/* Copyright (C) 2007  Free Software Foundation, Inc.

This file is part of GCC.

GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
version.

In addition to the permissions in the GNU General Public License, the
Free Software Foundation gives you unlimited permission to link the
compiled version of this file into combinations with other programs,
and to distribute those combinations without any restriction coming
from the use of this file.  (The General Public License restrictions
do apply in other respects; for example, they cover modification of
the file, and distribution when not linked into a combine
executable.)

GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with GCC; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the Free
Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
02110-1301, USA.  */

#include "bid_internal.h"

/*****************************************************************************
 *  BID128_to_int64_rnint
 ****************************************************************************/

BID128_FUNCTION_ARG1_NORND_CUSTOMRESTYPE(SINT64, __bid128_to_int64_rnint, x)

  SINT64 res;
  UINT64 x_sign;
  UINT64 x_exp;
  int exp; 	// unbiased exponent
  // Note: C1.w[1], C1.w[0] represent x_signif_hi, x_signif_lo (all are UINT64)
  UINT64 tmp64;
  BID_UI64DOUBLE tmp1;
  unsigned int x_nr_bits;
  int q, ind, shift;
  UINT128 C1, C;
  UINT128 Cstar; // C* represents up to 34 decimal digits ~ 113 bits
  UINT256 fstar;
  UINT256 P256;

  // unpack x
  x_sign = x.w[1] & MASK_SIGN; // 0 for positive, MASK_SIGN for negative
  x_exp = x.w[1] & MASK_EXP; // biased and shifted left 49 bit positions
  C1.w[1] = x.w[1] & MASK_COEFF;
  C1.w[0] = x.w[0];

  // check for NaN or Infinity
  if ((x.w[1] & MASK_SPECIAL) == MASK_SPECIAL) {
    // x is special
    if ((x.w[1] & MASK_NAN) == MASK_NAN) { // x is NAN
      if ((x.w[1] & MASK_SNAN) == MASK_SNAN) { // x is SNAN
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      } else { // x is QNaN
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      }
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else { // x is not a NaN, so it must be infinity
      if (!x_sign) { // x is +inf
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      } else { // x is -inf
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      }
      BID_RETURN (res);
    }
  }
  // check for non-canonical values (after the check for special values)
  if ((C1.w[1] > 0x0001ed09bead87c0ull)
      || (C1.w[1] == 0x0001ed09bead87c0ull
	  && (C1.w[0] > 0x378d8e63ffffffffull))
      || ((x.w[1] & 0x6000000000000000ull) == 0x6000000000000000ull)) {
    res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
    BID_RETURN (res);
  } else if ((C1.w[1] == 0x0ull) && (C1.w[0] == 0x0ull)) {
    // x is 0
    res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
    BID_RETURN (res);
  } else { // x is not special and is not zero

    // q = nr. of decimal digits in x
    //  determine first the nr. of bits in x
    if (C1.w[1] == 0) {
      if (C1.w[0] >= 0x0020000000000000ull) { // x >= 2^53
	// split the 64-bit value in two 32-bit halves to avoid rounding errors
	if (C1.w[0] >= 0x0000000100000000ull) { // x >= 2^32
	  tmp1.d = (double) (C1.w[0] >> 32); // exact conversion
	  x_nr_bits =
	    33 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
	} else { // x < 2^32
	  tmp1.d = (double) (C1.w[0]); // exact conversion
	  x_nr_bits =
	    1 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
	}
      } else { // if x < 2^53
	tmp1.d = (double) C1.w[0]; // exact conversion
	x_nr_bits =
	  1 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
      }
    } else { // C1.w[1] != 0 => nr. bits = 64 + nr_bits (C1.w[1])
      tmp1.d = (double) C1.w[1]; // exact conversion
      x_nr_bits =
	65 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
    }
    q = __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].digits;
    if (q == 0) {
      q = __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].digits1;
      if (C1.w[1] > __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_hi
	  || (C1.w[1] == __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_hi
	  && C1.w[0] >= __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_lo))
	q++;
    }
    exp = (x_exp >> 49) - 6176;
    if ((q + exp) > 19) { // x >= 10^19 ~= 2^63.11... (cannot fit in SINT64)
      // set invalid flag
      *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
      // return Integer Indefinite
      res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else if ((q + exp) == 19) { // x = c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1)
      // in this case 2^63.11... ~= 10^19 <= x < 10^20 ~= 2^66.43...
      // so x rounded to an integer may or may not fit in a signed 64-bit int
      // the cases that do not fit are identified here; the ones that fit
      // fall through and will be handled with other cases further,
      // under '1 <= q + exp <= 19'
      if (x_sign) { // if n < 0 and q + exp = 19
	// if n < -2^63 - 1/2 then n is too large
	// too large if c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1) > 2^63+1/2
	// <=> 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 > 5*(2^64+1), 1<=q<=34
	// <=> 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 > 0x50000000000000005, 1<=q<=34
	C.w[1] = 0x0000000000000005ull;
	C.w[0] = 0000000000000005ull;
	if (q <= 19) { // 1 <= q <= 19 => 1 <= 20-q <= 19 => 
	  // 10^(20-q) is 64-bit, and so is C1
	  __mul_64x64_to_128MACH (C1, C1.w[0], __bid_ten2k64[20 - q]);
	} else if (q == 20) {
	  ; // C1 * 10^0 = C1
	} else { // if 21 <= q <= 34
	  __mul_128x64_to_128 (C, __bid_ten2k64[q - 20], C); // max 47-bit x 67-bit
	}
	if (C1.w[1] > C.w[1] || (C1.w[1] == C.w[1] && C1.w[0] > C.w[0])) {
	  // set invalid flag
	  *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	  // return Integer Indefinite
	  res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
	  BID_RETURN (res);
	}
	// else cases that can be rounded to a 64-bit int fall through
	// to '1 <= q + exp <= 19'
      } else { // if n > 0 and q + exp = 19
	// if n >= 2^63 - 1/2 then n is too large
	// too large if c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1) >= 2^63-1/2
	// <=> if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 5*(2^64-1), 1<=q<=34
	// <=> if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 0x4fffffffffffffffb, 1<=q<=34
	C.w[1] = 0x0000000000000004ull;
	C.w[0] = 0xfffffffffffffffbull;
	if (q <= 19) { // 1 <= q <= 19 => 1 <= 20-q <= 19 =>
	  // 10^(20-q) is 64-bit, and so is C1
	  __mul_64x64_to_128MACH (C1, C1.w[0], __bid_ten2k64[20 - q]);
	} else if (q == 20) {
	  ; // C1 * 10^0 = C1
	} else { // if 21 <= q <= 34
	  __mul_128x64_to_128 (C, __bid_ten2k64[q - 20], C); // max 47-bit x 67-bit
	}
	if (C1.w[1] > C.w[1] || (C1.w[1] == C.w[1] && C1.w[0] >= C.w[0])) {
	  // set invalid flag 
	  *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	  // return Integer Indefinite 
	  res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
	  BID_RETURN (res);
	}
	// else cases that can be rounded to a 64-bit int fall through
	// to '1 <= q + exp <= 19' 
      }
    }
    // n is not too large to be converted to int64: -2^63-1/2 <= n < 2^63-1/2
    // Note: some of the cases tested for above fall through to this point
    // Restore C1 which may have been modified above
    C1.w[1] = x.w[1] & MASK_COEFF;
    C1.w[0] = x.w[0];
    if ((q + exp) < 0) { // n = +/-0.0...c(0)c(1)...c(q-1)
      // return 0
      res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else if ((q + exp) == 0) { // n = +/-0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1)
      // if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) <= 0.5 <=> c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) <= 5 * 10^(q-1)
      //   res = 0
      // else
      //   res = +/-1
      ind = q - 1;
      if (ind <= 18) { // 0 <= ind <= 18
	if ((C1.w[1] == 0) && (C1.w[0] <= __bid_midpoint64[ind])) {
	  res = 0x0000000000000000ull; // return 0
	} else if (x_sign) { // n < 0
	  res = 0xffffffffffffffffull; // return -1
	} else { // n > 0
	  res = 0x0000000000000001ull; // return +1
	}
      } else { // 19 <= ind <= 33
	if ((C1.w[1] < __bid_midpoint128[ind - 19].w[1])
	    || ((C1.w[1] == __bid_midpoint128[ind - 19].w[1])
	    && (C1.w[0] <= __bid_midpoint128[ind - 19].w[0]))) {
	  res = 0x0000000000000000ull; // return 0
	} else if (x_sign) { // n < 0
	  res = 0xffffffffffffffffull; // return -1
	} else { // n > 0
	  res = 0x0000000000000001ull; // return +1
	}
      }
    } else { // if (1 <= q + exp <= 19, 1 <= q <= 34, -33 <= exp <= 18)
      // -2^63-1/2 <= x <= -1 or 1 <= x < 2^63-1/2 so x can be rounded
      // to nearest to a 64-bit signed integer
      if (exp < 0) { // 2 <= q <= 34, -33 <= exp <= -1, 1 <= q + exp <= 19
	ind = -exp; // 1 <= ind <= 33; ind is a synonym for 'x'
	// chop off ind digits from the lower part of C1
	// C1 = C1 + 1/2 * 10^ind where the result C1 fits in 127 bits
	tmp64 = C1.w[0];
	if (ind <= 19) {
	  C1.w[0] = C1.w[0] + __bid_midpoint64[ind - 1];
	} else {
	  C1.w[0] = C1.w[0] + __bid_midpoint128[ind - 20].w[0];
	  C1.w[1] = C1.w[1] + __bid_midpoint128[ind - 20].w[1];
	}
	if (C1.w[0] < tmp64)
	  C1.w[1]++;
	// calculate C* and f*
	// C* is actually floor(C*) in this case
	// C* and f* need shifting and masking, as shown by
	// __bid_shiftright128[] and __bid_maskhigh128[]
	// 1 <= x <= 33
	// kx = 10^(-x) = __bid_ten2mk128[ind - 1]
	// C* = (C1 + 1/2 * 10^x) * 10^(-x)
	// the approximation of 10^(-x) was rounded up to 118 bits
	__mul_128x128_to_256 (P256, C1, __bid_ten2mk128[ind - 1]);
	if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // 0 <= ind - 1 <= 21
	  Cstar.w[1] = P256.w[3];
	  Cstar.w[0] = P256.w[2];
	  fstar.w[3] = 0;
	  fstar.w[2] = P256.w[2] & __bid_maskhigh128[ind - 1];
	  fstar.w[1] = P256.w[1];
	  fstar.w[0] = P256.w[0];
	} else { // 22 <= ind - 1 <= 33
	  Cstar.w[1] = 0;
	  Cstar.w[0] = P256.w[3];
	  fstar.w[3] = P256.w[3] & __bid_maskhigh128[ind - 1];
	  fstar.w[2] = P256.w[2];
	  fstar.w[1] = P256.w[1];
	  fstar.w[0] = P256.w[0];
	}
	// the top Ex bits of 10^(-x) are T* = __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind], e.g.
	// if x=1, T*=__bid_ten2mk128trunc[0]=0x19999999999999999999999999999999
	// if (0 < f* < 10^(-x)) then the result is a midpoint
	//   if floor(C*) is even then C* = floor(C*) - logical right
	//       shift; C* has p decimal digits, correct by Prop. 1)
	//   else if floor(C*) is odd C* = floor(C*)-1 (logical right
	//       shift; C* has p decimal digits, correct by Pr. 1)
	// else
	//   C* = floor(C*) (logical right shift; C has p decimal digits,
	//       correct by Property 1)
	// n = C* * 10^(e+x)

