id403871"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
lbl32
</abbr>] <span class="title"><i>
Migration guide for GCC-3.2

6
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>bitmap_allocator</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; allocator&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="ext_allocators.html" title="Chapter 32. Allocators" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_allocators.html" title="Chapter 32. Allocators" /><link rel="next" href="ext_containers.html" title="Chapter 33. Containers" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">bitmap_allocator</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_allocators.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 32. Allocators</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_containers.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.allocator.bitmap"></a>bitmap_allocator</h2></div></div></div><p>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>bitmap_allocator</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; allocator&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="ext_allocators.html" title="Chapter 33. Allocators" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_allocators.html" title="Chapter 33. Allocators" /><link rel="next" href="ext_containers.html" title="Chapter 34. Containers" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">bitmap_allocator</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_allocators.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 33. Allocators</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_containers.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.allocator.bitmap"></a>bitmap_allocator</h2></div></div></div><p>
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.bitmap.design"></a>Design</h3></div></div></div><p>
As this name suggests, this allocator uses a bit-map to keep track
of the used and unused memory locations for it's book-keeping
@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ else return false.</p></li></ol></div><p>
</p><p>
Consider a block of size 64 ints. In memory, it would look like this:
(assume a 32-bit system where, size_t is a 32-bit entity).
</p><div class="table"><a id="id508940"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 32.1. Bitmap Allocator Memory Map</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Bitmap Allocator Memory Map" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left">268</td><td align="left">0</td><td align="left">4294967295</td><td align="left">4294967295</td><td align="left">Data -&gt; Space for 64 ints</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
</p><div class="table"><a id="id393472"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 33.1. Bitmap Allocator Memory Map</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Bitmap Allocator Memory Map" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left">268</td><td align="left">0</td><td align="left">4294967295</td><td align="left">4294967295</td><td align="left">Data -&gt; Space for 64 ints</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
The first Column(268) represents the size of the Block in bytes as
seen by the Bitmap Allocator. Internally, a global free list is
used to keep track of the free blocks used and given back by the
@ -337,4 +337,4 @@ equivalent.</p></li><li><p>And also this would preserve the cache as far as poss
sizeof(size_t) x 8 which is the number of bits in an integer,
which can fit exactly in a CPU register. Hence, the term given is
exponential growth of the internal pool.
</p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_allocators.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ext_allocators.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_containers.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 32. Allocators </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 33. Containers</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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author would love to hear from you...
</p><p>
Also note that the implementation of bitset used in libstdc++ has
<a class="link" href="bk01pt12ch33s02.html" title="HP/SGI">some extensions</a>.
<a class="link" href="bk01pt12ch34s02.html" title="HP/SGI">some extensions</a>.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="associative.bitset.type_string"></a>Type String</h3></div></div></div><p>
</p><p>
Bitmasks do not take char* nor const char* arguments in their

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Algorithms
</a></dt><dt>Appendix</dt><dd><dl><dt>Contributing, <a class="indexterm" href="appendix_contributing.html">

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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title></title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="support.html" title="Part II.  Support" /><link rel="prev" href="support.html" title="Part II.  Support" /><link rel="next" href="fundamental_types.html" title="Chapter 4. Types" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center"></th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="support.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part II. 
Support
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="fundamental_types.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="preface" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="id455418"></a></h2></div></div></div><p>
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="fundamental_types.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="preface" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="id492782"></a></h2></div></div></div><p>
This part deals with the functions called and objects created
automatically during the course of a program's existence.
</p><p>

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Algorithms
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt09ch20.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="preface" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="id445072"></a></h2></div></div></div><p>
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt09ch20.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="preface" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="id397917"></a></h2></div></div></div><p>
The neatest accomplishment of the algorithms chapter is that all the
work is done via iterators, not containers directly. This means two
important things:

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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>More Binary Input and Output</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="fstreams.html" title="Chapter 27. File Based Streams" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html" title="Binary Input and Output" /><link rel="next" href="io_and_c.html" title="Chapter 28. Interacting with C" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">More Binary Input and Output</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 27. File Based Streams</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="io_and_c.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.io.filestreams.binary2"></a>More Binary Input and Output</h2></div></div></div><p>Towards the beginning of February 2001, the subject of
"binary" I/O was brought up in a couple of places at the
same time. One notable place was Usenet, where James Kanze and
Dietmar Kühl separately posted articles on why attempting
generic binary I/O was not a good idea. (Here are copies of
<a class="ulink" href="binary_iostreams_kanze.txt" target="_top">Kanze's article</a> and
<a class="ulink" href="binary_iostreams_kuehl.txt" target="_top">Kühl's article</a>.)
</p><p>Briefly, the problems of byte ordering and type sizes mean that
the unformatted functions like <code class="code">ostream::put()</code> and
<code class="code">istream::get()</code> cannot safely be used to communicate
between arbitrary programs, or across a network, or from one
invocation of a program to another invocation of the same program
on a different platform, etc.
</p><p>The entire Usenet thread is instructive, and took place under the
subject heading "binary iostreams" on both comp.std.c++
and comp.lang.c++.moderated in parallel. Also in that thread,
Dietmar Kühl mentioned that he had written a pair of stream
classes that would read and write XDR, which is a good step towards
a portable binary format.
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="fstreams.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="io_and_c.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Binary Input and Output </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 28. Interacting with C</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