	// shift right C* by Ex-128 = __bid_shiftright128[ind]
	shift = __bid_shiftright128[ind - 1]; // 0 <= shift <= 102
	if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // 0 <= ind - 1 <= 21
	  Cstar.w[0] =
	    (Cstar.w[0] >> shift) | (Cstar.w[1] << (64 - shift));
	  // redundant, it will be 0! Cstar.w[1] = (Cstar.w[1] >> shift);
	} else { // 22 <= ind - 1 <= 33
	  Cstar.w[0] = (Cstar.w[0] >> (shift - 64)); // 2 <= shift - 64 <= 38
	}
	// if the result was a midpoint it was rounded away from zero, so
	// it will need a correction
	// check for midpoints
	if ((fstar.w[3] == 0) && (fstar.w[2] == 0)
	    && (fstar.w[1] || fstar.w[0])
	    && (fstar.w[1] < __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
		|| (fstar.w[1] == __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
		&& fstar.w[0] <= __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[0]))) {
	  // the result is a midpoint; round to nearest
	  if (Cstar.w[0] & 0x01) { // Cstar.w[0] is odd; MP in [EVEN, ODD]
	    // if floor(C*) is odd C = floor(C*) - 1; the result >= 1
	    Cstar.w[0]--; // Cstar.w[0] is now even
	  }	// else MP in [ODD, EVEN]
	}
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -Cstar.w[0];
	else
	  res = Cstar.w[0];
      } else if (exp == 0) {
	// 1 <= q <= 19
	// res = +/-C (exact)
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -C1.w[0];
	else
	  res = C1.w[0];
      } else { // if (exp>0) => 1 <= exp <= 18, 1 <= q < 18, 2 <= q + exp <= 19
	// res = +/-C * 10^exp (exact) where this fits in 64-bit integer
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -C1.w[0] * __bid_ten2k64[exp];
	else
	  res = C1.w[0] * __bid_ten2k64[exp];
      }
    }
  }
  BID_RETURN (res);
}

/*****************************************************************************
 *  BID128_to_int64_xrnint
 ****************************************************************************/

BID128_FUNCTION_ARG1_NORND_CUSTOMRESTYPE(SINT64, __bid128_to_int64_xrnint, x)

  SINT64 res;
  UINT64 x_sign;
  UINT64 x_exp;
  int exp; 	// unbiased exponent
  // Note: C1.w[1], C1.w[0] represent x_signif_hi, x_signif_lo (all are UINT64)
  UINT64 tmp64, tmp64A;
  BID_UI64DOUBLE tmp1;
  unsigned int x_nr_bits;
  int q, ind, shift;
  UINT128 C1, C;
  UINT128 Cstar; // C* represents up to 34 decimal digits ~ 113 bits
  UINT256 fstar;
  UINT256 P256;

  // unpack x
  x_sign = x.w[1] & MASK_SIGN; // 0 for positive, MASK_SIGN for negative
  x_exp = x.w[1] & MASK_EXP; // biased and shifted left 49 bit positions
  C1.w[1] = x.w[1] & MASK_COEFF;
  C1.w[0] = x.w[0];

  // check for NaN or Infinity
  if ((x.w[1] & MASK_SPECIAL) == MASK_SPECIAL) {
    // x is special
    if ((x.w[1] & MASK_NAN) == MASK_NAN) { // x is NAN
      if ((x.w[1] & MASK_SNAN) == MASK_SNAN) { // x is SNAN
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      } else { // x is QNaN
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      }
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else { // x is not a NaN, so it must be infinity
      if (!x_sign) { // x is +inf
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      } else { // x is -inf
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      }
      BID_RETURN (res);
    }
  }
  // check for non-canonical values (after the check for special values)
  if ((C1.w[1] > 0x0001ed09bead87c0ull)
      || (C1.w[1] == 0x0001ed09bead87c0ull
	  && (C1.w[0] > 0x378d8e63ffffffffull))
      || ((x.w[1] & 0x6000000000000000ull) == 0x6000000000000000ull)) {
    res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
    BID_RETURN (res);
  } else if ((C1.w[1] == 0x0ull) && (C1.w[0] == 0x0ull)) {
    // x is 0
    res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
    BID_RETURN (res);
  } else { // x is not special and is not zero

    // q = nr. of decimal digits in x
    //  determine first the nr. of bits in x
    if (C1.w[1] == 0) {
      if (C1.w[0] >= 0x0020000000000000ull) { // x >= 2^53
	// split the 64-bit value in two 32-bit halves to avoid rounding errors
	if (C1.w[0] >= 0x0000000100000000ull) { // x >= 2^32
	  tmp1.d = (double) (C1.w[0] >> 32); // exact conversion
	  x_nr_bits =
	    33 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
	} else { // x < 2^32
	  tmp1.d = (double) (C1.w[0]); // exact conversion
	  x_nr_bits =
	    1 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
	}
      } else { // if x < 2^53
	tmp1.d = (double) C1.w[0]; // exact conversion
	x_nr_bits =
	  1 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
      }
    } else { // C1.w[1] != 0 => nr. bits = 64 + nr_bits (C1.w[1])
      tmp1.d = (double) C1.w[1]; // exact conversion
      x_nr_bits =
	65 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
    }
    q = __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].digits;
    if (q == 0) {
      q = __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].digits1;
      if (C1.w[1] > __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_hi
	  || (C1.w[1] == __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_hi
	  && C1.w[0] >= __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_lo))
	q++;
    }
    exp = (x_exp >> 49) - 6176;
    if ((q + exp) > 19) { // x >= 10^19 ~= 2^63.11... (cannot fit in SINT64)
      // set invalid flag
      *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
      // return Integer Indefinite
      res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else if ((q + exp) == 19) { // x = c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1)
      // in this case 2^63.11... ~= 10^19 <= x < 10^20 ~= 2^66.43...
      // so x rounded to an integer may or may not fit in a signed 64-bit int
      // the cases that do not fit are identified here; the ones that fit
      // fall through and will be handled with other cases further,
      // under '1 <= q + exp <= 19'
      if (x_sign) { // if n < 0 and q + exp = 19
	// if n < -2^63 - 1/2 then n is too large
	// too large if c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1) > 2^63+1/2
	// <=> 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 > 5*(2^64+1), 1<=q<=34
	// <=> 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 > 0x50000000000000005, 1<=q<=34
	C.w[1] = 0x0000000000000005ull;
	C.w[0] = 0000000000000005ull;
	if (q <= 19) { // 1 <= q <= 19 => 1 <= 20-q <= 19 => 
	  // 10^(20-q) is 64-bit, and so is C1
	  __mul_64x64_to_128MACH (C1, C1.w[0], __bid_ten2k64[20 - q]);
	} else if (q == 20) {
	  ; // C1 * 10^0 = C1
	} else { // if 21 <= q <= 34
	  __mul_128x64_to_128 (C, __bid_ten2k64[q - 20], C); // max 47-bit x 67-bit
	}
	if (C1.w[1] > C.w[1] || (C1.w[1] == C.w[1] && C1.w[0] > C.w[0])) {
	  // set invalid flag
	  *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	  // return Integer Indefinite
	  res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
	  BID_RETURN (res);
	}
	// else cases that can be rounded to a 64-bit int fall through
	// to '1 <= q + exp <= 19'
      } else { // if n > 0 and q + exp = 19
	// if n >= 2^63 - 1/2 then n is too large
	// too large if c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1) >= 2^63-1/2
	// <=> if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 5*(2^64-1), 1<=q<=34
	// <=> if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 0x4fffffffffffffffb, 1<=q<=34
	C.w[1] = 0x0000000000000004ull;
	C.w[0] = 0xfffffffffffffffbull;
	if (q <= 19) { // 1 <= q <= 19 => 1 <= 20-q <= 19 =>
	  // 10^(20-q) is 64-bit, and so is C1
	  __mul_64x64_to_128MACH (C1, C1.w[0], __bid_ten2k64[20 - q]);
	} else if (q == 20) {
	  ; // C1 * 10^0 = C1
	} else { // if 21 <= q <= 34
	  __mul_128x64_to_128 (C, __bid_ten2k64[q - 20], C); // max 47-bit x 67-bit
	}
	if (C1.w[1] > C.w[1] || (C1.w[1] == C.w[1] && C1.w[0] >= C.w[0])) {
	  // set invalid flag 
	  *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	  // return Integer Indefinite 
	  res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
	  BID_RETURN (res);
	}
	// else cases that can be rounded to a 64-bit int fall through
	// to '1 <= q + exp <= 19' 
      }
    }
    // n is not too large to be converted to int64: -2^63-1/2 <= n < 2^63-1/2
    // Note: some of the cases tested for above fall through to this point
    // Restore C1 which may have been modified above
    C1.w[1] = x.w[1] & MASK_COEFF;
    C1.w[0] = x.w[0];
    if ((q + exp) < 0) { // n = +/-0.0...c(0)c(1)...c(q-1)
      // set inexact flag
      *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
      // return 0
      res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else if ((q + exp) == 0) { // n = +/-0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1)
      // if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) <= 0.5 <=> c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) <= 5 * 10^(q-1)
      //   res = 0
      // else
      //   res = +/-1
      ind = q - 1;
      if (ind <= 18) { // 0 <= ind <= 18
	if ((C1.w[1] == 0) && (C1.w[0] <= __bid_midpoint64[ind])) {
	  res = 0x0000000000000000ull; // return 0
	} else if (x_sign) { // n < 0
	  res = 0xffffffffffffffffull; // return -1
	} else { // n > 0
	  res = 0x0000000000000001ull; // return +1
	}
      } else { // 19 <= ind <= 33
	if ((C1.w[1] < __bid_midpoint128[ind - 19].w[1])
	    || ((C1.w[1] == __bid_midpoint128[ind - 19].w[1])
	    && (C1.w[0] <= __bid_midpoint128[ind - 19].w[0]))) {
	  res = 0x0000000000000000ull; // return 0
	} else if (x_sign) { // n < 0
	  res = 0xffffffffffffffffull; // return -1
	} else { // n > 0
	  res = 0x0000000000000001ull; // return +1
	}
      }
      // set inexact flag
      *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
    } else { // if (1 <= q + exp <= 19, 1 <= q <= 34, -33 <= exp <= 18)
      // -2^63-1/2 <= x <= -1 or 1 <= x < 2^63-1/2 so x can be rounded
      // to nearest to a 64-bit signed integer
      if (exp < 0) { // 2 <= q <= 34, -33 <= exp <= -1, 1 <= q + exp <= 19
	ind = -exp; // 1 <= ind <= 33; ind is a synonym for 'x'
	// chop off ind digits from the lower part of C1
	// C1 = C1 + 1/2 * 10^ind where the result C1 fits in 127 bits
	tmp64 = C1.w[0];
	if (ind <= 19) {
	  C1.w[0] = C1.w[0] + __bid_midpoint64[ind - 1];
	} else {
	  C1.w[0] = C1.w[0] + __bid_midpoint128[ind - 20].w[0];
	  C1.w[1] = C1.w[1] + __bid_midpoint128[ind - 20].w[1];
	}
	if (C1.w[0] < tmp64)
	  C1.w[1]++;
	// calculate C* and f*
	// C* is actually floor(C*) in this case
	// C* and f* need shifting and masking, as shown by
	// __bid_shiftright128[] and __bid_maskhigh128[]
	// 1 <= x <= 33
	// kx = 10^(-x) = __bid_ten2mk128[ind - 1]
	// C* = (C1 + 1/2 * 10^x) * 10^(-x)
	// the approximation of 10^(-x) was rounded up to 118 bits
	__mul_128x128_to_256 (P256, C1, __bid_ten2mk128[ind - 1]);
	if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // 0 <= ind - 1 <= 21
	  Cstar.w[1] = P256.w[3];
	  Cstar.w[0] = P256.w[2];
	  fstar.w[3] = 0;
	  fstar.w[2] = P256.w[2] & __bid_maskhigh128[ind - 1];
	  fstar.w[1] = P256.w[1];
	  fstar.w[0] = P256.w[0];
	} else { // 22 <= ind - 1 <= 33
	  Cstar.w[1] = 0;
	  Cstar.w[0] = P256.w[3];
	  fstar.w[3] = P256.w[3] & __bid_maskhigh128[ind - 1];
	  fstar.w[2] = P256.w[2];
	  fstar.w[1] = P256.w[1];
	  fstar.w[0] = P256.w[0];
	}
	// the top Ex bits of 10^(-x) are T* = __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind], e.g.
	// if x=1, T*=__bid_ten2mk128trunc[0]=0x19999999999999999999999999999999
	// if (0 < f* < 10^(-x)) then the result is a midpoint
	//   if floor(C*) is even then C* = floor(C*) - logical right
	//       shift; C* has p decimal digits, correct by Prop. 1)
	//   else if floor(C*) is odd C* = floor(C*)-1 (logical right
	//       shift; C* has p decimal digits, correct by Pr. 1)
	// else
	//   C* = floor(C*) (logical right shift; C has p decimal digits,
	//       correct by Property 1)
	// n = C* * 10^(e+x)