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mode or with debug mode. The
following table provides the names and headers of the debugging
containers:
</p><div class="table"><a id="id452232"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 30.1. Debugging Containers</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Debugging Containers" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Container</th><th align="left">Header</th><th align="left">Debug container</th><th align="left">Debug header</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::bitset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">bitset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::bitset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">bitset</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::deque</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">deque</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::deque</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">deque</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::list</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">list</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::list</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">list</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::wstring</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::wstring</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::basic_string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::basic_string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::vector</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">vector</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::vector</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">vector</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>In addition, when compiling in C++0x mode, these additional
</p><div class="table"><a id="id517820"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 30.1. Debugging Containers</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Debugging Containers" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Container</th><th align="left">Header</th><th align="left">Debug container</th><th align="left">Debug header</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::bitset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">bitset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::bitset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">bitset</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::deque</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">deque</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::deque</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">deque</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::list</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">list</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::list</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">list</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::wstring</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::wstring</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::basic_string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::basic_string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::vector</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">vector</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::vector</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">vector</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>In addition, when compiling in C++0x mode, these additional
containers have additional debug capability.
</p><div class="table"><a id="id387544"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 30.2. Debugging Containers C++0x</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Debugging Containers C++0x" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Container</th><th align="left">Header</th><th align="left">Debug container</th><th align="left">Debug header</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="debug_mode.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Semantics </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Design</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
</p><div class="table"><a id="id357333"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 30.2. Debugging Containers C++0x</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Debugging Containers C++0x" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Container</th><th align="left">Header</th><th align="left">Debug container</th><th align="left">Debug header</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="debug_mode.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Semantics </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Design</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Testing</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; , &#10; parallel&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="parallel_mode.html" title="Chapter 31. Parallel Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html" title="Design" /><link rel="next" href="ext_allocators.html" title="Chapter 32. Allocators" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Testing</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 31. Parallel Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_allocators.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode.test"></a>Testing</h2></div></div></div><p>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Testing</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; , &#10; parallel&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="parallel_mode.html" title="Chapter 31. Parallel Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html" title="Design" /><link rel="next" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Testing</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 31. Parallel Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="profile_mode.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode.test"></a>Testing</h2></div></div></div><p>
Both the normal conformance and regression tests and the
supplemental performance tests work.
</p><p>
@ -23,4 +23,4 @@
additional software dependencies than the usual bare-boned text
file, and can be generated by using the <code class="code">make
doc-performance</code> rule in the testsuite's Makefile.
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="parallel_mode.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_allocators.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Design </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 32. Allocators</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="parallel_mode.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="profile_mode.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Design </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 32. Profile Mode</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Design</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; , &#10; profile&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch32s03.html" title="Extensions for Custom Containers" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Design</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="profile_mode.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 32. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design"></a>Design</h2></div></div></div><p>
</p><div class="table"><a id="id474437"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 32.1. Code Location</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Code Location" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Code Location</th><th align="left">Use</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="code">libstdc++-v3/include/std/*</code></td><td align="left">Preprocessor code to redirect to profile extension headers.</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="code">libstdc++-v3/include/profile/*</code></td><td align="left">Profile extension public headers (map, vector, ...).</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="code">libstdc++-v3/include/profile/impl/*</code></td><td align="left">Profile extension internals. Implementation files are
only included from <code class="code">impl/profiler.h</code>, which is the only
file included from the public headers.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design.wrapper"></a>Wrapper Model</h3></div></div></div><p>
In order to get our instrumented library version included instead of the
release one,
we use the same wrapper model as the debug mode.
We subclass entities from the release version. Wherever
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE</code> is defined, the release namespace is
<code class="code">std::__norm</code>, whereas the profile namespace is
<code class="code">std::__profile</code>. Using plain <code class="code">std</code> translates
into <code class="code">std::__profile</code>.
</p><p>
Whenever possible, we try to wrap at the public interface level, e.g.,
in <code class="code">unordered_set</code> rather than in <code class="code">hashtable</code>,
in order not to depend on implementation.
</p><p>
Mixing object files built with and without the profile mode must
not affect the program execution. However, there are no guarantees to
the accuracy of diagnostics when using even a single object not built with
<code class="code">-D_GLIBCXX_PROFILE</code>.
Currently, mixing the profile mode with debug and parallel extensions is
not allowed. Mixing them at compile time will result in preprocessor errors.
Mixing them at link time is undefined.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design.instrumentation"></a>Instrumentation</h3></div></div></div><p>
Instead of instrumenting every public entry and exit point,
we chose to add instrumentation on demand, as needed
by individual diagnostics.
The main reason is that some diagnostics require us to extract bits of
internal state that are particular only to that diagnostic.
We plan to formalize this later, after we learn more about the requirements
of several diagnostics.
</p><p>
All the instrumentation points can be switched on and off using
<code class="code">-D[_NO]_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_&lt;diagnostic&gt;</code> options.
With all the instrumentation calls off, there should be negligible
overhead over the release version. This property is needed to support
diagnostics based on timing of internal operations. For such diagnostics,
we anticipate turning most of the instrumentation off in order to prevent
profiling overhead from polluting time measurements, and thus diagnostics.
</p><p>
All the instrumentation on/off compile time switches live in
<code class="code">include/profile/profiler.h</code>.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design.rtlib"></a>Run Time Behavior</h3></div></div></div><p>
For practical reasons, the instrumentation library processes the trace
partially
rather than dumping it to disk in raw form. Each event is processed when
it occurs. It is usually attached a cost and it is aggregated into
the database of a specific diagnostic class. The cost model
is based largely on the standard performance guarantees, but in some
cases we use knowledge about GCC's standard library implementation.
</p><p>
Information is indexed by (1) call stack and (2) instance id or address
to be able to understand and summarize precise creation-use-destruction
dynamic chains. Although the analysis is sensitive to dynamic instances,
the reports are only sensitive to call context. Whenever a dynamic instance
is destroyed, we accumulate its effect to the corresponding entry for the
call stack of its constructor location.
</p><p>
For details, see
<a class="ulink" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CGO.2009.36" target="_top">paper presented at
CGO 2009</a>.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design.analysis"></a>Analysis and Diagnostics</h3></div></div></div><p>
Final analysis takes place offline, and it is based entirely on the
generated trace and debugging info in the application binary.
See section Diagnostics for a list of analysis types that we plan to support.
</p><p>
The input to the analysis is a table indexed by profile type and call stack.
The data type for each entry depends on the profile type.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design.cost-model"></a>Cost Model</h3></div></div></div><p>
While it is likely that cost models become complex as we get into
more sophisticated analysis, we will try to follow a simple set of rules
at the beginning.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Relative benefit estimation:</em></span>
The idea is to estimate or measure the cost of all operations
in the original scenario versus the scenario we advise to switch to.
For instance, when advising to change a vector to a list, an occurrence
of the <code class="code">insert</code> method will generally count as a benefit.
Its magnitude depends on (1) the number of elements that get shifted
and (2) whether it triggers a reallocation.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Synthetic measurements:</em></span>
We will measure the relative difference between similar operations on
different containers. We plan to write a battery of small tests that
compare the times of the executions of similar methods on different
containers. The idea is to run these tests on the target machine.
If this training phase is very quick, we may decide to perform it at
library initialization time. The results can be cached on disk and reused
across runs.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Timers:</em></span>
We plan to use timers for operations of larger granularity, such as sort.
For instance, we can switch between different sort methods on the fly
and report the one that performs best for each call context.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Show stoppers:</em></span>
We may decide that the presence of an operation nullifies the advice.
For instance, when considering switching from <code class="code">set</code> to
<code class="code">unordered_set</code>, if we detect use of operator <code class="code">++</code>,
we will simply not issue the advice, since this could signal that the use
care require a sorted container.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design.reports"></a>Reports</h3></div></div></div><p>
There are two types of reports. First, if we recognize a pattern for which
we have a substitute that is likely to give better performance, we print
the advice and estimated performance gain. The advice is usually associated
to a code position and possibly a call stack.
</p><p>
Second, we report performance characteristics for which we do not have
a clear solution for improvement. For instance, we can point to the user
the top 10 <code class="code">multimap</code> locations
which have the worst data locality in actual traversals.
Although this does not offer a solution,
it helps the user focus on the key problems and ignore the uninteresting ones.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design.testing"></a>Testing</h3></div></div></div><p>
First, we want to make sure we preserve the behavior of the release mode.
You can just type <code class="code">"make check-profile"</code>, which
builds and runs the whole test suite in profile mode.
</p><p>
Second, we want to test the correctness of each diagnostic.
We created a <code class="code">profile</code> directory in the test suite.
Each diagnostic must come with at least two tests, one for false positives
and one for false negatives.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="profile_mode.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="profile_mode.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32s03.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 32. Profile Mode </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Extensions for Custom Containers</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Extensions for Custom Containers</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; , &#10; profile&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch32s02.html" title="Design" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch32s04.html" title="Empirical Cost Model" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Extensions for Custom Containers</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch32s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 32. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32s04.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.api"></a>Extensions for Custom Containers</h2></div></div></div><p>
Many large projects use their own data structures instead of the ones in the
standard library. If these data structures are similar in functionality
to the standard library, they can be instrumented with the same hooks
that are used to instrument the standard library.
The instrumentation API is exposed in file
<code class="code">profiler.h</code> (look for "Instrumentation hooks").
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch32s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="profile_mode.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32s04.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Design </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Empirical Cost Model</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Empirical Cost Model</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; , &#10; profile&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch32s03.html" title="Extensions for Custom Containers" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch32s05.html" title="Implementation Issues" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Empirical Cost Model</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch32s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 32. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32s05.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.cost_model"></a>Empirical Cost Model</h2></div></div></div><p>
Currently, the cost model uses formulas with predefined relative weights
for alternative containers or container implementations. For instance,
iterating through a vector is X times faster than iterating through a list.
</p><p>
(Under development.)
We are working on customizing this to a particular machine by providing
an automated way to compute the actual relative weights for operations
on the given machine.
</p><p>
(Under development.)
We plan to provide a performance parameter database format that can be
filled in either by hand or by an automated training mechanism.
The analysis module will then use this database instead of the built in.
generic parameters.
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch32s03.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="profile_mode.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32s05.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Extensions for Custom Containers </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Implementation Issues</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Implementation Issues</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; , &#10; profile&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch32s04.html" title="Empirical Cost Model" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch32s06.html" title="Developer Information" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Implementation Issues</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch32s04.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 32. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32s06.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation"></a>Implementation Issues</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.stack"></a>Stack Traces</h3></div></div></div><p>
Accurate stack traces are needed during profiling since we group events by
call context and dynamic instance. Without accurate traces, diagnostics
may be hard to interpret. For instance, when giving advice to the user
it is imperative to reference application code, not library code.
</p><p>
Currently we are using the libc <code class="code">backtrace</code> routine to get
stack traces.
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_STACK_DEPTH</code> can be set
to 0 if you are willing to give up call context information, or to a small
positive value to reduce run time overhead.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.symbols"></a>Symbolization of Instruction Addresses</h3></div></div></div><p>
The profiling and analysis phases use only instruction addresses.
An external utility such as addr2line is needed to postprocess the result.
We do not plan to add symbolization support in the profile extension.
This would require access to symbol tables, debug information tables,
external programs or libraries and other system dependent information.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.concurrency"></a>Concurrency</h3></div></div></div><p>
Our current model is simplistic, but precise.
We cannot afford to approximate because some of our diagnostics require
precise matching of operations to container instance and call context.
During profiling, we keep a single information table per diagnostic.
There is a single lock per information table.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.stdlib-in-proflib"></a>Using the Standard Library in the Instrumentation Implementation</h3></div></div></div><p>
As much as we would like to avoid uses of stdlibc++ within our
instrumentation library, containers such as unordered_map are very
appealing. We plan to use them as long as they are named properly
to avoid ambiguity.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.malloc-hooks"></a>Malloc Hooks</h3></div></div></div><p>
User applications/libraries can provide malloc hooks.
When the implementation of the malloc hooks uses stdlibc++, there can
be an infinite cycle between the profile mode instrumentation and the
the malloc hook code.
</p><p>
We protect against reentrance to the profile mode instrumentation code,
which should avoid this problem in most cases.
The protection mechanism is thread safe and exception safe.
This mechanism does not prevent reentrance to the malloc hook itself,
which could still result in deadlock, if, for instance, the malloc hook
uses non-recursive locks.
XXX: A definitive solution to this problem would be for the profile extension
to use a custom allocator internally, and perhaps not to use libstdc++.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.construction-destruction"></a>Construction and Destruction of Global Objects</h3></div></div></div><p>
The profiling library state is initialized at the first call to a profiling
method. This allows us to record the construction of all global objects.
However, we cannot do the same at destruction time. The trace is written
by a function registered by <code class="code">atexit</code>, thus invoked by
<code class="code">exit</code>.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch32s04.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="profile_mode.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32s06.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Empirical Cost Model </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Developer Information</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Developer Information</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; , &#10; profile&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch32s05.html" title="Implementation Issues" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch32s07.html" title="Diagnostics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Developer Information</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch32s05.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 32. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32s07.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.developer"></a>Developer Information</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.developer.bigpic"></a>Big Picture</h3></div></div></div><p>The profile mode headers are included with
<code class="code">-D_GLIBCXX_PROFILE</code> through preprocessor directives in
<code class="code">include/std/*</code>.
</p><p>Instrumented implementations are provided in
<code class="code">include/profile/*</code>. All instrumentation hooks are macros
defined in <code class="code">include/profile/profiler.h</code>.
</p><p>All the implementation of the instrumentation hooks is in
<code class="code">include/profile/impl/*</code>. Although all the code gets included,
thus is publicly visible, only a small number of functions are called from
outside this directory. All calls to hook implementations must be
done through macros defined in <code class="code">profiler.h</code>. The macro
must ensure (1) that the call is guarded against reentrance and
(2) that the call can be turned off at compile time using a
<code class="code">-D_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_...</code> compiler option.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.developer.howto"></a>How To Add A Diagnostic</h3></div></div></div><p>Let's say the diagnostic name is "magic".
</p><p>If you need to instrument a header not already under
<code class="code">include/profile/*</code>, first edit the corresponding header
under <code class="code">include/std/</code> and add a preprocessor directive such
as the one in <code class="code">include/std/vector</code>:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_PROFILE
# include &lt;profile/vector&gt;
#endif
</pre><p>
</p><p>If the file you need to instrument is not yet under
<code class="code">include/profile/</code>, make a copy of the one in
<code class="code">include/debug</code>, or the main implementation.
You'll need to include the main implementation and inherit the classes
you want to instrument. Then define the methods you want to instrument,
define the instrumentation hooks and add calls to them.
Look at <code class="code">include/profile/vector</code> for an example.
</p><p>Add macros for the instrumentation hooks in
<code class="code">include/profile/impl/profiler.h</code>.
Hook names must start with <code class="code">__profcxx_</code>.
Make sure they transform
in no code with <code class="code">-D_NO_GLBICXX_PROFILE_MAGIC</code>.
Make sure all calls to any method in namespace <code class="code">__cxxprof_impl</code>
is protected against reentrance using macro
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_IMPL_REENTRANCE_GUARD</code>.
All names of methods in namespace <code class="code">__cxxprof_impl</code> called from
<code class="code">profiler.h</code> must start with <code class="code">__trace_magic_</code>.
</p><p>Add the implementation of the diagnostic.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
Create new file <code class="code">include/profile/impl/profiler_magic.h</code>.
</p></li><li><p>
Define class <code class="code">__magic_info: public __object_info_base</code>.
This is the representation of a line in the object table.
The <code class="code">__merge</code> method is used to aggregate information
across all dynamic instances created at the same call context.
The <code class="code">__magnitude</code> must return the estimation of the benefit
as a number of small operations, e.g., number of words copied.
The <code class="code">__write</code> method is used to produce the raw trace.
The <code class="code">__advice</code> method is used to produce the advice string.
</p></li><li><p>
Define class <code class="code">__magic_stack_info: public __magic_info</code>.
This defines the content of a line in the stack table.
</p></li><li><p>
Define class <code class="code">__trace_magic: public __trace_base&lt;__magic_info,
__magic_stack_info&gt;</code>.
It defines the content of the trace associated with this diagnostic.
</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p><p>Add initialization and reporting calls in
<code class="code">include/profile/impl/profiler_trace.h</code>. Use
<code class="code">__trace_vector_to_list</code> as an example.
</p><p>Add documentation in file <code class="code">doc/xml/manual/profile_mode.xml</code>.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch32s05.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="profile_mode.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32s07.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Implementation Issues </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Diagnostics</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Diagnostics</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; , &#10; profile&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch32s06.html" title="Developer Information" /><link rel="next" href="ext_allocators.html" title="Chapter 33. Allocators" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Diagnostics</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch32s06.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 32. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_allocators.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.diagnostics"></a>Diagnostics</h2></div></div></div><p>
The table below presents all the diagnostics we intend to implement.
Each diagnostic has a corresponding compile time switch
<code class="code">-D_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_&lt;diagnostic&gt;</code>.
Groups of related diagnostics can be turned on with a single switch.
For instance, <code class="code">-D_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_LOCALITY</code> is equivalent to
<code class="code">-D_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_SOFTWARE_PREFETCH
-D_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_RBTREE_LOCALITY</code>.
</p><p>
The benefit, cost, expected frequency and accuracy of each diagnostic
was given a grade from 1 to 10, where 10 is highest.
A high benefit means that, if the diagnostic is accurate, the expected
performance improvement is high.
A high cost means that turning this diagnostic on leads to high slowdown.
A high frequency means that we expect this to occur relatively often.
A high accuracy means that the diagnostic is unlikely to be wrong.
These grades are not perfect. They are just meant to guide users with
specific needs or time budgets.
</p><div class="table"><a id="id501361"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 32.2. Diagnostics</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Diagnostics" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Group</th><th align="left">Flag</th><th align="left">Benefit</th><th align="left">Cost</th><th align="left">Freq.</th><th align="left">Implemented</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.containers" target="_top">
CONTAINERS</a></td><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.hashtable_too_small" target="_top">
HASHTABLE_TOO_SMALL</a></td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left">yes</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.hashtable_too_large" target="_top">
HASHTABLE_TOO_LARGE</a></td><td align="left">5</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left">yes</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.inefficient_hash" target="_top">
INEFFICIENT_HASH</a></td><td align="left">7</td><td align="left">3</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left">yes</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.vector_too_small" target="_top">
VECTOR_TOO_SMALL</a></td><td align="left">8</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left">yes</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.vector_too_large" target="_top">
VECTOR_TOO_LARGE</a></td><td align="left">5</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left">yes</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.vector_to_hashtable" target="_top">
VECTOR_TO_HASHTABLE</a></td><td align="left">7</td><td align="left">7</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left">no</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.hashtable_to_vector" target="_top">
HASHTABLE_TO_VECTOR</a></td><td align="left">7</td><td align="left">7</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left">no</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.vector_to_list" target="_top">
VECTOR_TO_LIST</a></td><td align="left">8</td><td align="left">5</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left">yes</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.list_to_vector" target="_top">
LIST_TO_VECTOR</a></td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left">5</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left">no</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.assoc_ord_to_unord" target="_top">
ORDERED_TO_UNORDERED</a></td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left">5</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left">only map/unordered_map</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.algorithms" target="_top">
ALGORITHMS</a></td><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.algorithms.sort" target="_top">
SORT</a></td><td align="left">7</td><td align="left">8</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">7</td><td align="left">no</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.locality" target="_top">
LOCALITY</a></td><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.locality.sw_prefetch" target="_top">
SOFTWARE_PREFETCH</a></td><td align="left">8</td><td align="left">8</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">5</td><td align="left">no</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.locality.linked" target="_top">
RBTREE_LOCALITY</a></td><td align="left">4</td><td align="left">8</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">5</td><td align="left">no</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.mthread.false_share" target="_top">
FALSE_SHARING</a></td><td align="left">8</td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left">no</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.template"></a>Diagnostic Template</h3></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_&lt;diagnostic&gt;</code>.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> What problem will it diagnose?
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>.
What is the fundamental reason why this is a problem</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>
Percentage reduction in execution time. When reduction is more than
a constant factor, describe the reduction rate formula.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>
What would the advise look like?</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span>
What stdlibc++ components need to be instrumented?</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
How do we decide when to issue the advice?</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
How do we measure benefits? Math goes here.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
program code
...
advice sample
</pre><p>
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.containers"></a>Containers</h3></div></div></div><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_CONTAINERS</code>.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.hashtable_too_small"></a>Hashtable Too Small</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_HASHTABLE_TOO_SMALL</code>.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect hashtables with many
rehash operations, small construction size and large destruction size.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span> Rehash is very expensive.
Read content, follow chains within bucket, evaluate hash function, place at
new location in different order.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span> 36%.
Code similar to example below.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>
Set initial size to N at construction site S.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span>
<code class="code">unordered_set, unordered_map</code> constructor, destructor, rehash.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
For each dynamic instance of <code class="code">unordered_[multi]set|map</code>,
record initial size and call context of the constructor.
Record size increase, if any, after each relevant operation such as insert.
Record the estimated rehash cost.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
Number of individual rehash operations * cost per rehash.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
1 unordered_set&lt;int&gt; us;
2 for (int k = 0; k &lt; 1000000; ++k) {
3 us.insert(k);
4 }
foo.cc:1: advice: Changing initial unordered_set size from 10 to 1000000 saves 1025530 rehash operations.
</pre><p>
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.hashtable_too_large"></a>Hashtable Too Large</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_HASHTABLE_TOO_LARGE</code>.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect hashtables which are
never filled up because fewer elements than reserved are ever
inserted.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span> Save memory, which
is good in itself and may also improve memory reference performance through
fewer cache and TLB misses.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span> unknown.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>
Set initial size to N at construction site S.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span>
<code class="code">unordered_set, unordered_map</code> constructor, destructor, rehash.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
For each dynamic instance of <code class="code">unordered_[multi]set|map</code>,
record initial size and call context of the constructor, and correlate it
with its size at destruction time.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
Number of iteration operations + memory saved.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
1 vector&lt;unordered_set&lt;int&gt;&gt; v(100000, unordered_set&lt;int&gt;(100)) ;
2 for (int k = 0; k &lt; 100000; ++k) {
3 for (int j = 0; j &lt; 10; ++j) {
4 v[k].insert(k + j);
5 }
6 }
foo.cc:1: advice: Changing initial unordered_set size from 100 to 10 saves N
bytes of memory and M iteration steps.
</pre><p>
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.inefficient_hash"></a>Inefficient Hash</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_INEFFICIENT_HASH</code>.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect hashtables with polarized
distribution.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span> A non-uniform
distribution may lead to long chains, thus possibly increasing complexity
by a factor up to the number of elements.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span> factor up
to container size.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span> Change hash function
for container built at site S. Distribution score = N. Access score = S.
Longest chain = C, in bucket B.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span>
<code class="code">unordered_set, unordered_map</code> constructor, destructor, [],
insert, iterator.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
Count the exact number of link traversals.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
Total number of links traversed.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
class dumb_hash {
public:
size_t operator() (int i) const { return 0; }
};
...
unordered_set&lt;int, dumb_hash&gt; hs;
...
for (int i = 0; i &lt; COUNT; ++i) {
hs.find(i);
}
</pre><p>
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.vector_too_small"></a>Vector Too Small</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_VECTOR_TOO_SMALL</code>.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span>Detect vectors with many
resize operations, small construction size and large destruction size..
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>Resizing can be expensive.
Copying large amounts of data takes time. Resizing many small vectors may
have allocation overhead and affect locality.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>%.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>
Set initial size to N at construction site S.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span><code class="code">vector</code>.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
For each dynamic instance of <code class="code">vector</code>,
record initial size and call context of the constructor.
Record size increase, if any, after each relevant operation such as
<code class="code">push_back</code>. Record the estimated resize cost.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
Total number of words copied * time to copy a word.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
1 vector&lt;int&gt; v;
2 for (int k = 0; k &lt; 1000000; ++k) {
3 v.push_back(k);
4 }
foo.cc:1: advice: Changing initial vector size from 10 to 1000000 saves
copying 4000000 bytes and 20 memory allocations and deallocations.
</pre><p>
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.vector_too_large"></a>Vector Too Large</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_VECTOR_TOO_LARGE</code>
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span>Detect vectors which are
never filled up because fewer elements than reserved are ever
inserted.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>Save memory, which
is good in itself and may also improve memory reference performance through
fewer cache and TLB misses.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>%.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>
Set initial size to N at construction site S.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span><code class="code">vector</code>.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
For each dynamic instance of <code class="code">vector</code>,
record initial size and call context of the constructor, and correlate it
with its size at destruction time.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
Total amount of memory saved.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
1 vector&lt;vector&lt;int&gt;&gt; v(100000, vector&lt;int&gt;(100)) ;
2 for (int k = 0; k &lt; 100000; ++k) {
3 for (int j = 0; j &lt; 10; ++j) {
4 v[k].insert(k + j);
5 }
6 }
foo.cc:1: advice: Changing initial vector size from 100 to 10 saves N
bytes of memory and may reduce the number of cache and TLB misses.
</pre><p>
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.vector_to_hashtable"></a>Vector to Hashtable</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_VECTOR_TO_HASHTABLE</code>.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect uses of
<code class="code">vector</code> that can be substituted with <code class="code">unordered_set</code>
to reduce execution time.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
Linear search in a vector is very expensive, whereas searching in a hashtable
is very quick.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>factor up
to container size.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>Replace
<code class="code">vector</code> with <code class="code">unordered_set</code> at site S.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span><code class="code">vector</code>
operations and access methods.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
For each dynamic instance of <code class="code">vector</code>,
record call context of the constructor. Issue the advice only if the
only methods called on this <code class="code">vector</code> are <code class="code">push_back</code>,
<code class="code">insert</code> and <code class="code">find</code>.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
Cost(vector::push_back) + cost(vector::insert) + cost(find, vector) -
cost(unordered_set::insert) + cost(unordered_set::find).
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
1 vector&lt;int&gt; v;
...
2 for (int i = 0; i &lt; 1000; ++i) {
3 find(v.begin(), v.end(), i);
4 }
foo.cc:1: advice: Changing "vector" to "unordered_set" will save about 500,000
comparisons.
</pre><p>
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.hashtable_to_vector"></a>Hashtable to Vector</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_HASHTABLE_TO_VECTOR</code>.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect uses of
<code class="code">unordered_set</code> that can be substituted with <code class="code">vector</code>
to reduce execution time.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
Hashtable iterator is slower than vector iterator.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>95%.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>Replace
<code class="code">unordered_set</code> with <code class="code">vector</code> at site S.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span><code class="code">unordered_set</code>
operations and access methods.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
For each dynamic instance of <code class="code">unordered_set</code>,
record call context of the constructor. Issue the advice only if the
number of <code class="code">find</code>, <code class="code">insert</code> and <code class="code">[]</code>
operations on this <code class="code">unordered_set</code> are small relative to the
number of elements, and methods <code class="code">begin</code> or <code class="code">end</code>
are invoked (suggesting iteration).</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
Number of .</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
1 unordered_set&lt;int&gt; us;
...
2 int s = 0;
3 for (unordered_set&lt;int&gt;::iterator it = us.begin(); it != us.end(); ++it) {
4 s += *it;
5 }
foo.cc:1: advice: Changing "unordered_set" to "vector" will save about N
indirections and may achieve better data locality.
</pre><p>
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.vector_to_list"></a>Vector to List</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_VECTOR_TO_LIST</code>.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect cases where
<code class="code">vector</code> could be substituted with <code class="code">list</code> for
better performance.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
Inserting in the middle of a vector is expensive compared to inserting in a
list.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>factor up to
container size.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>Replace vector with list
at site S.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span><code class="code">vector</code>
operations and access methods.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
For each dynamic instance of <code class="code">vector</code>,
record the call context of the constructor. Record the overhead of each
<code class="code">insert</code> operation based on current size and insert position.
Report instance with high insertion overhead.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
(Sum(cost(vector::method)) - Sum(cost(list::method)), for
method in [push_back, insert, erase])
+ (Cost(iterate vector) - Cost(iterate list))</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
1 vector&lt;int&gt; v;
2 for (int i = 0; i &lt; 10000; ++i) {
3 v.insert(v.begin(), i);
4 }
foo.cc:1: advice: Changing "vector" to "list" will save about 5,000,000
operations.
</pre><p>
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.list_to_vector"></a>List to Vector</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_LIST_TO_VECTOR</code>.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect cases where
<code class="code">list</code> could be substituted with <code class="code">vector</code> for
better performance.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
Iterating through a vector is faster than through a list.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>64%.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>Replace list with vector
at site S.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span><code class="code">vector</code>
operations and access methods.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
Issue the advice if there are no <code class="code">insert</code> operations.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
(Sum(cost(vector::method)) - Sum(cost(list::method)), for
method in [push_back, insert, erase])
+ (Cost(iterate vector) - Cost(iterate list))</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
1 list&lt;int&gt; l;
...
2 int sum = 0;
3 for (list&lt;int&gt;::iterator it = l.begin(); it != l.end(); ++it) {
4 sum += *it;
5 }
foo.cc:1: advice: Changing "list" to "vector" will save about 1000000 indirect
memory references.
</pre><p>
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.assoc_ord_to_unord"></a>Ordered to Unordered Associative Container</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_ORDERED_TO_UNORDERED</code>.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect cases where ordered
associative containers can be replaced with unordered ones.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
Insert and search are quicker in a hashtable than in
a red-black tree.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>52%.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>
Replace set with unordered_set at site S.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span>
<code class="code">set</code>, <code class="code">multiset</code>, <code class="code">map</code>,
<code class="code">multimap</code> methods.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
Issue the advice only if we are not using operator <code class="code">++</code> on any
iterator on a particular <code class="code">[multi]set|map</code>.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
(Sum(cost(hashtable::method)) - Sum(cost(rbtree::method)), for
method in [insert, erase, find])
+ (Cost(iterate hashtable) - Cost(iterate rbtree))</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
1 set&lt;int&gt; s;
2 for (int i = 0; i &lt; 100000; ++i) {
3 s.insert(i);
4 }
5 int sum = 0;
6 for (int i = 0; i &lt; 100000; ++i) {
7 sum += *s.find(i);
8 }
</pre><p>
</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.algorithms"></a>Algorithms</h3></div></div></div><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_ALGORITHMS</code>.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.algorithms.sort"></a>Sort Algorithm Performance</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_SORT</code>.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Give measure of sort algorithm
performance based on actual input. For instance, advise Radix Sort over
Quick Sort for a particular call context.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
See papers:
<a class="ulink" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1065944.1065981" target="_top">
A framework for adaptive algorithm selection in STAPL</a> and
<a class="ulink" href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/wrapper.jsp?arnumber=4228227" target="_top">
Optimizing Sorting with Machine Learning Algorithms</a>.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>60%.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span> Change sort algorithm
at site S from X Sort to Y Sort.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span> <code class="code">sort</code>
algorithm.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
Issue the advice if the cost model tells us that another sort algorithm
would do better on this input. Requires us to know what algorithm we
are using in our sort implementation in release mode.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
Runtime(algo) for algo in [radix, quick, merge, ...]</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
</pre><p>
</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.locality"></a>Data Locality</h3></div></div></div><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_LOCALITY</code>.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.locality.sw_prefetch"></a>Need Software Prefetch</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_SOFTWARE_PREFETCH</code>.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Discover sequences of indirect
memory accesses that are not regular, thus cannot be predicted by
hardware prefetchers.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
Indirect references are hard to predict and are very expensive when they
miss in caches.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>25%.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span> Insert prefetch
instruction.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span> Vector iterator and
access operator [].
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
First, get cache line size and page size from system.
Then record iterator dereference sequences for which the value is a pointer.
For each sequence within a container, issue a warning if successive pointer
addresses are not within cache lines and do not form a linear pattern
(otherwise they may be prefetched by hardware).
If they also step across page boundaries, make the warning stronger.
</p><p>The same analysis applies to containers other than vector.
However, we cannot give the same advice for linked structures, such as list,
as there is no random access to the n-th element. The user may still be
able to benefit from this information, for instance by employing frays (user
level light weight threads) to hide the latency of chasing pointers.
</p><p>
This analysis is a little oversimplified. A better cost model could be
created by understanding the capability of the hardware prefetcher.
This model could be trained automatically by running a set of synthetic
cases.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
Total distance between pointer values of successive elements in vectors
of pointers.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
1 int zero = 0;
2 vector&lt;int*&gt; v(10000000, &amp;zero);
3 for (int k = 0; k &lt; 10000000; ++k) {
4 v[random() % 10000000] = new int(k);
5 }
6 for (int j = 0; j &lt; 10000000; ++j) {
7 count += (*v[j] == 0 ? 0 : 1);
8 }
foo.cc:7: advice: Insert prefetch instruction.
</pre><p>
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.locality.linked"></a>Linked Structure Locality</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_RBTREE_LOCALITY</code>.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Give measure of locality of
objects stored in linked structures (lists, red-black trees and hashtables)
with respect to their actual traversal patterns.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>Allocation can be tuned
to a specific traversal pattern, to result in better data locality.
See paper:
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/8085744l00x72662/" target="_top">
Custom Memory Allocation for Free</a>.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>30%.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>
High scatter score N for container built at site S.
Consider changing allocation sequence or choosing a structure conscious
allocator.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span> Methods of all
containers using linked structures.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
First, get cache line size and page size from system.
Then record the number of successive elements that are on different line
or page, for each traversal method such as <code class="code">find</code>. Give advice
only if the ratio between this number and the number of total node hops
is above a threshold.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
Sum(same_cache_line(this,previous))</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
1 set&lt;int&gt; s;
2 for (int i = 0; i &lt; 10000000; ++i) {
3 s.insert(i);
4 }
5 set&lt;int&gt; s1, s2;
6 for (int i = 0; i &lt; 10000000; ++i) {
7 s1.insert(i);
8 s2.insert(i);
9 }
...
// Fast, better locality.
10 for (set&lt;int&gt;::iterator it = s.begin(); it != s.end(); ++it) {
11 sum += *it;
12 }
// Slow, elements are further apart.
13 for (set&lt;int&gt;::iterator it = s1.begin(); it != s1.end(); ++it) {
14 sum += *it;
15 }
foo.cc:5: advice: High scatter score NNN for set built here. Consider changing
the allocation sequence or switching to a structure conscious allocator.
</pre><p>
</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.mthread"></a>Multithreaded Data Access</h3></div></div></div><p>
The diagnostics in this group are not meant to be implemented short term.
They require compiler support to know when container elements are written
to. Instrumentation can only tell us when elements are referenced.
</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_MULTITHREADED</code>.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.mthread.ddtest"></a>Data Dependence Violations at Container Level</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_DDTEST</code>.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect container elements
that are referenced from multiple threads in the parallel region or
across parallel regions.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
Sharing data between threads requires communication and perhaps locking,
which may be expensive.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>?%.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span> Change data
distribution or parallel algorithm.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span> Container access methods
and iterators.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
Keep a shadow for each container. Record iterator dereferences and
container member accesses. Issue advice for elements referenced by
multiple threads.
See paper: <a class="ulink" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=207110.207148" target="_top">
The LRPD test: speculative run-time parallelization of loops with
privatization and reduction parallelization</a>.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
Number of accesses to elements referenced from multiple threads
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
</pre><p>
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.mthread.false_share"></a>False Sharing</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_FALSE_SHARING</code>.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect elements in the
same container which share a cache line, are written by at least one
thread, and accessed by different threads.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span> Under these assumptions,
cache protocols require
communication to invalidate lines, which may be expensive.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>68%.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span> Reorganize container
or use padding to avoid false sharing.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span> Container access methods
and iterators.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
First, get the cache line size.
For each shared container, record all the associated iterator dereferences
and member access methods with the thread id. Compare the address lists
across threads to detect references in two different threads to the same
cache line. Issue a warning only if the ratio to total references is
significant. Do the same for iterator dereference values if they are
pointers.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
Number of accesses to same cache line from different threads.
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
1 vector&lt;int&gt; v(2, 0);
2 #pragma omp parallel for shared(v, SIZE) schedule(static, 1)
3 for (i = 0; i &lt; SIZE; ++i) {
4 v[i % 2] += i;
5 }
OMP_NUM_THREADS=2 ./a.out
foo.cc:1: advice: Change container structure or padding to avoid false
sharing in multithreaded access at foo.cc:4. Detected N shared cache lines.
</pre><p>
</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.statistics"></a>Statistics</h3></div></div></div><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_STATISTICS</code>.
</p><p>
In some cases the cost model may not tell us anything because the costs
appear to offset the benefits. Consider the choice between a vector and
a list. When there are both inserts and iteration, an automatic advice
may not be issued. However, the programmer may still be able to make use
of this information in a different way.
</p><p>
This diagnostic will not issue any advice, but it will print statistics for
each container construction site. The statistics will contain the cost
of each operation actually performed on the container.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch32s06.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="profile_mode.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_allocators.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Developer Information </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 33. Allocators</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