	// shift right C* by Ex-128 = __bid_shiftright128[ind]
	shift = __bid_shiftright128[ind - 1]; // 0 <= shift <= 102
	if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // 0 <= ind - 1 <= 21
	  Cstar.w[0] =
	    (Cstar.w[0] >> shift) | (Cstar.w[1] << (64 - shift));
	  // redundant, it will be 0! Cstar.w[1] = (Cstar.w[1] >> shift);
	} else { // 22 <= ind - 1 <= 33
	  Cstar.w[0] = (Cstar.w[0] >> (shift - 64)); // 2 <= shift - 64 <= 38
	}
	// determine inexactness of the rounding of C*
	// if (0 < f* - 1/2 < 10^(-x)) then
	//   the result is exact
	// else // if (f* - 1/2 > T*) then
	//   the result is inexact
	if (ind - 1 <= 2) {
	  if (fstar.w[1] > 0x8000000000000000ull || 
              (fstar.w[1] == 0x8000000000000000ull && fstar.w[0] > 0x0ull)) { 
            // f* > 1/2 and the result may be exact
	    tmp64 = fstar.w[1] - 0x8000000000000000ull; // f* - 1/2
	    if ((tmp64 > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
		 || (tmp64 == __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
		 && fstar.w[0] >= __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[0]))) {
	      // set the inexact flag
	      *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
	    }	// else the result is exact
	  } else { // the result is inexact; f2* <= 1/2
	    // set the inexact flag
	    *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
	  }
	} else if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // if 3 <= ind <= 21
	  if (fstar.w[3] > 0x0 || (fstar.w[3] == 0x0
	      && fstar.w[2] > __bid_one_half128[ind - 1]) || (fstar.w[3] == 0x0
	      && fstar.w[2] == __bid_one_half128[ind - 1] && (fstar.w[1]
						       || fstar.w[0]))) {
	    // f2* > 1/2 and the result may be exact
	    // Calculate f2* - 1/2
	    tmp64 = fstar.w[2] - __bid_one_half128[ind - 1];
	    tmp64A = fstar.w[3];
	    if (tmp64 > fstar.w[2])
	      tmp64A--;
	    if (tmp64A || tmp64
		|| fstar.w[1] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
		|| (fstar.w[1] == __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
		&& fstar.w[0] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[0])) {
	      // set the inexact flag
	      *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
	    }	// else the result is exact
	  } else { // the result is inexact; f2* <= 1/2
	    // set the inexact flag
	    *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
	  }
	} else { // if 22 <= ind <= 33
	  if (fstar.w[3] > __bid_one_half128[ind - 1]
	      || (fstar.w[3] == __bid_one_half128[ind - 1] && (fstar.w[2]
						       || fstar.w[1]
						       || fstar.w[0]))) {
	    // f2* > 1/2 and the result may be exact
	    // Calculate f2* - 1/2
	    tmp64 = fstar.w[3] - __bid_one_half128[ind - 1];
	    if (tmp64 || fstar.w[2]
		|| fstar.w[1] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
		|| (fstar.w[1] == __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
		&& fstar.w[0] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[0])) {
	      // set the inexact flag
	      *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
	    }	// else the result is exact
	  } else { // the result is inexact; f2* <= 1/2
	    // set the inexact flag
	    *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
	  }
	}

	// if the result was a midpoint it was rounded away from zero, so
	// it will need a correction
	// check for midpoints
	if ((fstar.w[3] == 0) && (fstar.w[2] == 0)
	    && (fstar.w[1] || fstar.w[0])
	    && (fstar.w[1] < __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
		|| (fstar.w[1] == __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
		&& fstar.w[0] <= __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[0]))) {
	  // the result is a midpoint; round to nearest
	  if (Cstar.w[0] & 0x01) { // Cstar.w[0] is odd; MP in [EVEN, ODD]
	    // if floor(C*) is odd C = floor(C*) - 1; the result >= 1
	    Cstar.w[0]--; // Cstar.w[0] is now even
	  }	// else MP in [ODD, EVEN]
	}
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -Cstar.w[0];
	else
	  res = Cstar.w[0];
      } else if (exp == 0) {
	// 1 <= q <= 19
	// res = +/-C (exact)
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -C1.w[0];
	else
	  res = C1.w[0];
      } else { // if (exp>0) => 1 <= exp <= 18, 1 <= q < 18, 2 <= q + exp <= 19
	// res = +/-C * 10^exp (exact) where this fits in 64-bit integer
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -C1.w[0] * __bid_ten2k64[exp];
	else
	  res = C1.w[0] * __bid_ten2k64[exp];
      }
    }
  }
  BID_RETURN (res);
}

/*****************************************************************************
 *  BID128_to_int64_floor
 ****************************************************************************/

BID128_FUNCTION_ARG1_NORND_CUSTOMRESTYPE(SINT64, __bid128_to_int64_floor, x)

  SINT64 res;
  UINT64 x_sign;
  UINT64 x_exp;
  int exp; 	// unbiased exponent
  // Note: C1.w[1], C1.w[0] represent x_signif_hi, x_signif_lo (all are UINT64)
  BID_UI64DOUBLE tmp1;
  unsigned int x_nr_bits;
  int q, ind, shift;
  UINT128 C1, C;
  UINT128 Cstar; // C* represents up to 34 decimal digits ~ 113 bits
  UINT256 fstar;
  UINT256 P256;

  // unpack x
  x_sign = x.w[1] & MASK_SIGN; // 0 for positive, MASK_SIGN for negative
  x_exp = x.w[1] & MASK_EXP; // biased and shifted left 49 bit positions
  C1.w[1] = x.w[1] & MASK_COEFF;
  C1.w[0] = x.w[0];

  // check for NaN or Infinity
  if ((x.w[1] & MASK_SPECIAL) == MASK_SPECIAL) {
    // x is special
    if ((x.w[1] & MASK_NAN) == MASK_NAN) { // x is NAN
      if ((x.w[1] & MASK_SNAN) == MASK_SNAN) { // x is SNAN
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      } else { // x is QNaN
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      }
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else { // x is not a NaN, so it must be infinity
      if (!x_sign) { // x is +inf
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      } else { // x is -inf
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      }
      BID_RETURN (res);
    }
  }
  // check for non-canonical values (after the check for special values)
  if ((C1.w[1] > 0x0001ed09bead87c0ull)
      || (C1.w[1] == 0x0001ed09bead87c0ull
	  && (C1.w[0] > 0x378d8e63ffffffffull))
      || ((x.w[1] & 0x6000000000000000ull) == 0x6000000000000000ull)) {
    res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
    BID_RETURN (res);
  } else if ((C1.w[1] == 0x0ull) && (C1.w[0] == 0x0ull)) {
    // x is 0
    res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
    BID_RETURN (res);
  } else { // x is not special and is not zero

    // q = nr. of decimal digits in x
    //  determine first the nr. of bits in x
    if (C1.w[1] == 0) {
      if (C1.w[0] >= 0x0020000000000000ull) { // x >= 2^53
	// split the 64-bit value in two 32-bit halves to avoid rounding errors
	if (C1.w[0] >= 0x0000000100000000ull) { // x >= 2^32
	  tmp1.d = (double) (C1.w[0] >> 32); // exact conversion
	  x_nr_bits =
	    33 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
	} else { // x < 2^32
	  tmp1.d = (double) (C1.w[0]); // exact conversion
	  x_nr_bits =
	    1 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
	}
      } else { // if x < 2^53
	tmp1.d = (double) C1.w[0]; // exact conversion
	x_nr_bits =
	  1 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
      }
    } else { // C1.w[1] != 0 => nr. bits = 64 + nr_bits (C1.w[1])
      tmp1.d = (double) C1.w[1]; // exact conversion
      x_nr_bits =
	65 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
    }
    q = __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].digits;
    if (q == 0) {
      q = __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].digits1;
      if (C1.w[1] > __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_hi
	  || (C1.w[1] == __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_hi
	  && C1.w[0] >= __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_lo))
	q++;
    }
    exp = (x_exp >> 49) - 6176;

    if ((q + exp) > 19) { // x >= 10^19 ~= 2^63.11... (cannot fit in SINT64)
      // set invalid flag
      *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
      // return Integer Indefinite
      res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else if ((q + exp) == 19) { // x = c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1)
      // in this case 2^63.11... ~= 10^19 <= x < 10^20 ~= 2^66.43...
      // so x rounded to an integer may or may not fit in a signed 64-bit int
      // the cases that do not fit are identified here; the ones that fit
      // fall through and will be handled with other cases further,
      // under '1 <= q + exp <= 19'
      if (x_sign) { // if n < 0 and q + exp = 19
	// if n < -2^63 then n is too large
	// too large if c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1) > 2^63
	// <=> 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 > 10*2^63, 1<=q<=34
	// <=> 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 > 0x50000000000000000, 1<=q<=34
	C.w[1] = 0x0000000000000005ull;
	C.w[0] = 0x0000000000000000ull;
	if (q <= 19) { // 1 <= q <= 19 => 1 <= 20-q <= 19 => 
	  // 10^(20-q) is 64-bit, and so is C1
	  __mul_64x64_to_128MACH (C1, C1.w[0], __bid_ten2k64[20 - q]);
	} else if (q == 20) {
	  ; // C1 * 10^0 = C1
	} else { // if 21 <= q <= 34
	  __mul_128x64_to_128 (C, __bid_ten2k64[q - 20], C); // max 47-bit x 67-bit
	}
	if (C1.w[1] > C.w[1] || (C1.w[1] == C.w[1] && C1.w[0] > C.w[0])) {
	  // set invalid flag
	  *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	  // return Integer Indefinite
	  res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
	  BID_RETURN (res);
	}
	// else cases that can be rounded to a 64-bit int fall through
	// to '1 <= q + exp <= 19'
      } else { // if n > 0 and q + exp = 19
	// if n >= 2^63 then n is too large
	// too large if c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1) >= 2^63
	// <=> if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 5*2^64, 1<=q<=34
	// <=> if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 0x50000000000000000, 1<=q<=34
	C.w[1] = 0x0000000000000005ull;
	C.w[0] = 0x0000000000000000ull;
	if (q <= 19) { // 1 <= q <= 19 => 1 <= 20-q <= 19 =>
	  // 10^(20-q) is 64-bit, and so is C1
	  __mul_64x64_to_128MACH (C1, C1.w[0], __bid_ten2k64[20 - q]);
	} else if (q == 20) {
	  ; // C1 * 10^0 = C1
	} else { // if 21 <= q <= 34
	  __mul_128x64_to_128 (C, __bid_ten2k64[q - 20], C); // max 47-bit x 67-bit
	}
	if (C1.w[1] > C.w[1] || (C1.w[1] == C.w[1] && C1.w[0] >= C.w[0])) {
	  // set invalid flag 
	  *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	  // return Integer Indefinite 
	  res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
	  BID_RETURN (res);
	}
	// else cases that can be rounded to a 64-bit int fall through
	// to '1 <= q + exp <= 19' 
      }
    }
    // n is not too large to be converted to int64: -2^63-1 < n < 2^63
    // Note: some of the cases tested for above fall through to this point
    // Restore C1 which may have been modified above
    C1.w[1] = x.w[1] & MASK_COEFF;
    C1.w[0] = x.w[0];
    if ((q + exp) <= 0) { // n = +/-0.[0...0]c(0)c(1)...c(q-1)
      // return -1 or 0
      if (x_sign)
	res = 0xffffffffffffffffull;
      else
	res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else { // if (1 <= q + exp <= 19, 1 <= q <= 34, -33 <= exp <= 18)
      // -2^63 <= x <= -1 or 1 <= x < 2^63 so x can be rounded
      // toward zero to a 64-bit signed integer
      if (exp < 0) { // 2 <= q <= 34, -33 <= exp <= -1, 1 <= q + exp <= 19
	ind = -exp; // 1 <= ind <= 33; ind is a synonym for 'x'
	// chop off ind digits from the lower part of C1
	// C1 fits in 127 bits
	// calculate C* and f*
	// C* is actually floor(C*) in this case
	// C* and f* need shifting and masking, as shown by
	// __bid_shiftright128[] and __bid_maskhigh128[]
	// 1 <= x <= 33
	// kx = 10^(-x) = __bid_ten2mk128[ind - 1]
	// C* = C1 * 10^(-x)
	// the approximation of 10^(-x) was rounded up to 118 bits
	__mul_128x128_to_256 (P256, C1, __bid_ten2mk128[ind - 1]);
	if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // 0 <= ind - 1 <= 21
	  Cstar.w[1] = P256.w[3];
	  Cstar.w[0] = P256.w[2];
	  fstar.w[3] = 0;
	  fstar.w[2] = P256.w[2] & __bid_maskhigh128[ind - 1];
	  fstar.w[1] = P256.w[1];
	  fstar.w[0] = P256.w[0];
	} else { // 22 <= ind - 1 <= 33
	  Cstar.w[1] = 0;
	  Cstar.w[0] = P256.w[3];
	  fstar.w[3] = P256.w[3] & __bid_maskhigh128[ind - 1];
	  fstar.w[2] = P256.w[2];
	  fstar.w[1] = P256.w[1];
	  fstar.w[0] = P256.w[0];
	}
	// the top Ex bits of 10^(-x) are T* = __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind], e.g.
	// if x=1, T*=__bid_ten2mk128trunc[0]=0x19999999999999999999999999999999
	// C* = floor(C*) (logical right shift; C has p decimal digits,
	//     correct by Property 1)
	// n = C* * 10^(e+x)

	// shift right C* by Ex-128 = __bid_shiftright128[ind]
	shift = __bid_shiftright128[ind - 1]; // 0 <= shift <= 102
	if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // 0 <= ind - 1 <= 21
	  Cstar.w[0] =
	    (Cstar.w[0] >> shift) | (Cstar.w[1] << (64 - shift));
	  // redundant, it will be 0! Cstar.w[1] = (Cstar.w[1] >> shift);
	} else { // 22 <= ind - 1 <= 33
	  Cstar.w[0] = (Cstar.w[0] >> (shift - 64)); // 2 <= shift - 64 <= 38
	}
	// if the result is negative and inexact, need to add 1 to it

	// determine inexactness of the rounding of C*
	// if (0 < f* < 10^(-x)) then
	//   the result is exact
	// else // if (f* > T*) then
	//   the result is inexact
	if (ind - 1 <= 2) {
	  if (fstar.w[1] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      || (fstar.w[1] == __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      && fstar.w[0] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[0])) {
	    if (x_sign) { // positive and inexact
	      Cstar.w[0]++;
	      if (Cstar.w[0] == 0x0)
		Cstar.w[1]++;
	    }
	  }	// else the result is exact
	} else if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // if 3 <= ind <= 21
	  if (fstar.w[2] || fstar.w[1] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      || (fstar.w[1] == __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      && fstar.w[0] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[0])) {
	    if (x_sign) { // positive and inexact
	      Cstar.w[0]++;
	      if (Cstar.w[0] == 0x0)
		Cstar.w[1]++;
	    }
	  }	// else the result is exact
	} else { // if 22 <= ind <= 33
	  if (fstar.w[3] || fstar.w[2]
	      || fstar.w[1] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      || (fstar.w[1] == __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      && fstar.w[0] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[0])) {
	    if (x_sign) { // positive and inexact
	      Cstar.w[0]++;
	      if (Cstar.w[0] == 0x0)
		Cstar.w[1]++;
	    }
	  }	// else the result is exact
	}

	if (x_sign)
	  res = -Cstar.w[0];
	else
	  res = Cstar.w[0];
      } else if (exp == 0) {
	// 1 <= q <= 19
	// res = +/-C (exact)
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -C1.w[0];
	else
	  res = C1.w[0];
      } else { // if (exp>0) => 1 <= exp <= 18, 1 <= q < 18, 2 <= q + exp <= 19
	// res = +/-C * 10^exp (exact) where this fits in 64-bit integer
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -C1.w[0] * __bid_ten2k64[exp];
	else
	  res = C1.w[0] * __bid_ten2k64[exp];
      }
    }
  }
  BID_RETURN (res);
}

/*****************************************************************************
 *  BID128_to_int64_xfloor
 ****************************************************************************/

BID128_FUNCTION_ARG1_NORND_CUSTOMRESTYPE(SINT64, __bid128_to_int64_xfloor, x)

  SINT64 res;
  UINT64 x_sign;
  UINT64 x_exp;
  int exp; 	// unbiased exponent
  // Note: C1.w[1], C1.w[0] represent x_signif_hi, x_signif_lo (all are UINT64)
  BID_UI64DOUBLE tmp1;
  unsigned int x_nr_bits;
  int q, ind, shift;
  UINT128 C1, C;
  UINT128 Cstar; // C* represents up to 34 decimal digits ~ 113 bits
  UINT256 fstar;
  UINT256 P256;

  // unpack x
  x_sign = x.w[1] & MASK_SIGN; // 0 for positive, MASK_SIGN for negative
  x_exp = x.w[1] & MASK_EXP; // biased and shifted left 49 bit positions
  C1.w[1] = x.w[1] & MASK_COEFF;
  C1.w[0] = x.w[0];

  // check for NaN or Infinity
  if ((x.w[1] & MASK_SPECIAL) == MASK_SPECIAL) {
    // x is special
    if ((x.w[1] & MASK_NAN) == MASK_NAN) { // x is NAN
      if ((x.w[1] & MASK_SNAN) == MASK_SNAN) { // x is SNAN
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      } else { // x is QNaN
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      }
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else { // x is not a NaN, so it must be infinity
      if (!x_sign) { // x is +inf
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      } else { // x is -inf
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      }
      BID_RETURN (res);
    }
  }
  // check for non-canonical values (after the check for special values)
  if ((C1.w[1] > 0x0001ed09bead87c0ull)
      || (C1.w[1] == 0x0001ed09bead87c0ull
	  && (C1.w[0] > 0x378d8e63ffffffffull))
      || ((x.w[1] & 0x6000000000000000ull) == 0x6000000000000000ull)) {
    res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
    BID_RETURN (res);
  } else if ((C1.w[1] == 0x0ull) && (C1.w[0] == 0x0ull)) {
    // x is 0
    res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
    BID_RETURN (res);
  } else { // x is not special and is not zero