4
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>HP/SGI</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="ext_containers.html" title="Chapter 33. Containers" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_containers.html" title="Chapter 33. Containers" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch33s03.html" title="Deprecated HP/SGI" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">HP/SGI</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_containers.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 33. Containers</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch33s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.containers.sgi"></a>HP/SGI</h2></div></div></div><p>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>HP/SGI</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="ext_containers.html" title="Chapter 34. Containers" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_containers.html" title="Chapter 34. Containers" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch34s03.html" title="Deprecated HP/SGI" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">HP/SGI</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_containers.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 34. Containers</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch34s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.containers.sgi"></a>HP/SGI</h2></div></div></div><p>
</p><p>A few extensions and nods to backwards-compatibility have been made with
containers. Those dealing with older SGI-style allocators are dealt with
elsewhere. The remaining ones all deal with bits:
@ -40,4 +40,4 @@
</p><pre class="programlisting">
size_t _Find_first() const;
size_t _Find_next (size_t prev) const;</pre><p>The same caveat given for the _Unchecked_* functions applies here also.
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_containers.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ext_containers.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch33s03.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 33. Containers </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Deprecated HP/SGI</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_containers.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ext_containers.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch34s03.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 34. Containers </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Deprecated HP/SGI</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Deprecated HP/SGI</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="ext_containers.html" title="Chapter 33. Containers" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch33s02.html" title="HP/SGI" /><link rel="next" href="ext_utilities.html" title="Chapter 34. Utilities" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Deprecated HP/SGI</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch33s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 33. Containers</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_utilities.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.containers.deprecated_sgi"></a>Deprecated HP/SGI</h2></div></div></div><p>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Deprecated HP/SGI</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="ext_containers.html" title="Chapter 34. Containers" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch34s02.html" title="HP/SGI" /><link rel="next" href="ext_utilities.html" title="Chapter 35. Utilities" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Deprecated HP/SGI</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch34s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 34. Containers</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_utilities.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.containers.deprecated_sgi"></a>Deprecated HP/SGI</h2></div></div></div><p>
The SGI hashing classes <code class="classname">hash_set</code> and
<code class="classname">hash_set</code> have been deprecated by the
unordered_set, unordered_multiset, unordered_map,
@ -47,4 +47,4 @@
possibility of pathological cases, you'll probably get better
performance from hash_map.
</em></span>
</p></blockquote></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch33s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ext_containers.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_utilities.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">HP/SGI </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 34. Utilities</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
</p></blockquote></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch34s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ext_containers.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_utilities.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">HP/SGI </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 35. Utilities</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