    // q = nr. of decimal digits in x
    //  determine first the nr. of bits in x
    if (C1.w[1] == 0) {
      if (C1.w[0] >= 0x0020000000000000ull) { // x >= 2^53
	// split the 64-bit value in two 32-bit halves to avoid rounding errors
	if (C1.w[0] >= 0x0000000100000000ull) { // x >= 2^32
	  tmp1.d = (double) (C1.w[0] >> 32); // exact conversion
	  x_nr_bits =
	    33 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
	} else { // x < 2^32
	  tmp1.d = (double) (C1.w[0]); // exact conversion
	  x_nr_bits =
	    1 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
	}
      } else { // if x < 2^53
	tmp1.d = (double) C1.w[0]; // exact conversion
	x_nr_bits =
	  1 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
      }
    } else { // C1.w[1] != 0 => nr. bits = 64 + nr_bits (C1.w[1])
      tmp1.d = (double) C1.w[1]; // exact conversion
      x_nr_bits =
	65 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
    }
    q = __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].digits;
    if (q == 0) {
      q = __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].digits1;
      if (C1.w[1] > __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_hi
	  || (C1.w[1] == __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_hi
	  && C1.w[0] >= __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_lo))
	q++;
    }
    exp = (x_exp >> 49) - 6176;
    if ((q + exp) > 19) { // x >= 10^19 ~= 2^63.11... (cannot fit in SINT64)
      // set invalid flag
      *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
      // return Integer Indefinite
      res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else if ((q + exp) == 19) { // x = c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1)
      // in this case 2^63.11... ~= 10^19 <= x < 10^20 ~= 2^66.43...
      // so x rounded to an integer may or may not fit in a signed 64-bit int
      // the cases that do not fit are identified here; the ones that fit
      // fall through and will be handled with other cases further,
      // under '1 <= q + exp <= 19'
      if (x_sign) { // if n < 0 and q + exp = 19
	// if n < -2^63 then n is too large
	// too large if c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1) > 2^63
	// <=> 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 > 10*2^63, 1<=q<=34
	// <=> 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 > 0x50000000000000000, 1<=q<=34
	C.w[1] = 0x0000000000000005ull;
	C.w[0] = 0x0000000000000000ull;
	if (q <= 19) { // 1 <= q <= 19 => 1 <= 20-q <= 19 => 
	  // 10^(20-q) is 64-bit, and so is C1
	  __mul_64x64_to_128MACH (C1, C1.w[0], __bid_ten2k64[20 - q]);
	} else if (q == 20) {
	  ; // C1 * 10^0 = C1
	} else { // if 21 <= q <= 34
	  __mul_128x64_to_128 (C, __bid_ten2k64[q - 20], C); // max 47-bit x 67-bit
	}
	if (C1.w[1] > C.w[1] || (C1.w[1] == C.w[1] && C1.w[0] > C.w[0])) {
	  // set invalid flag
	  *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	  // return Integer Indefinite
	  res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
	  BID_RETURN (res);
	}
	// else cases that can be rounded to a 64-bit int fall through
	// to '1 <= q + exp <= 19'
      } else { // if n > 0 and q + exp = 19
	// if n >= 2^63 then n is too large
	// too large if c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1) >= 2^63
	// <=> if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 5*2^64, 1<=q<=34
	// <=> if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 0x50000000000000000, 1<=q<=34
	C.w[1] = 0x0000000000000005ull;
	C.w[0] = 0x0000000000000000ull;
	if (q <= 19) { // 1 <= q <= 19 => 1 <= 20-q <= 19 =>
	  // 10^(20-q) is 64-bit, and so is C1
	  __mul_64x64_to_128MACH (C1, C1.w[0], __bid_ten2k64[20 - q]);
	} else if (q == 20) {
	  ; // C1 * 10^0 = C1
	} else { // if 21 <= q <= 34
	  __mul_128x64_to_128 (C, __bid_ten2k64[q - 20], C); // max 47-bit x 67-bit
	}
	if (C1.w[1] > C.w[1] || (C1.w[1] == C.w[1] && C1.w[0] >= C.w[0])) {
	  // set invalid flag 
	  *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	  // return Integer Indefinite 
	  res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
	  BID_RETURN (res);
	}
	// else cases that can be rounded to a 64-bit int fall through
	// to '1 <= q + exp <= 19' 
      }
    }
    // n is not too large to be converted to int64: -2^63-1 < n < 2^63
    // Note: some of the cases tested for above fall through to this point
    // Restore C1 which may have been modified above
    C1.w[1] = x.w[1] & MASK_COEFF;
    C1.w[0] = x.w[0];
    if ((q + exp) <= 0) { // n = +/-0.[0...0]c(0)c(1)...c(q-1)
      // set inexact flag
      *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
      // return -1 or 0
      if (x_sign)
	res = 0xffffffffffffffffull;
      else
	res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else { // if (1 <= q + exp <= 19, 1 <= q <= 34, -33 <= exp <= 18)
      // -2^63 <= x <= -1 or 1 <= x < 2^63 so x can be rounded
      // toward zero to a 64-bit signed integer
      if (exp < 0) { // 2 <= q <= 34, -33 <= exp <= -1, 1 <= q + exp <= 19
	ind = -exp; // 1 <= ind <= 33; ind is a synonym for 'x'
	// chop off ind digits from the lower part of C1
	// C1 fits in 127 bits
	// calculate C* and f*
	// C* is actually floor(C*) in this case
	// C* and f* need shifting and masking, as shown by
	// __bid_shiftright128[] and __bid_maskhigh128[]
	// 1 <= x <= 33
	// kx = 10^(-x) = __bid_ten2mk128[ind - 1]
	// C* = C1 * 10^(-x)
	// the approximation of 10^(-x) was rounded up to 118 bits
	__mul_128x128_to_256 (P256, C1, __bid_ten2mk128[ind - 1]);
	if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // 0 <= ind - 1 <= 21
	  Cstar.w[1] = P256.w[3];
	  Cstar.w[0] = P256.w[2];
	  fstar.w[3] = 0;
	  fstar.w[2] = P256.w[2] & __bid_maskhigh128[ind - 1];
	  fstar.w[1] = P256.w[1];
	  fstar.w[0] = P256.w[0];
	} else { // 22 <= ind - 1 <= 33
	  Cstar.w[1] = 0;
	  Cstar.w[0] = P256.w[3];
	  fstar.w[3] = P256.w[3] & __bid_maskhigh128[ind - 1];
	  fstar.w[2] = P256.w[2];
	  fstar.w[1] = P256.w[1];
	  fstar.w[0] = P256.w[0];
	}
	// the top Ex bits of 10^(-x) are T* = __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind], e.g.
	// if x=1, T*=__bid_ten2mk128trunc[0]=0x19999999999999999999999999999999
	// C* = floor(C*) (logical right shift; C has p decimal digits,
	//     correct by Property 1)
	// n = C* * 10^(e+x)

	// shift right C* by Ex-128 = __bid_shiftright128[ind]
	shift = __bid_shiftright128[ind - 1]; // 0 <= shift <= 102
	if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // 0 <= ind - 1 <= 21
	  Cstar.w[0] =
	    (Cstar.w[0] >> shift) | (Cstar.w[1] << (64 - shift));
	  // redundant, it will be 0! Cstar.w[1] = (Cstar.w[1] >> shift);
	} else { // 22 <= ind - 1 <= 33
	  Cstar.w[0] = (Cstar.w[0] >> (shift - 64)); // 2 <= shift - 64 <= 38
	}
	// if the result is negative and inexact, need to add 1 to it

	// determine inexactness of the rounding of C*
	// if (0 < f* < 10^(-x)) then
	//   the result is exact
	// else // if (f* > T*) then
	//   the result is inexact
	if (ind - 1 <= 2) {
	  if (fstar.w[1] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      || (fstar.w[1] == __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      && fstar.w[0] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[0])) {
	    if (x_sign) { // positive and inexact
	      Cstar.w[0]++;
	      if (Cstar.w[0] == 0x0)
		Cstar.w[1]++;
	    }
	    // set the inexact flag
	    *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
	  }	// else the result is exact
	} else if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // if 3 <= ind <= 21
	  if (fstar.w[2] || fstar.w[1] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      || (fstar.w[1] == __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      && fstar.w[0] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[0])) {
	    if (x_sign) { // positive and inexact
	      Cstar.w[0]++;
	      if (Cstar.w[0] == 0x0)
		Cstar.w[1]++;
	    }
	    // set the inexact flag
	    *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
	  }	// else the result is exact
	} else { // if 22 <= ind <= 33
	  if (fstar.w[3] || fstar.w[2]
	      || fstar.w[1] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      || (fstar.w[1] == __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      && fstar.w[0] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[0])) {
	    if (x_sign) { // positive and inexact
	      Cstar.w[0]++;
	      if (Cstar.w[0] == 0x0)
		Cstar.w[1]++;
	    }
	    // set the inexact flag
	    *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
	  }	// else the result is exact
	}

	if (x_sign)
	  res = -Cstar.w[0];
	else
	  res = Cstar.w[0];
      } else if (exp == 0) {
	// 1 <= q <= 19
	// res = +/-C (exact)
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -C1.w[0];
	else
	  res = C1.w[0];
      } else { // if (exp>0) => 1 <= exp <= 18, 1 <= q < 18, 2 <= q + exp <= 19
	// res = +/-C * 10^exp (exact) where this fits in 64-bit integer
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -C1.w[0] * __bid_ten2k64[exp];
	else
	  res = C1.w[0] * __bid_ten2k64[exp];
      }
    }
  }
  BID_RETURN (res);
}

/*****************************************************************************
 *  BID128_to_int64_ceil
 ****************************************************************************/

BID128_FUNCTION_ARG1_NORND_CUSTOMRESTYPE(SINT64, __bid128_to_int64_ceil, x)

  SINT64 res;
  UINT64 x_sign;
  UINT64 x_exp;
  int exp; 	// unbiased exponent
  // Note: C1.w[1], C1.w[0] represent x_signif_hi, x_signif_lo (all are UINT64)
  BID_UI64DOUBLE tmp1;
  unsigned int x_nr_bits;
  int q, ind, shift;
  UINT128 C1, C;
  UINT128 Cstar; // C* represents up to 34 decimal digits ~ 113 bits
  UINT256 fstar;
  UINT256 P256;

  // unpack x
  x_sign = x.w[1] & MASK_SIGN; // 0 for positive, MASK_SIGN for negative
  x_exp = x.w[1] & MASK_EXP; // biased and shifted left 49 bit positions
  C1.w[1] = x.w[1] & MASK_COEFF;
  C1.w[0] = x.w[0];