4
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Implementation</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 40. Concurrency" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 40. Concurrency" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html" title="Use" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Implementation</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_concurrency.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 40. Concurrency</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.impl"></a>Implementation</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.impl.atomic_fallbacks"></a>Using Builtin Atomic Functions</h3></div></div></div><p>The functions for atomic operations described above are either
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Implementation</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 41. Concurrency" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 41. Concurrency" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch41s03.html" title="Use" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Implementation</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_concurrency.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 41. Concurrency</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch41s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.impl"></a>Implementation</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.impl.atomic_fallbacks"></a>Using Builtin Atomic Functions</h3></div></div></div><p>The functions for atomic operations described above are either
implemented via compiler intrinsics (if the underlying host is
capable) or by library fallbacks.</p><p>Compiler intrinsics (builtins) are always preferred. However, as
the compiler builtins for atomics are not universally implemented,
@ -38,4 +38,4 @@ use this layer. More detail as to the specific interface can be found in the sou
functions, and usage found in the usual &lt;pthread.h&gt; file,
including <code class="code">pthread_t</code>, <code class="code">pthread_once_t</code>, <code class="code">pthread_create</code>,
etc.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_concurrency.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ext_concurrency.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 40. Concurrency </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Use</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_concurrency.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ext_concurrency.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch41s03.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 41. Concurrency </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Use</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Use</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 40. Concurrency" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html" title="Implementation" /><link rel="next" href="appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A.  Contributing" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Use</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 40. Concurrency</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_contributing.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.use"></a>Use</h2></div></div></div><p>Typical usage of the last two constructs is demonstrated as follows:
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Use</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 41. Concurrency" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch41s02.html" title="Implementation" /><link rel="next" href="appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A.  Contributing" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Use</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch41s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 41. Concurrency</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_contributing.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.use"></a>Use</h2></div></div></div><p>Typical usage of the last two constructs is demonstrated as follows:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#include &lt;ext/concurrence.h&gt;
@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ the mutex as control moves out of this block.
concurrence-related errors. These classes
are: <code class="code">__concurrence_lock_error</code>, <code class="code">__concurrence_unlock_error</code>, <code class="code">__concurrence_wait_error</code>,
and <code class="code">__concurrence_broadcast_error</code>.
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ext_concurrency.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_contributing.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Implementation </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Appendix A. 
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch41s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ext_concurrency.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_contributing.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Implementation </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Appendix A. 
Contributing
</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title></title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII.  Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII.  Extensions" /><link rel="next" href="ext_compile_checks.html" title="Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center"></th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="extensions.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII. 
Extensions
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_compile_checks.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="preface" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="id450786"></a></h2></div></div></div><p>
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_compile_checks.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="preface" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="id450207"></a></h2></div></div></div><p>
Here we will make an attempt at describing the non-Standard extensions to
the library. Some of these are from SGI's STL, some of these are GNU's,
and some just seemed to appear on the doorstep.