  // check for NaN or Infinity
  if ((x.w[1] & MASK_SPECIAL) == MASK_SPECIAL) {
    // x is special
    if ((x.w[1] & MASK_NAN) == MASK_NAN) { // x is NAN
      if ((x.w[1] & MASK_SNAN) == MASK_SNAN) { // x is SNAN
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      } else { // x is QNaN
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      }
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else { // x is not a NaN, so it must be infinity
      if (!x_sign) { // x is +inf
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      } else { // x is -inf
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      }
      BID_RETURN (res);
    }
  }
  // check for non-canonical values (after the check for special values)
  if ((C1.w[1] > 0x0001ed09bead87c0ull)
      || (C1.w[1] == 0x0001ed09bead87c0ull
	  && (C1.w[0] > 0x378d8e63ffffffffull))
      || ((x.w[1] & 0x6000000000000000ull) == 0x6000000000000000ull)) {
    res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
    BID_RETURN (res);
  } else if ((C1.w[1] == 0x0ull) && (C1.w[0] == 0x0ull)) {
    // x is 0
    res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
    BID_RETURN (res);
  } else { // x is not special and is not zero

    // q = nr. of decimal digits in x
    //  determine first the nr. of bits in x
    if (C1.w[1] == 0) {
      if (C1.w[0] >= 0x0020000000000000ull) { // x >= 2^53
	// split the 64-bit value in two 32-bit halves to avoid rounding errors
	if (C1.w[0] >= 0x0000000100000000ull) { // x >= 2^32
	  tmp1.d = (double) (C1.w[0] >> 32); // exact conversion
	  x_nr_bits =
	    33 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
	} else { // x < 2^32
	  tmp1.d = (double) (C1.w[0]); // exact conversion
	  x_nr_bits =
	    1 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
	}
      } else { // if x < 2^53
	tmp1.d = (double) C1.w[0]; // exact conversion
	x_nr_bits =
	  1 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
      }
    } else { // C1.w[1] != 0 => nr. bits = 64 + nr_bits (C1.w[1])
      tmp1.d = (double) C1.w[1]; // exact conversion
      x_nr_bits =
	65 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
    }
    q = __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].digits;
    if (q == 0) {
      q = __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].digits1;
      if (C1.w[1] > __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_hi
	  || (C1.w[1] == __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_hi
	  && C1.w[0] >= __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_lo))
	q++;
    }
    exp = (x_exp >> 49) - 6176;
    if ((q + exp) > 19) { // x >= 10^19 ~= 2^63.11... (cannot fit in SINT64)
      // set invalid flag
      *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
      // return Integer Indefinite
      res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else if ((q + exp) == 19) { // x = c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1)
      // in this case 2^63.11... ~= 10^19 <= x < 10^20 ~= 2^66.43...
      // so x rounded to an integer may or may not fit in a signed 64-bit int
      // the cases that do not fit are identified here; the ones that fit
      // fall through and will be handled with other cases further,
      // under '1 <= q + exp <= 19'
      if (x_sign) { // if n < 0 and q + exp = 19
	// if n <= -2^63 - 1 then n is too large
	// too large if c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1) >= 2^63+1
	// <=> 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 > 5*(2^64+2), 1<=q<=34
	// <=> 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 > 0x5000000000000000a, 1<=q<=34
	C.w[1] = 0x0000000000000005ull;
	C.w[0] = 0x000000000000000aull;
	if (q <= 19) { // 1 <= q <= 19 => 1 <= 20-q <= 19 => 
	  // 10^(20-q) is 64-bit, and so is C1
	  __mul_64x64_to_128MACH (C1, C1.w[0], __bid_ten2k64[20 - q]);
	} else if (q == 20) {
	  ; // C1 * 10^0 = C1
	} else { // if 21 <= q <= 34
	  __mul_128x64_to_128 (C, __bid_ten2k64[q - 20], C); // max 47-bit x 67-bit
	}
	if (C1.w[1] > C.w[1] || (C1.w[1] == C.w[1] && C1.w[0] >= C.w[0])) {
	  // set invalid flag
	  *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	  // return Integer Indefinite
	  res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
	  BID_RETURN (res);
	}
	// else cases that can be rounded to a 64-bit int fall through
	// to '1 <= q + exp <= 19'
      } else { // if n > 0 and q + exp = 19
	// if n > 2^63 - 1 then n is too large
	// too large if c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1) > 2^63 - 1
	// <=> if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 > 10*(2^63-1), 1<=q<=34
	// <=> if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 > 0x4fffffffffffffff6, 1<=q<=34
	C.w[1] = 0x0000000000000004ull;
	C.w[0] = 0xfffffffffffffff6ull;
	if (q <= 19) { // 1 <= q <= 19 => 1 <= 20-q <= 19 =>
	  // 10^(20-q) is 64-bit, and so is C1
	  __mul_64x64_to_128MACH (C1, C1.w[0], __bid_ten2k64[20 - q]);
	} else if (q == 20) {
	  ; // C1 * 10^0 = C1
	} else { // if 21 <= q <= 34
	  __mul_128x64_to_128 (C, __bid_ten2k64[q - 20], C); // max 47-bit x 67-bit
	}
	if (C1.w[1] > C.w[1] || (C1.w[1] == C.w[1] && C1.w[0] > C.w[0])) {
	  // set invalid flag 
	  *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	  // return Integer Indefinite 
	  res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
	  BID_RETURN (res);
	}
	// else cases that can be rounded to a 64-bit int fall through
	// to '1 <= q + exp <= 19' 
      }
    }
    // n is not too large to be converted to int64: -2^63-1 < n <= 2^63 - 1
    // Note: some of the cases tested for above fall through to this point
    // Restore C1 which may have been modified above
    C1.w[1] = x.w[1] & MASK_COEFF;
    C1.w[0] = x.w[0];
    if ((q + exp) <= 0) { // n = +/-0.[0...0]c(0)c(1)...c(q-1)
      // return 0 or 1
      if (x_sign)
	res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
      else
	res = 0x0000000000000001ull;
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else { // if (1 <= q + exp <= 19, 1 <= q <= 34, -33 <= exp <= 18)
      // -2^63-1 < x <= -1 or 1 <= x <= 2^63 - 1 so x can be rounded
      // up to a 64-bit signed integer
      if (exp < 0) { // 2 <= q <= 34, -33 <= exp <= -1, 1 <= q + exp <= 19
	ind = -exp; // 1 <= ind <= 33; ind is a synonym for 'x'
	// chop off ind digits from the lower part of C1
	// C1 fits in 127 bits
	// calculate C* and f*
	// C* is actually floor(C*) in this case
	// C* and f* need shifting and masking, as shown by
	// __bid_shiftright128[] and __bid_maskhigh128[]
	// 1 <= x <= 33
	// kx = 10^(-x) = __bid_ten2mk128[ind - 1]
	// C* = C1 * 10^(-x)
	// the approximation of 10^(-x) was rounded up to 118 bits
	__mul_128x128_to_256 (P256, C1, __bid_ten2mk128[ind - 1]);
	if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // 0 <= ind - 1 <= 21
	  Cstar.w[1] = P256.w[3];
	  Cstar.w[0] = P256.w[2];
	  fstar.w[3] = 0;
	  fstar.w[2] = P256.w[2] & __bid_maskhigh128[ind - 1];
	  fstar.w[1] = P256.w[1];
	  fstar.w[0] = P256.w[0];
	} else { // 22 <= ind - 1 <= 33
	  Cstar.w[1] = 0;
	  Cstar.w[0] = P256.w[3];
	  fstar.w[3] = P256.w[3] & __bid_maskhigh128[ind - 1];
	  fstar.w[2] = P256.w[2];
	  fstar.w[1] = P256.w[1];
	  fstar.w[0] = P256.w[0];
	}
	// the top Ex bits of 10^(-x) are T* = __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind], e.g.
	// if x=1, T*=__bid_ten2mk128trunc[0]=0x19999999999999999999999999999999
	// C* = floor(C*) (logical right shift; C has p decimal digits,
	//     correct by Property 1)
	// n = C* * 10^(e+x)

	// shift right C* by Ex-128 = __bid_shiftright128[ind]
	shift = __bid_shiftright128[ind - 1]; // 0 <= shift <= 102
	if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // 0 <= ind - 1 <= 21
	  Cstar.w[0] =
	    (Cstar.w[0] >> shift) | (Cstar.w[1] << (64 - shift));
	  // redundant, it will be 0! Cstar.w[1] = (Cstar.w[1] >> shift);
	} else { // 22 <= ind - 1 <= 33
	  Cstar.w[0] = (Cstar.w[0] >> (shift - 64)); // 2 <= shift - 64 <= 38
	}
	// if the result is positive and inexact, need to add 1 to it

	// determine inexactness of the rounding of C*
	// if (0 < f* < 10^(-x)) then
	//   the result is exact
	// else // if (f* > T*) then
	//   the result is inexact
	if (ind - 1 <= 2) {
	  if (fstar.w[1] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      || (fstar.w[1] == __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      && fstar.w[0] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[0])) {
	    if (!x_sign) { // positive and inexact
	      Cstar.w[0]++;
	      if (Cstar.w[0] == 0x0)
		Cstar.w[1]++;
	    }
	  }	// else the result is exact
	} else if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // if 3 <= ind <= 21
	  if (fstar.w[2] || fstar.w[1] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      || (fstar.w[1] == __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      && fstar.w[0] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[0])) {
	    if (!x_sign) { // positive and inexact
	      Cstar.w[0]++;
	      if (Cstar.w[0] == 0x0)
		Cstar.w[1]++;
	    }
	  }	// else the result is exact
	} else { // if 22 <= ind <= 33
	  if (fstar.w[3] || fstar.w[2]
	      || fstar.w[1] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      || (fstar.w[1] == __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      && fstar.w[0] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[0])) {
	    if (!x_sign) { // positive and inexact
	      Cstar.w[0]++;
	      if (Cstar.w[0] == 0x0)
		Cstar.w[1]++;
	    }
	  }	// else the result is exact
	}
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -Cstar.w[0];
	else
	  res = Cstar.w[0];
      } else if (exp == 0) {
	// 1 <= q <= 19
	// res = +/-C (exact)
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -C1.w[0];
	else
	  res = C1.w[0];
      } else { // if (exp>0) => 1 <= exp <= 18, 1 <= q < 18, 2 <= q + exp <= 19
	// res = +/-C * 10^exp (exact) where this fits in 64-bit integer
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -C1.w[0] * __bid_ten2k64[exp];
	else
	  res = C1.w[0] * __bid_ten2k64[exp];
      }
    }
  }
  BID_RETURN (res);
}

/*****************************************************************************
 *  BID128_to_int64_xceil
 ****************************************************************************/

BID128_FUNCTION_ARG1_NORND_CUSTOMRESTYPE(SINT64, __bid128_to_int64_xceil, x)

  SINT64 res;
  UINT64 x_sign;
  UINT64 x_exp;
  int exp; 	// unbiased exponent
  // Note: C1.w[1], C1.w[0] represent x_signif_hi, x_signif_lo (all are UINT64)
  BID_UI64DOUBLE tmp1;
  unsigned int x_nr_bits;
  int q, ind, shift;
  UINT128 C1, C;
  UINT128 Cstar; // C* represents up to 34 decimal digits ~ 113 bits
  UINT256 fstar;
  UINT256 P256;