5
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@ -123,6 +123,9 @@
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#129" target="_top">129</a>:
<span class="emphasis"><em>Need error indication from seekp() and seekg()</em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p>These functions set <code class="code">failbit</code> on error now.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#130" target="_top">130</a>:
<span class="emphasis"><em>Return type of container::erase(iterator) differs for associative containers</em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p>Make member <code class="code">erase</code> return iterator for <code class="code">set</code>, <code class="code">multiset</code>, <code class="code">map</code>, <code class="code">multimap</code>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#136" target="_top">136</a>:
<span class="emphasis"><em>seekp, seekg setting wrong streams?</em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p><code class="code">seekp</code> should only set the output stream, and
@ -335,7 +338,7 @@
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#844" target="_top">844</a>:
<span class="emphasis"><em>complex pow return type is ambiguous</em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p>In C++0x mode, remove the pow(complex&lt;T&gt;, int) signature.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-active.html#853" target="_top">853</a>:
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#853" target="_top">853</a>:
<span class="emphasis"><em>to_string needs updating with zero and one</em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p>Update / add the signatures.
</p></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="license.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="status.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="setup.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">License </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 2. Setup</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

20
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@ -337,41 +337,41 @@ codecvt usage.
</p></li><li><p>
wchar_t/char internal buffers and conversions between
internal/external buffers?
</p></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.codecvt.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id514958"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</p></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.codecvt.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id493338"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
The GNU C Library
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Roland</span> <span class="surname">McGrath</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 FSF. </span><span class="pagenums">Chapters 6 Character Set Handling and 7 Locales and Internationalization. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id455172"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Roland</span> <span class="surname">McGrath</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 FSF. </span><span class="pagenums">Chapters 6 Character Set Handling and 7 Locales and Internationalization. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id478473"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Correspondence
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id448478"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id478501"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id448497"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id497324"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id431624"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id497342"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
System Interface Definitions, Issue 6 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-200x)
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999
The Open Group/The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.opennc.org/austin/docreg.html" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id431651"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id461154"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Bjarne</span> <span class="surname">Stroustrup</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley, Inc.. </span><span class="pagenums">Appendix D. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
Addison Wesley
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id437273"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id409878"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales
</i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
Advanced Programmer's Guide and Reference
. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Angelika</span> <span class="surname">Langer</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Klaus</span> <span class="surname">Kreft</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
Addison Wesley Longman
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id322717"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id390798"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
A brief description of Normative Addendum 1
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Clive</span> <span class="surname">Feather</span>. </span><span class="pagenums">Extended Character Sets. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lysator.liu.se/c/na1.html" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id322748"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id389025"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
The Unicode HOWTO
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Bruno</span> <span class="surname">Haible</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="ftp://ftp.ilog.fr/pub/Users/haible/utf8/Unicode-HOWTO.html" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id448720"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id337800"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ for Unix/Linux
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Markus</span> <span class="surname">Khun</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html" target="_top">

2
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@ -5,5 +5,5 @@
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="messages.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sequences.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.containers"></a>Part VII. 
Containers
<a id="id430539" class="indexterm"></a>
<a id="id421482" class="indexterm"></a>
</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="sequences.html">16. Sequences</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="sequences.html#containers.sequences.list">list</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sequences.html#sequences.list.size">list::size() is O(n)</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="vector.html">vector</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="vector.html#sequences.vector.management">Space Overhead Management</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="associative.html">17. Associative</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="associative.html#containers.associative.insert_hints">Insertion Hints</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bitset.html">bitset</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitset.html#associative.bitset.size_variable">Size Variable</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitset.html#associative.bitset.type_string">Type String</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="containers_and_c.html">18. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="containers_and_c.html#containers.c.vs_array">Containers vs. Arrays</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="messages.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sequences.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">messages </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 16. Sequences</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

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@ -137,7 +137,18 @@
set print vtbl on
set print demangle on
set demangle-style gnu-v3
</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.exceptions"></a>Tracking uncaught exceptions</h3></div></div></div><p>
</pre><p>
GDB 7.0 will include support for writing pretty-printers in Python.
A library of printers for STL classes already exists within the
libstdc++ svn repository. For information on enabling these printers,
and for other GDB STL support options: please see
<a class="ulink" href="http://sourceware.org/gdb/wiki/STLSupport" target="_top"> "GDB Support
for STL" </a> in the GDB wiki. Additionally, in-depth
documentation and discussion of this feature can be found in the GDB
manual. Please see:
<a class="ulink" href="http://sourceware.org/gdb/current/onlinedocs//gdb_24.html#SEC260" target="_top">
"23.2.2.6 Pretty Printing" </a>
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.exceptions"></a>Tracking uncaught exceptions</h3></div></div></div><p>
The <a class="link" href="verbose_termination.html" title="Verbose Terminate Handler">verbose
termination handler</a> gives information about uncaught
exceptions which are killing the program. It is described in the
@ -146,6 +157,9 @@
has compile and run-time checks for many containers.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.compile_time_checks"></a>Compile Time Checking</h3></div></div></div><p> The <a class="link" href="ext_compile_checks.html" title="Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks">Compile-Time
Checks</a> Extension has compile-time checks for many algorithms.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.profile_mode"></a>Profile-based Performance Analysis</h3></div></div></div><p> The <a class="link" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode">Profile-based
Performance Analysis</a> Extension has performance checks for many
algorithms.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="using_exceptions.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="using.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="support.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Exceptions </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part II. 
Support

2
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@ -5,5 +5,5 @@
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="verbose_termination.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="exceptions.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.diagnostics"></a>Part III. 
Diagnostics
<a id="id427594" class="indexterm"></a>
<a id="id432454" class="indexterm"></a>
</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="exceptions.html">7. Exceptions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="exceptions.html#manual.diagnostics.exceptions.hierarchy">Exception Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html">Adding Data to Exceptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt03ch07s03.html">Cancellation</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt03ch08.html">8. Concept Checking</a></span></dt></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="verbose_termination.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="exceptions.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Verbose Terminate Handler </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 7. Exceptions</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