  // unpack x
  x_sign = x.w[1] & MASK_SIGN; // 0 for positive, MASK_SIGN for negative
  x_exp = x.w[1] & MASK_EXP; // biased and shifted left 49 bit positions
  C1.w[1] = x.w[1] & MASK_COEFF;
  C1.w[0] = x.w[0];

  // check for NaN or Infinity
  if ((x.w[1] & MASK_SPECIAL) == MASK_SPECIAL) {
    // x is special
    if ((x.w[1] & MASK_NAN) == MASK_NAN) { // x is NAN
      if ((x.w[1] & MASK_SNAN) == MASK_SNAN) { // x is SNAN
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      } else { // x is QNaN
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      }
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else { // x is not a NaN, so it must be infinity
      if (!x_sign) { // x is +inf
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      } else { // x is -inf
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      }
      BID_RETURN (res);
    }
  }
  // check for non-canonical values (after the check for special values)
  if ((C1.w[1] > 0x0001ed09bead87c0ull)
      || (C1.w[1] == 0x0001ed09bead87c0ull
	  && (C1.w[0] > 0x378d8e63ffffffffull))
      || ((x.w[1] & 0x6000000000000000ull) == 0x6000000000000000ull)) {
    res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
    BID_RETURN (res);
  } else if ((C1.w[1] == 0x0ull) && (C1.w[0] == 0x0ull)) {
    // x is 0
    res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
    BID_RETURN (res);
  } else { // x is not special and is not zero

    // q = nr. of decimal digits in x
    //  determine first the nr. of bits in x
    if (C1.w[1] == 0) {
      if (C1.w[0] >= 0x0020000000000000ull) { // x >= 2^53
	// split the 64-bit value in two 32-bit halves to avoid rounding errors
	if (C1.w[0] >= 0x0000000100000000ull) { // x >= 2^32
	  tmp1.d = (double) (C1.w[0] >> 32); // exact conversion
	  x_nr_bits =
	    33 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
	} else { // x < 2^32
	  tmp1.d = (double) (C1.w[0]); // exact conversion
	  x_nr_bits =
	    1 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
	}
      } else { // if x < 2^53
	tmp1.d = (double) C1.w[0]; // exact conversion
	x_nr_bits =
	  1 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
      }
    } else { // C1.w[1] != 0 => nr. bits = 64 + nr_bits (C1.w[1])
      tmp1.d = (double) C1.w[1]; // exact conversion
      x_nr_bits =
	65 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
    }
    q = __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].digits;
    if (q == 0) {
      q = __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].digits1;
      if (C1.w[1] > __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_hi
	  || (C1.w[1] == __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_hi
	  && C1.w[0] >= __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_lo))
	q++;
    }
    exp = (x_exp >> 49) - 6176;
    if ((q + exp) > 19) { // x >= 10^19 ~= 2^63.11... (cannot fit in SINT64)
      // set invalid flag
      *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
      // return Integer Indefinite
      res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else if ((q + exp) == 19) { // x = c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1)
      // in this case 2^63.11... ~= 10^19 <= x < 10^20 ~= 2^66.43...
      // so x rounded to an integer may or may not fit in a signed 64-bit int
      // the cases that do not fit are identified here; the ones that fit
      // fall through and will be handled with other cases further,
      // under '1 <= q + exp <= 19'
      if (x_sign) { // if n < 0 and q + exp = 19
	// if n <= -2^63 - 1 then n is too large
	// too large if c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1) >= 2^63+1
	// <=> 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 > 5*(2^64+2), 1<=q<=34
	// <=> 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 > 0x5000000000000000a, 1<=q<=34
	C.w[1] = 0x0000000000000005ull;
	C.w[0] = 0x000000000000000aull;
	if (q <= 19) { // 1 <= q <= 19 => 1 <= 20-q <= 19 => 
	  // 10^(20-q) is 64-bit, and so is C1
	  __mul_64x64_to_128MACH (C1, C1.w[0], __bid_ten2k64[20 - q]);
	} else if (q == 20) {
	  ; // C1 * 10^0 = C1
	} else { // if 21 <= q <= 34
	  __mul_128x64_to_128 (C, __bid_ten2k64[q - 20], C); // max 47-bit x 67-bit
	}
	if (C1.w[1] > C.w[1] || (C1.w[1] == C.w[1] && C1.w[0] >= C.w[0])) {
	  // set invalid flag
	  *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	  // return Integer Indefinite
	  res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
	  BID_RETURN (res);
	}
	// else cases that can be rounded to a 64-bit int fall through
	// to '1 <= q + exp <= 19'
      } else { // if n > 0 and q + exp = 19
	// if n > 2^63 - 1 then n is too large
	// too large if c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1) > 2^63 - 1
	// <=> if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 > 10*(2^63-1), 1<=q<=34
	// <=> if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 > 0x4fffffffffffffff6, 1<=q<=34
	C.w[1] = 0x0000000000000004ull;
	C.w[0] = 0xfffffffffffffff6ull;
	if (q <= 19) { // 1 <= q <= 19 => 1 <= 20-q <= 19 =>
	  // 10^(20-q) is 64-bit, and so is C1
	  __mul_64x64_to_128MACH (C1, C1.w[0], __bid_ten2k64[20 - q]);
	} else if (q == 20) {
	  ; // C1 * 10^0 = C1
	} else { // if 21 <= q <= 34
	  __mul_128x64_to_128 (C, __bid_ten2k64[q - 20], C); // max 47-bit x 67-bit
	}
	if (C1.w[1] > C.w[1] || (C1.w[1] == C.w[1] && C1.w[0] > C.w[0])) {
	  // set invalid flag 
	  *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	  // return Integer Indefinite 
	  res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
	  BID_RETURN (res);
	}
	// else cases that can be rounded to a 64-bit int fall through
	// to '1 <= q + exp <= 19' 
      }
    }
    // n is not too large to be converted to int64: -2^63-1 < n <= 2^63 - 1
    // Note: some of the cases tested for above fall through to this point
    // Restore C1 which may have been modified above
    C1.w[1] = x.w[1] & MASK_COEFF;
    C1.w[0] = x.w[0];
    if ((q + exp) <= 0) { // n = +/-0.[0...0]c(0)c(1)...c(q-1)
      // set inexact flag
      *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
      // return 0 or 1
      if (x_sign)
	res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
      else
	res = 0x0000000000000001ull;
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else { // if (1 <= q + exp <= 19, 1 <= q <= 34, -33 <= exp <= 18)
      // -2^63-1 < x <= -1 or 1 <= x <= 2^63 - 1 so x can be rounded
      // up to a 64-bit signed integer
      if (exp < 0) { // 2 <= q <= 34, -33 <= exp <= -1, 1 <= q + exp <= 19
	ind = -exp; // 1 <= ind <= 33; ind is a synonym for 'x'
	// chop off ind digits from the lower part of C1
	// C1 fits in 127 bits
	// calculate C* and f*
	// C* is actually floor(C*) in this case
	// C* and f* need shifting and masking, as shown by
	// __bid_shiftright128[] and __bid_maskhigh128[]
	// 1 <= x <= 33
	// kx = 10^(-x) = __bid_ten2mk128[ind - 1]
	// C* = C1 * 10^(-x)
	// the approximation of 10^(-x) was rounded up to 118 bits
	__mul_128x128_to_256 (P256, C1, __bid_ten2mk128[ind - 1]);
	if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // 0 <= ind - 1 <= 21
	  Cstar.w[1] = P256.w[3];
	  Cstar.w[0] = P256.w[2];
	  fstar.w[3] = 0;
	  fstar.w[2] = P256.w[2] & __bid_maskhigh128[ind - 1];
	  fstar.w[1] = P256.w[1];
	  fstar.w[0] = P256.w[0];
	} else { // 22 <= ind - 1 <= 33
	  Cstar.w[1] = 0;
	  Cstar.w[0] = P256.w[3];
	  fstar.w[3] = P256.w[3] & __bid_maskhigh128[ind - 1];
	  fstar.w[2] = P256.w[2];
	  fstar.w[1] = P256.w[1];
	  fstar.w[0] = P256.w[0];
	}
	// the top Ex bits of 10^(-x) are T* = __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind], e.g.
	// if x=1, T*=__bid_ten2mk128trunc[0]=0x19999999999999999999999999999999
	// C* = floor(C*) (logical right shift; C has p decimal digits,
	//     correct by Property 1)
	// n = C* * 10^(e+x)

	// shift right C* by Ex-128 = __bid_shiftright128[ind]
	shift = __bid_shiftright128[ind - 1]; // 0 <= shift <= 102
	if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // 0 <= ind - 1 <= 21
	  Cstar.w[0] =
	    (Cstar.w[0] >> shift) | (Cstar.w[1] << (64 - shift));
	  // redundant, it will be 0! Cstar.w[1] = (Cstar.w[1] >> shift);
	} else { // 22 <= ind - 1 <= 33
	  Cstar.w[0] = (Cstar.w[0] >> (shift - 64)); // 2 <= shift - 64 <= 38
	}
	// if the result is positive and inexact, need to add 1 to it

	// determine inexactness of the rounding of C*
	// if (0 < f* < 10^(-x)) then
	//   the result is exact
	// else // if (f* > T*) then
	//   the result is inexact
	if (ind - 1 <= 2) {
	  if (fstar.w[1] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      || (fstar.w[1] == __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      && fstar.w[0] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[0])) {
	    if (!x_sign) { // positive and inexact
	      Cstar.w[0]++;
	      if (Cstar.w[0] == 0x0)
		Cstar.w[1]++;
	    }
	    // set the inexact flag
	    *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
	  }	// else the result is exact
	} else if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // if 3 <= ind <= 21
	  if (fstar.w[2] || fstar.w[1] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      || (fstar.w[1] == __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      && fstar.w[0] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[0])) {
	    if (!x_sign) { // positive and inexact
	      Cstar.w[0]++;
	      if (Cstar.w[0] == 0x0)
		Cstar.w[1]++;
	    }
	    // set the inexact flag
	    *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
	  }	// else the result is exact
	} else { // if 22 <= ind <= 33
	  if (fstar.w[3] || fstar.w[2]
	      || fstar.w[1] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      || (fstar.w[1] == __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      && fstar.w[0] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[0])) {
	    if (!x_sign) { // positive and inexact
	      Cstar.w[0]++;
	      if (Cstar.w[0] == 0x0)
		Cstar.w[1]++;
	    }
	    // set the inexact flag
	    *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
	  }	// else the result is exact
	}

	if (x_sign)
	  res = -Cstar.w[0];
	else
	  res = Cstar.w[0];
      } else if (exp == 0) {
	// 1 <= q <= 19
	// res = +/-C (exact)
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -C1.w[0];
	else
	  res = C1.w[0];
      } else { // if (exp>0) => 1 <= exp <= 18, 1 <= q < 18, 2 <= q + exp <= 19
	// res = +/-C * 10^exp (exact) where this fits in 64-bit integer
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -C1.w[0] * __bid_ten2k64[exp];
	else
	  res = C1.w[0] * __bid_ten2k64[exp];
      }
    }
  }
  BID_RETURN (res);
}