6
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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_design_notes.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="contrib.doc_style"></a>Documentation Style</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="doc_style.doxygen"></a>Doxygen</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="doxygen.prereq"></a>Prerequisites</h4></div></div></div><p>
Prerequisite tools are Bash 2.x,
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.doxygen.org/" target="_top">Doxygen</a>, and
the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils" target="_top">GNU
the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/" target="_top">GNU
coreutils</a>. (GNU versions of find, xargs, and possibly
sed and grep are used, just because the GNU versions make
things very easy.)
@ -211,11 +211,11 @@ Complete details on Docbook markup can be found in the DocBook Element
Reference, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.docbook.org/tdg/en/html/part2.html" target="_top">online</a>. An
incomplete reference for HTML to Docbook conversion is detailed in the
table below.
</p><div class="table"><a id="id447935"></a><p class="title"><b>Table A.1. HTML to Docbook XML markup comparison</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="HTML to Docbook XML markup comparison" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">HTML</th><th align="left">XML</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">&lt;p&gt;</td><td align="left">&lt;para&gt;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&lt;pre&gt;</td><td align="left">&lt;computeroutput&gt;, &lt;programlisting&gt;,
</p><div class="table"><a id="id431910"></a><p class="title"><b>Table A.1. HTML to Docbook XML markup comparison</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="HTML to Docbook XML markup comparison" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">HTML</th><th align="left">XML</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">&lt;p&gt;</td><td align="left">&lt;para&gt;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&lt;pre&gt;</td><td align="left">&lt;computeroutput&gt;, &lt;programlisting&gt;,
&lt;literallayout&gt;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&lt;ul&gt;</td><td align="left">&lt;itemizedlist&gt;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&lt;ol&gt;</td><td align="left">&lt;orderedlist&gt;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&lt;il&gt;</td><td align="left">&lt;listitem&gt;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&lt;dl&gt;</td><td align="left">&lt;variablelist&gt;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&lt;dt&gt;</td><td align="left">&lt;term&gt;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&lt;dd&gt;</td><td align="left">&lt;listitem&gt;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&lt;a href=""&gt;</td><td align="left">&lt;ulink url=""&gt;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&lt;code&gt;</td><td align="left">&lt;literal&gt;, &lt;programlisting&gt;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&lt;strong&gt;</td><td align="left">&lt;emphasis&gt;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&lt;em&gt;</td><td align="left">&lt;emphasis&gt;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">"</td><td align="left">&lt;quote&gt;</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
And examples of detailed markup for which there are no real HTML
equivalents are listed in the table below.
</p><div class="table"><a id="id458695"></a><p class="title"><b>Table A.2. Docbook XML Element Use</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Docbook XML Element Use" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Element</th><th align="left">Use</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">&lt;structname&gt;</td><td align="left">&lt;structname&gt;char_traits&lt;/structname&gt;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&lt;classname&gt;</td><td align="left">&lt;classname&gt;string&lt;/classname&gt;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&lt;function&gt;</td><td align="left">
</p><div class="table"><a id="id514274"></a><p class="title"><b>Table A.2. Docbook XML Element Use</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Docbook XML Element Use" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Element</th><th align="left">Use</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">&lt;structname&gt;</td><td align="left">&lt;structname&gt;char_traits&lt;/structname&gt;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&lt;classname&gt;</td><td align="left">&lt;classname&gt;string&lt;/classname&gt;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&lt;function&gt;</td><td align="left">
<p>&lt;function&gt;clear()&lt;/function&gt;</p>
<p>&lt;function&gt;fs.clear()&lt;/function&gt;</p>
</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&lt;type&gt;</td><td align="left">&lt;type&gt;long long&lt;/type&gt;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&lt;varname&gt;</td><td align="left">&lt;varname&gt;fs&lt;/varname&gt;</td></tr><tr><td align="left">&lt;literal&gt;</td><td align="left">

6
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@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 35. Algorithms</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII.  Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_utilities.html" title="Chapter 34. Utilities" /><link rel="next" href="ext_numerics.html" title="Chapter 36. Numerics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 35. Algorithms</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_utilities.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII. 
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Extensions
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_numerics.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.algorithms"></a>Chapter 35. Algorithms</h2></div></div></div><p>25.1.6 (count, count_if) is extended with two more versions of count
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_numerics.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.algorithms"></a>Chapter 36. Algorithms</h2></div></div></div><p>25.1.6 (count, count_if) is extended with two more versions of count
and count_if. The standard versions return their results. The
additional signatures return void, but take a final parameter by
reference to which they assign their results, e.g.,
@ -20,4 +20,4 @@
</p><pre class="programlisting">
lexicographical_compare_3way(_InputIter1 first1, _InputIter1 last1,
_InputIter2 first2, _InputIter2 last2)</pre><p>which does... what?
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</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.intro"></a>Intro</h3></div></div></div><p>
The mt allocator [hereinafter referred to simply as "the allocator"]
is a fixed size (power of two) allocator that was initially
@ -394,4 +394,4 @@ mutex to be locked) this operation is also made in chunks of blocks
a threads freelist mentioned above). The "formula" used can probably
be improved to further reduce the risk of blocks being "bounced back
and forth" between freelists.
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constructs for playing with threads. In contrast to the atomics layer,
the concurrence layer consists largely of types. All types are defined within <code class="code">namespace __gnu_cxx</code>.
</p><p>
@ -88,4 +88,4 @@ _GLIBCXX_WRITE_MEM_BARRIER
</p><p>
Which expand to the appropriate write and read barrier required by the
host hardware and operating system.
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Extensions
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<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/ext/pb_ds/index.html" target="_top">More details here</a>.
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</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_concurrency.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.demangle"></a>Chapter 40. Demangling</h2></div></div></div><p>
Transforming C++ ABI identifiers (like RTTI symbols) into the
original C++ source identifiers is called
“<span class="quote">demangling.</span>”
@ -71,4 +71,4 @@ int main()
be writing C++ in order to demangle C++. (That also means we have to
use crummy memory management facilities, so don't forget to free()
the returned char array.)
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</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_demangling.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.io"></a>Chapter 39. Input and Output</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ext_io.html#manual.ext.io.filebuf_derived">Derived filebufs</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
Extensions allowing <code class="code">filebuf</code>s to be constructed from
"C" types like FILE*s and file descriptors.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.io.filebuf_derived"></a>Derived filebufs</h2></div></div></div><p>The v2 library included non-standard extensions to construct
@ -47,4 +47,4 @@
call) then you might be interested in Henry Suter's RWLock class.
</p><p>
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_iterators.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_demangling.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 37. Iterators </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 39. Demangling</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_io.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.iterators"></a>Chapter 38. Iterators</h2></div></div></div><p>24.3.2 describes <code class="code">struct iterator</code>, which didn't exist in the
original HP STL implementation (the language wasn't rich enough at the
time). For backwards compatibility, base classes are provided which
declare the same nested typedefs:
@ -11,4 +11,4 @@
two iterators and returns a result. It is extended by another signature
which takes two iterators and a reference to a result. The result is
modified, and the function returns nothing.
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</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_iterators.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.numerics"></a>Chapter 37. Numerics</h2></div></div></div><p>26.4, the generalized numeric operations such as accumulate, are extended
with the following functions:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
power (x, n);
@ -17,4 +17,4 @@
That is, it assigns value to *first, value + 1 to *(first + 1) and so
on." Quoted from SGI documentation.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
void iota(_ForwardIter first, _ForwardIter last, _Tp value);</pre></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_algorithms.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_iterators.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 35. Algorithms </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 37. Iterators</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
void iota(_ForwardIter first, _ForwardIter last, _Tp value);</pre></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_algorithms.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_iterators.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 36. Algorithms </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 38. Iterators</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

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The &lt;functional&gt; header contains many additional functors
and helper functions, extending section 20.3. They are
implemented in the file stl_function.h:
@ -38,4 +38,4 @@ get_temporary_buffer(5, (int*)0);
</p><p>
The specialized algorithms of section 20.4.4 are extended with
<code class="code">uninitialized_copy_n</code>. *
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="localization.html" title="Part VI.  Localization" /><link rel="prev" href="locales.html" title="Chapter 14. Locales" /><link rel="next" href="codecvt.html" title="codecvt" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="locales.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part VI. 
Localization
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="codecvt.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.localization.facet"></a>Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="facets.html#manual.localization.facet.ctype">ctype</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="codecvt.html">codecvt</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="messages.html">messages</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.localization.facet.ctype"></a>ctype</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.ctype.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id435289"></a>Specializations</h4></div></div></div><p>
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="codecvt.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.localization.facet"></a>Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="facets.html#manual.localization.facet.ctype">ctype</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="codecvt.html">codecvt</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="messages.html">messages</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.localization.facet.ctype"></a>ctype</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.ctype.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id456506"></a>Specializations</h4></div></div></div><p>
For the required specialization codecvt&lt;wchar_t, char, mbstate_t&gt; ,
conversions are made between the internal character set (always UCS4
on GNU/Linux) and whatever the currently selected locale for the
@ -50,25 +50,25 @@ characters.
</p></li><li><p>
Rename abstract base class. See if just smash-overriding is a
better approach. Clarify, add sanity to naming.
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.ctype.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id444358"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.ctype.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id394298"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
The GNU C Library
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Roland</span> <span class="surname">McGrath</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 FSF. </span><span class="pagenums">Chapters 6 Character Set Handling and 7 Locales and Internationalization. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id455494"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Roland</span> <span class="surname">McGrath</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 FSF. </span><span class="pagenums">Chapters 6 Character Set Handling and 7 Locales and Internationalization. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id480756"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Correspondence
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id440437"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id396720"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id440455"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id396738"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id440473"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id395771"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
System Interface Definitions, Issue 6 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-200x)
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999
The Open Group/The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.opennc.org/austin/docreg.html" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id517128"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id412160"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Bjarne</span> <span class="surname">Stroustrup</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley, Inc.. </span><span class="pagenums">Appendix D. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
Addison Wesley
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id438741"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id465171"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales
</i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
Advanced Programmer's Guide and Reference

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</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="iostream_objects.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.io"></a>Part XI. 
Input and Output
<a id="id460605" class="indexterm"></a>
<a id="id412720" class="indexterm"></a>
</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="iostream_objects.html">24. Iostream Objects</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="streambufs.html">25. Stream Buffers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="streambufs.html#io.streambuf.derived">Derived streambuf Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch25s02.html">Buffering</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="stringstreams.html">26. Memory Based Streams</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="stringstreams.html#manual.io.memstreams.compat">Compatibility With strstream</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="fstreams.html">27. File Based Streams</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="fstreams.html#manual.io.filestreams.copying_a_file">Copying a File</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Binary Input and Output</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="io_and_c.html">28. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="io_and_c.html#manual.io.c.FILE">Using FILE* and file descriptors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html">Performance</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="iostream_objects.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">C99 </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 24. Iostream Objects</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

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Input and Output
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.io.c"></a>Chapter 28. Interacting with C</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="io_and_c.html#manual.io.c.FILE">Using FILE* and file descriptors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html">Performance</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.io.c.FILE"></a>Using FILE* and file descriptors</h2></div></div></div><p>
See the <a class="link" href="ext_io.html" title="Chapter 38. Input and Output">extensions</a> for using
See the <a class="link" href="ext_io.html" title="Chapter 39. Input and Output">extensions</a> for using
<span class="type">FILE</span> and <span class="type">file descriptors</span> with
<code class="classname">ofstream</code> and
<code class="classname">ifstream</code>.

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</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bitset.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt08ch19.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.iterators"></a>Part VIII. 
Iterators
<a id="id388807" class="indexterm"></a>
<a id="id511191" class="indexterm"></a>
</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt08ch19.html">19. Predefined</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19.html#iterators.predefined.vs_pointers">Iterators vs. Pointers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">One Past the End</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bitset.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt08ch19.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">bitset </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 19. Predefined</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

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@ -398,25 +398,25 @@ global locale" (emphasis Paolo), that is:
What should non-required facet instantiations do? If the
generic implementation is provided, then how to end-users
provide specializations?
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="locales.locale.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id419927"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="locales.locale.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id388197"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
The GNU C Library
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Roland</span> <span class="surname">McGrath</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 FSF. </span><span class="pagenums">Chapters 6 Character Set Handling and 7 Locales and Internationalization. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id426714"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Roland</span> <span class="surname">McGrath</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 FSF. </span><span class="pagenums">Chapters 6 Character Set Handling and 7 Locales and Internationalization. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id403972"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Correspondence
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id426743"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id404001"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id438110"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id450687"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id438128"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id450705"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
System Interface Definitions, Issue 6 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-200x)
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999
The Open Group/The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.opennc.org/austin/docreg.html" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id516788"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id429438"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Bjarne</span> <span class="surname">Stroustrup</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley, Inc.. </span><span class="pagenums">Appendix D. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
Addison Wesley
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id532385"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id405937"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales
</i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
Advanced Programmer's Guide and Reference

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</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="locales.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.localization"></a>Part VI. 
Localization
<a id="id453876" class="indexterm"></a>
<a id="id421930" class="indexterm"></a>
</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="locales.html">14. Locales</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="locales.html#manual.localization.locales.locale">locale</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="facets.html">15. Facets aka Categories</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="facets.html#manual.localization.facet.ctype">ctype</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="codecvt.html">codecvt</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="messages.html">messages</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="locales.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">CString (MFC) </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 14. Locales</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

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@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
or loading and unloading shared objects in memory. As such, using
caching allocators on systems that do not support
<code class="function">abi::__cxa_atexit</code> is not recommended.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id387134"></a>Interface Design</h4></div></div></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id448064"></a>Interface Design</h4></div></div></div><p>
The only allocator interface that
is support is the standard C++ interface. As such, all STL
containers have been adjusted, and all external allocators have
@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
</p><p>
The base class that <code class="classname">allocator</code> is derived from
may not be user-configurable.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id511422"></a>Selecting Default Allocation Policy</h4></div></div></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id419395"></a>Selecting Default Allocation Policy</h4></div></div></div><p>
It's difficult to pick an allocation strategy that will provide
maximum utility, without excessively penalizing some behavior. In
fact, it's difficult just deciding which typical actions to measure
@ -143,7 +143,7 @@
The current default choice for
<code class="classname">allocator</code> is
<code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::new_allocator</code>.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id532133"></a>Disabling Memory Caching</h4></div></div></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id392353"></a>Disabling Memory Caching</h4></div></div></div><p>
In use, <code class="classname">allocator</code> may allocate and
deallocate using implementation-specified strategies and
heuristics. Because of this, every call to an allocator object's
@ -308,11 +308,11 @@
A high-performance allocator that uses a bit-map to keep track
of the used and unused memory locations. It has its own
documentation, found <a class="link" href="bitmap_allocator.html" title="bitmap_allocator">here</a>.
</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id426851"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id401721"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++
</i>. </span>
isoc++_1998
<span class="pagenums">20.4 Memory. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id426866"></a><p><span class="title"><i>The Standard Librarian: What Are Allocators Good
<span class="pagenums">20.4 Memory. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id401736"></a><p><span class="title"><i>The Standard Librarian: What Are Allocators Good
</i>. </span>
austernm
<span class="author"><span class="firstname">Matt</span> <span class="surname">Austern</span>. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
@ -320,28 +320,28 @@
. </span></span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.cuj.com/documents/s=8000/cujcexp1812austern/" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id495648"></a><p><span class="title"><i>The Hoard Memory Allocator</i>. </span>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id478919"></a><p><span class="title"><i>The Hoard Memory Allocator</i>. </span>
emeryb
<span class="author"><span class="firstname">Emery</span> <span class="surname">Berger</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.cs.umass.edu/~emery/hoard/" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id459688"></a><p><span class="title"><i>Reconsidering Custom Memory Allocation</i>. </span>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id447245"></a><p><span class="title"><i>Reconsidering Custom Memory Allocation</i>. </span>
bergerzorn
<span class="author"><span class="firstname">Emery</span> <span class="surname">Berger</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ben</span> <span class="surname">Zorn</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Kathryn</span> <span class="surname">McKinley</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 OOPSLA. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.cs.umass.edu/~emery/pubs/berger-oopsla2002.pdf" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id516756"></a><p><span class="title"><i>Allocator Types</i>. </span>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id427350"></a><p><span class="title"><i>Allocator Types</i>. </span>
kreftlanger
<span class="author"><span class="firstname">Klaus</span> <span class="surname">Kreft</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Angelika</span> <span class="surname">Langer</span>. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
C/C++ Users Journal
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<a class="ulink" href="http://www.langer.camelot.de/Articles/C++Report/Allocators/Allocators.html" target="_top">
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. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id291159"></a><p><span class="title"><i>The C++ Programming Language</i>. </span>
tcpl
<span class="author"><span class="firstname">Bjarne</span> <span class="surname">Stroustrup</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 . </span><span class="pagenums">19.4 Allocators. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
Addison Wesley
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id451788"></a><p><span class="title"><i>Yalloc: A Recycling C++ Allocator</i>. </span>
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id420450"></a><p><span class="title"><i>Yalloc: A Recycling C++ Allocator</i>. </span>
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<span class="author"><span class="firstname">Felix</span> <span class="surname">Yen</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © . </span><span class="biblioid">
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@ -241,38 +241,38 @@ void test01()
model. As of this writing, it is unknown how to query to see
if a specified message catalog exists using the gettext
package.
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.messages.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id442887"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.messages.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id472238"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
The GNU C Library
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Roland</span> <span class="surname">McGrath</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 FSF. </span><span class="pagenums">Chapters 6 Character Set Handling, and 7 Locales and Internationalization
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id417173"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id414678"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Correspondence
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id417202"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id412595"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id468091"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id412614"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C
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</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id400869"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
System Interface Definitions, Issue 6 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-200x)
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999
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Addison Wesley
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Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales
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Advanced Programmer's Guide and Reference
. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Angelika</span> <span class="surname">Langer</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Klaus</span> <span class="surname">Kreft</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
Addison Wesley Longman
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id486251"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
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Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition, v 1.3.1 API Specification
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java.util.Locale, java.util.ResourceBundle. </span><span class="biblioid">
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@ -5,5 +5,5 @@
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt09ch20.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="complex.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.numerics"></a>Part X. 
Numerics
<a id="id443615" class="indexterm"></a>
<a id="id399502" class="indexterm"></a>
</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="complex.html">21. Complex</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="complex.html#numerics.complex.processing">complex Processing</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="generalized_numeric_operations.html">22. Generalized Operations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="numerics_and_c.html">23. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="numerics_and_c.html#numerics.c.array">Numerics vs. Arrays</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">C99</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt09ch20.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="complex.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 20. Mutating </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 21. Complex</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

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@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ explicit source declaration or by compiling existing sources with a
specific compiler flag.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode.intro"></a>Intro</h2></div></div></div><p>The following library components in the include
<code class="filename">numeric</code> are included in the parallel mode:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="function">std::accumulate</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::adjacent_difference</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::inner_product</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::partial_sum</code></p></li></ul></div><p>The following library components in the include
<code class="filename">algorithm</code> are included in the parallel mode:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="function">std::adjacent_find</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::count</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::count_if</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::equal</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::find</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::find_if</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::find_first_of</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::for_each</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::generate</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::generate_n</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::lexicographical_compare</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::mismatch</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::search</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::search_n</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::transform</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::replace</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::replace_if</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::max_element</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::merge</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::min_element</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::nth_element</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::partial_sort</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::partition</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::random_shuffle</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::set_union</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::set_intersection</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::set_symmetric_difference</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::set_difference</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::sort</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::stable_sort</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::unique_copy</code></p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h2></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id426541"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
<code class="filename">algorithm</code> are included in the parallel mode:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="function">std::adjacent_find</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::count</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::count_if</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::equal</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::find</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::find_if</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::find_first_of</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::for_each</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::generate</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::generate_n</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::lexicographical_compare</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::mismatch</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::search</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::search_n</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::transform</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::replace</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::replace_if</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::max_element</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::merge</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::min_element</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::nth_element</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::partial_sort</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::partition</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::random_shuffle</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::set_union</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::set_intersection</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::set_symmetric_difference</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::set_difference</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::sort</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::stable_sort</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::unique_copy</code></p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h2></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id431585"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Parallelization of Bulk Operations for STL Dictionaries
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Johannes</span> <span class="surname">Singler</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Leonor</span> <span class="surname">Frias</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 . </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
Workshop on Highly Parallel Processing on a Chip (HPPC) 2007. (LNCS)
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id426587"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
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The Multi-Core Standard Template Library
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Johannes</span> <span class="surname">Singler</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Peter</span> <span class="surname">Sanders</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Felix</span> <span class="surname">Putze</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 . </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
Euro-Par 2007: Parallel Processing. (LNCS 4641)

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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 32. Profile Mode</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; , &#10; profile&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII.  Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch31s05.html" title="Testing" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch32s02.html" title="Design" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 32. Profile Mode</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch31s05.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII. 
Extensions
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode"></a>Chapter 32. Profile Mode</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="profile_mode.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="profile_mode.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.using">Using the Profile Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="profile_mode.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.tuning">Tuning the Profile Mode</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s02.html">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s02.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.design.wrapper">Wrapper Model</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s02.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.design.instrumentation">Instrumentation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s02.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.design.rtlib">Run Time Behavior</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s02.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.design.analysis">Analysis and Diagnostics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s02.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.design.cost-model">Cost Model</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s02.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.design.reports">Reports</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s02.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.design.testing">Testing</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s03.html">Extensions for Custom Containers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s04.html">Empirical Cost Model</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s05.html">Implementation Issues</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s05.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.stack">Stack Traces</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s05.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.symbols">Symbolization of Instruction Addresses</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s05.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.concurrency">Concurrency</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s05.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.stdlib-in-proflib">Using the Standard Library in the Instrumentation Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s05.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.malloc-hooks">Malloc Hooks</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s05.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.construction-destruction">Construction and Destruction of Global Objects</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s06.html">Developer Information</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s06.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.developer.bigpic">Big Picture</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s06.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.developer.howto">How To Add A Diagnostic</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s07.html">Diagnostics</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s07.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.template">Diagnostic Template</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s07.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.containers">Containers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s07.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.algorithms">Algorithms</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s07.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.locality">Data Locality</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s07.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.mthread">Multithreaded Data Access</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch32s07.html#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.statistics">Statistics</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="bibliography"><a href="profile_mode.html#profile_mode.biblio">Bibliography</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.intro"></a>Intro</h2></div></div></div><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Goal: </em></span>Give performance improvement advice based on
recognition of suboptimal usage patterns of the standard library.
</p><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Method: </em></span>Wrap the standard library code. Insert
calls to an instrumentation library to record the internal state of
various components at interesting entry/exit points to/from the standard
library. Process trace, recognize suboptimal patterns, give advice.
For details, see
<a class="ulink" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CGO.2009.36" target="_top">paper presented at
CGO 2009</a>.
</p><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Strengths: </em></span>
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
Unintrusive solution. The application code does not require any
modification.
</p></li><li><p> The advice is call context sensitive, thus capable of
identifying precisely interesting dynamic performance behavior.
</p></li><li><p>
The overhead model is pay-per-view. When you turn off a diagnostic class
at compile time, its overhead disappears.
</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Drawbacks: </em></span>
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
You must recompile the application code with custom options.
</p></li><li><p>You must run the application on representative input.
The advice is input dependent.
</p></li><li><p>
The execution time will increase, in some cases by factors.
</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.using"></a>Using the Profile Mode</h3></div></div></div><p>
This is the anticipated common workflow for program <code class="code">foo.cc</code>:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
$ cat foo.cc
#include &lt;vector&gt;
int main() {
vector&lt;int&gt; v;
for (int k = 0; k &lt; 1024; ++k) v.insert(v.begin(), k);
}
$ g++ -D_GLIBCXX_PROFILE foo.cc
$ ./a.out
$ cat libstdcxx-profile.txt
vector-to-list: improvement = 5: call stack = 0x804842c ...
: advice = change std::vector to std::list
vector-size: improvement = 3: call stack = 0x804842c ...
: advice = change initial container size from 0 to 1024
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Anatomy of a warning:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
Warning id. This is a short descriptive string for the class
that this warning belongs to. E.g., "vector-to-list".
</p></li><li><p>
Estimated improvement. This is an approximation of the benefit expected
from implementing the change suggested by the warning. It is given on
a log10 scale. Negative values mean that the alternative would actually
do worse than the current choice.
In the example above, 5 comes from the fact that the overhead of
inserting at the beginning of a vector vs. a list is around 1024 * 1024 / 2,
which is around 10e5. The improvement from setting the initial size to
1024 is in the range of 10e3, since the overhead of dynamic resizing is
linear in this case.
</p></li><li><p>
Call stack. Currently, the addresses are printed without
symbol name or code location attribution.
Users are expected to postprocess the output using, for instance, addr2line.
</p></li><li><p>
The warning message. For some warnings, this is static text, e.g.,
"change vector to list". For other warnings, such as the one above,
the message contains numeric advice, e.g., the suggested initial size
of the hashtable.
</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p><p>Two files are generated. <code class="code">libstdcxx-profile.txt</code>
contains human readable advice. <code class="code">libstdcxx-profile.raw</code>
contains implementation specific data about each diagnostic.
Their format is not documented. They are sufficient to generate
all the advice given in <code class="code">libstdcxx-profile.txt</code>. The advantage
of keeping this raw format is that traces from multiple executions can
be aggregated simply by concatenating the raw traces. We intend to
offer an external utility program that can issue advice from a trace.
</p><p>Advice is given regardless whether the transformation is valid.
For instance, we advise changing a map to an unordered_map even if the
application semantics require that data be ordered.
We believe such warnings can help users understand the performance
behavior of their application better, which can lead to changes
at a higher abstraction level.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.tuning"></a>Tuning the Profile Mode</h3></div></div></div><p>Compile time switches and environment variables (see also file
profiler.h). Unless specified otherwise, they can be set at compile time
using -D_&lt;name&gt; or by setting variable &lt;name&gt;
in the environment where the program is run, before starting execution.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
<code class="code">[NO]_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_&lt;diagnostic&gt;</code>:
enable/disable specific diagnostics.
See section Diagnostics for possible values.
(Environment variables not supported.)
</p></li><li><p>
<code class="code">GLIBCXX_PROFILE_TRACE_PATH_ROOT</code>: set an alternative root
path for the output files.
</p></li><li><p>GLIBCXX_PROFILE_MAX_WARN_COUNT: set it to the maximum
number of warnings desired. The default value is 10.</p></li><li><p>
<code class="code">GLIBCXX_PROFILE_MAX_STACK_DEPTH</code>: if set to 0,
the advice will
be collected and reported for the program as a whole, and not for each
call context.
This could also be used in continuous regression tests, where you
just need to know whether there is a regression or not.
The default value is 32.
</p></li><li><p>
<code class="code">GLIBCXX_PROFILE_MEM_PER_DIAGNOSTIC</code>:
set a limit on how much memory to use for the accounting tables for each
diagnostic type. When this limit is reached, new events are ignored
until the memory usage decreases under the limit. Generally, this means
that newly created containers will not be instrumented until some
live containers are deleted. The default is 128 MB.
</p></li><li><p>
<code class="code">GLIBCXX_PROFILE_NOTHREADS</code>:
Make the library not use threads. Otherwise, pthread mutexes are used
to protect access to internal data structures. This should be useful
only if the program is single threaded and you want to avoid the overhead
of aquiring/releasing locks unnecessarily.
(Environment variable not supported.)
</p></li><li><p>
<code class="code">HAVE_EXECINFO_H</code>:
This name should be defined at library configuration time.
If your library was configured without <code class="code">execinfo.h</code>, but
you have it in your include path, you can define it explicitly. Without
it, advice is collected for the program as a whole, and not for each
call context.
(Environment variable not supported.)
</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="profile_mode.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h2></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id412060"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Perflint: A Context Sensitive Performance Advisor for C++ Programs
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Lixia</span> <span class="surname">Liu</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Silvius</span> <span class="surname">Rus</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2009 . </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
Proceedings of the 2009 International Symposium on Code Generation
and Optimization
. </span></span></p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch31s05.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Testing </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Design</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

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@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ drops to zero.
Derived classes override those functions to destroy resources in a context
where the correct dynamic type is known. This is an application of the
technique known as type erasure.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="shared_ptr.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id436681"></a>Class Hierarchy</h4></div></div></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="shared_ptr.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id397705"></a>Class Hierarchy</h4></div></div></div><p>
A <code class="classname">shared_ptr&lt;T&gt;</code> contains a pointer of
type <span class="type">T*</span> and an object of type
<code class="classname">__shared_count</code>. The shared_count contains a
@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ be forwarded to <span class="type">Tp</span>'s constructor.
Unlike the other <code class="classname">_Sp_counted_*</code> classes, this one is parameterized on the
type of object, not the type of pointer; this is purely a convenience
that simplifies the implementation slightly.
</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id451950"></a>Thread Safety</h4></div></div></div><p>
</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id455193"></a>Thread Safety</h4></div></div></div><p>
The interface of <code class="classname">tr1::shared_ptr</code> was extended for C++0x
with support for rvalue-references and the other features from
N2351. As with other libstdc++ headers shared by TR1 and C++0x,
@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ compiler, standard library, platform etc. For the version of
shared_ptr in libstdc++ the compiler and library are fixed, which
makes things much simpler: we have an atomic CAS or we don't, see Lock
Policy below for details.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id420332"></a>Selecting Lock Policy</h4></div></div></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id410726"></a>Selecting Lock Policy</h4></div></div></div><p>
</p><p>
There is a single <code class="classname">_Sp_counted_base</code> class,
which is a template parameterized on the enum
@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ used when libstdc++ is built without <code class="literal">--enable-threads</cod
<code class="filename">ext/atomicity.h</code>, which detect if the program
is multi-threaded. If only one thread of execution exists in
the program then less expensive non-atomic operations are used.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id515700"></a>Dual C++0x and TR1 Implementation</h4></div></div></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id477345"></a>Dual C++0x and TR1 Implementation</h4></div></div></div><p>
The classes derived from <code class="classname">_Sp_counted_base</code> (see Class Hierarchy
below) and <code class="classname">__shared_count</code> are implemented separately for C++0x
and TR1, in <code class="filename">bits/boost_sp_shared_count.h</code> and
@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ The TR1 implementation is considered relatively stable, so is unlikely to
change unless bug fixes require it. If the code that is common to both
C++0x and TR1 modes needs to diverge further then it might be necessary to
duplicate additional classes and only make changes to the C++0x versions.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id486010"></a>Related functions and classes</h4></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">dynamic_pointer_cast</code>, <code class="code">static_pointer_cast</code>,
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id474156"></a>Related functions and classes</h4></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">dynamic_pointer_cast</code>, <code class="code">static_pointer_cast</code>,
<code class="code">const_pointer_cast</code></span></dt><dd><p>
As noted in N2351, these functions can be implemented non-intrusively using
the alias constructor. However the aliasing constructor is only available
@ -214,10 +214,10 @@ is called. Users should not try to use this.
As well as the extra constructors, this implementation also needs some
members of _Sp_counted_deleter to be protected where they could otherwise
be private.
</p></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="shared_ptr.using"></a>Use</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id478324"></a>Examples</h4></div></div></div><p>
</p></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="shared_ptr.using"></a>Use</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id498188"></a>Examples</h4></div></div></div><p>
Examples of use can be found in the testsuite, under
<code class="filename">testsuite/tr1/2_general_utilities/shared_ptr</code>.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id505148"></a>Unresolved Issues</h4></div></div></div><p>
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id461223"></a>Unresolved Issues</h4></div></div></div><p>
The resolution to C++ Standard Library issue <a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/lwg-active.html#674" target="_top">674</a>,
"shared_ptr interface changes for consistency with N1856" will
need to be implemented after it is accepted into the working
@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ be private.
code to work with, Peter Dimov in particular for his help and
invaluable advice on thread safety. Phillip Jordan and Paolo
Carlini for the lock policy implementation.
</p></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="shared_ptr.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id450490"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
</p></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="shared_ptr.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id414603"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
n2351
</abbr>] <span class="title"><i>
Improving shared_ptr for C++0x, Revision 2
@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ be private.
. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2007/n2351.htm" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id450514"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id414627"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
n2456
</abbr>] <span class="title"><i>
C++ Standard Library Active Issues List (Revision R52)
@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ be private.
. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2007/n2456.html" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id419756"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id469083"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
n2461
</abbr>] <span class="title"><i>
Working Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++
@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ be private.
. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2007/n2461.pdf" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id509508"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id416974"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
boostshared_ptr
</abbr>] <span class="title"><i>
Boost C++ Libraries documentation - shared_ptr class template

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@ -5,5 +5,5 @@
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="shared_ptr.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.strings"></a>Part V. 
Strings
<a id="id442055" class="indexterm"></a>
<a id="id405758" class="indexterm"></a>
</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt05ch13.html">13. String Classes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13.html#strings.string.simple">Simple Transformations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Case Sensitivity</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s03.html">Arbitrary Character Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s04.html">Tokenizing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Shrink to Fit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">CString (MFC)</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="shared_ptr.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">shared_ptr </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 13. String Classes</td></tr></table></div></body></html>

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Support
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 3. Using</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="intro.html" title="Part I.  Introduction" /><link rel="prev" href="test.html" title="Test" /><link rel="next" href="using_headers.html" title="Headers" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 3. Using</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="test.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part I. 
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</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="using_headers.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.using"></a>Chapter 3. Using</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using.html#manual.intro.using.lib">Linking Library Binary Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_headers.html">Headers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.all">Header Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.mixing">Mixing Headers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.cheaders">The C Headers and namespace std</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.pre">Precompiled Headers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_namespaces.html">Namespaces</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_namespaces.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.all">Available Namespaces</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_namespaces.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.std">namespace std</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_namespaces.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.comp">Using Namespace Composition</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_macros.html">Macros</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_concurrency.html">Concurrency</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.thread_safety">Thread Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.atomics">Atomics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.io">IO</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.containers">Containers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_exceptions.html">Exceptions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_exceptions.html#intro.using.exception.propagating">Propagating Exceptions aka Exception Neutrality</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_exceptions.html#intro.using.exception.safety">Exception Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_exceptions.html#intro.using.exception.no">Support for -fno-exceptions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="debug.html">Debugging Support</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.compiler">Using g++</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.req">Debug Versions of Library Binary Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.memory">Memory Leak Hunting</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.gdb">Using gdb</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.exceptions">Tracking uncaught exceptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.debug_mode">Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.compile_time_checks">Compile Time Checking</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.profile_mode">Profile-based Performance Analysis</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.using.lib"></a>Linking Library Binary Files</h2></div></div></div><p>
If you only built a static library (libstdc++.a), or if you
specified static linking, you don't have to worry about this.
But if you built a shared library (libstdc++.so) and linked

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Utilities
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