/*****************************************************************************
 *  BID128_to_int64_int
 ****************************************************************************/

BID128_FUNCTION_ARG1_NORND_CUSTOMRESTYPE(SINT64, __bid128_to_int64_int, x)

  SINT64 res;
  UINT64 x_sign;
  UINT64 x_exp;
  int exp; 	// unbiased exponent
  // Note: C1.w[1], C1.w[0] represent x_signif_hi, x_signif_lo (all are UINT64)
  BID_UI64DOUBLE tmp1;
  unsigned int x_nr_bits;
  int q, ind, shift;
  UINT128 C1, C;
  UINT128 Cstar; // C* represents up to 34 decimal digits ~ 113 bits
  UINT256 P256;

  // unpack x
  x_sign = x.w[1] & MASK_SIGN; // 0 for positive, MASK_SIGN for negative
  x_exp = x.w[1] & MASK_EXP; // biased and shifted left 49 bit positions
  C1.w[1] = x.w[1] & MASK_COEFF;
  C1.w[0] = x.w[0];

  // check for NaN or Infinity
  if ((x.w[1] & MASK_SPECIAL) == MASK_SPECIAL) {
    // x is special
    if ((x.w[1] & MASK_NAN) == MASK_NAN) { // x is NAN
      if ((x.w[1] & MASK_SNAN) == MASK_SNAN) { // x is SNAN
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      } else { // x is QNaN
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      }
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else { // x is not a NaN, so it must be infinity
      if (!x_sign) { // x is +inf
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      } else { // x is -inf
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      }
      BID_RETURN (res);
    }
  }
  // check for non-canonical values (after the check for special values)
  if ((C1.w[1] > 0x0001ed09bead87c0ull)
      || (C1.w[1] == 0x0001ed09bead87c0ull
	  && (C1.w[0] > 0x378d8e63ffffffffull))
      || ((x.w[1] & 0x6000000000000000ull) == 0x6000000000000000ull)) {
    res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
    BID_RETURN (res);
  } else if ((C1.w[1] == 0x0ull) && (C1.w[0] == 0x0ull)) {
    // x is 0
    res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
    BID_RETURN (res);
  } else { // x is not special and is not zero

    // q = nr. of decimal digits in x
    //  determine first the nr. of bits in x
    if (C1.w[1] == 0) {
      if (C1.w[0] >= 0x0020000000000000ull) { // x >= 2^53
	// split the 64-bit value in two 32-bit halves to avoid rounding errors
	if (C1.w[0] >= 0x0000000100000000ull) { // x >= 2^32
	  tmp1.d = (double) (C1.w[0] >> 32); // exact conversion
	  x_nr_bits =
	    33 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
	} else { // x < 2^32
	  tmp1.d = (double) (C1.w[0]); // exact conversion
	  x_nr_bits =
	    1 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
	}
      } else { // if x < 2^53
	tmp1.d = (double) C1.w[0]; // exact conversion
	x_nr_bits =
	  1 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
      }
    } else { // C1.w[1] != 0 => nr. bits = 64 + nr_bits (C1.w[1])
      tmp1.d = (double) C1.w[1]; // exact conversion
      x_nr_bits =
	65 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
    }
    q = __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].digits;
    if (q == 0) {
      q = __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].digits1;
      if (C1.w[1] > __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_hi
	  || (C1.w[1] == __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_hi
	  && C1.w[0] >= __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_lo))
	q++;
    }
    exp = (x_exp >> 49) - 6176;
    if ((q + exp) > 19) { // x >= 10^19 ~= 2^63.11... (cannot fit in SINT64)
      // set invalid flag
      *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
      // return Integer Indefinite
      res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else if ((q + exp) == 19) { // x = c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1)
      // in this case 2^63.11... ~= 10^19 <= x < 10^20 ~= 2^66.43...
      // so x rounded to an integer may or may not fit in a signed 64-bit int
      // the cases that do not fit are identified here; the ones that fit
      // fall through and will be handled with other cases further,
      // under '1 <= q + exp <= 19'
      if (x_sign) { // if n < 0 and q + exp = 19
	// if n <= -2^63 - 1 then n is too large
	// too large if c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1) >= 2^63+1
	// <=> 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 5*(2^64+2), 1<=q<=34
	// <=> 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 0x5000000000000000a, 1<=q<=34
	C.w[1] = 0x0000000000000005ull;
	C.w[0] = 0x000000000000000aull;
	if (q <= 19) { // 1 <= q <= 19 => 1 <= 20-q <= 19 => 
	  // 10^(20-q) is 64-bit, and so is C1
	  __mul_64x64_to_128MACH (C1, C1.w[0], __bid_ten2k64[20 - q]);
	} else if (q == 20) {
	  ; // C1 * 10^0 = C1
	} else { // if 21 <= q <= 34
	  __mul_128x64_to_128 (C, __bid_ten2k64[q - 20], C); // max 47-bit x 67-bit
	}
	if (C1.w[1] > C.w[1] || (C1.w[1] == C.w[1] && C1.w[0] >= C.w[0])) {
	  // set invalid flag
	  *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	  // return Integer Indefinite
	  res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
	  BID_RETURN (res);
	}
	// else cases that can be rounded to a 64-bit int fall through
	// to '1 <= q + exp <= 19'
      } else { // if n > 0 and q + exp = 19
	// if n >= 2^63 then n is too large
	// too large if c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1) >= 2^63
	// <=> if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 5*2^64, 1<=q<=34
	// <=> if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 0x50000000000000000, 1<=q<=34
	C.w[1] = 0x0000000000000005ull;
	C.w[0] = 0x0000000000000000ull;
	if (q <= 19) { // 1 <= q <= 19 => 1 <= 20-q <= 19 =>
	  // 10^(20-q) is 64-bit, and so is C1
	  __mul_64x64_to_128MACH (C1, C1.w[0], __bid_ten2k64[20 - q]);
	} else if (q == 20) {
	  ; // C1 * 10^0 = C1
	} else { // if 21 <= q <= 34
	  __mul_128x64_to_128 (C, __bid_ten2k64[q - 20], C); // max 47-bit x 67-bit
	}
	if (C1.w[1] > C.w[1] || (C1.w[1] == C.w[1] && C1.w[0] >= C.w[0])) {
	  // set invalid flag 
	  *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	  // return Integer Indefinite 
	  res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
	  BID_RETURN (res);
	}
	// else cases that can be rounded to a 64-bit int fall through
	// to '1 <= q + exp <= 19' 
      }
    }
    // n is not too large to be converted to int64: -2^63-1 < n < 2^63
    // Note: some of the cases tested for above fall through to this point
    // Restore C1 which may have been modified above
    C1.w[1] = x.w[1] & MASK_COEFF;
    C1.w[0] = x.w[0];
    if ((q + exp) <= 0) { // n = +/-0.[0...0]c(0)c(1)...c(q-1)
      // return 0
      res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else { // if (1 <= q + exp <= 19, 1 <= q <= 34, -33 <= exp <= 18)
      // -2^63-1 < x <= -1 or 1 <= x < 2^63 so x can be rounded
      // toward zero to a 64-bit signed integer
      if (exp < 0) { // 2 <= q <= 34, -33 <= exp <= -1, 1 <= q + exp <= 19
	ind = -exp; // 1 <= ind <= 33; ind is a synonym for 'x'
	// chop off ind digits from the lower part of C1
	// C1 fits in 127 bits
	// calculate C* and f*
	// C* is actually floor(C*) in this case
	// C* and f* need shifting and masking, as shown by
	// __bid_shiftright128[] and __bid_maskhigh128[]
	// 1 <= x <= 33
	// kx = 10^(-x) = __bid_ten2mk128[ind - 1]
	// C* = C1 * 10^(-x)
	// the approximation of 10^(-x) was rounded up to 118 bits
	__mul_128x128_to_256 (P256, C1, __bid_ten2mk128[ind - 1]);
	if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // 0 <= ind - 1 <= 21
	  Cstar.w[1] = P256.w[3];
	  Cstar.w[0] = P256.w[2];
	} else { // 22 <= ind - 1 <= 33
	  Cstar.w[1] = 0;
	  Cstar.w[0] = P256.w[3];
	}
	// the top Ex bits of 10^(-x) are T* = __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind], e.g.
	// if x=1, T*=__bid_ten2mk128trunc[0]=0x19999999999999999999999999999999
	// C* = floor(C*) (logical right shift; C has p decimal digits,
	//     correct by Property 1)
	// n = C* * 10^(e+x)

	// shift right C* by Ex-128 = __bid_shiftright128[ind]
	shift = __bid_shiftright128[ind - 1]; // 0 <= shift <= 102
	if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // 0 <= ind - 1 <= 21
	  Cstar.w[0] =
	    (Cstar.w[0] >> shift) | (Cstar.w[1] << (64 - shift));
	  // redundant, it will be 0! Cstar.w[1] = (Cstar.w[1] >> shift);
	} else { // 22 <= ind - 1 <= 33
	  Cstar.w[0] = (Cstar.w[0] >> (shift - 64)); // 2 <= shift - 64 <= 38
	}
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -Cstar.w[0];
	else
	  res = Cstar.w[0];
      } else if (exp == 0) {
	// 1 <= q <= 19
	// res = +/-C (exact)
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -C1.w[0];
	else
	  res = C1.w[0];
      } else { // if (exp>0) => 1 <= exp <= 18, 1 <= q < 18, 2 <= q + exp <= 19
	// res = +/-C * 10^exp (exact) where this fits in 64-bit integer
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -C1.w[0] * __bid_ten2k64[exp];
	else
	  res = C1.w[0] * __bid_ten2k64[exp];
      }
    }
  }
  BID_RETURN (res);
}

/*****************************************************************************
 *  BID128_to_xint64_xint
 ****************************************************************************/

BID128_FUNCTION_ARG1_NORND_CUSTOMRESTYPE(SINT64, __bid128_to_int64_xint, x)

  SINT64 res;
  UINT64 x_sign;
  UINT64 x_exp;
  int exp; 	// unbiased exponent
  // Note: C1.w[1], C1.w[0] represent x_signif_hi, x_signif_lo (all are UINT64)
  BID_UI64DOUBLE tmp1;
  unsigned int x_nr_bits;
  int q, ind, shift;
  UINT128 C1, C;
  UINT128 Cstar; // C* represents up to 34 decimal digits ~ 113 bits
  UINT256 fstar;
  UINT256 P256;

  // unpack x
  x_sign = x.w[1] & MASK_SIGN; // 0 for positive, MASK_SIGN for negative
  x_exp = x.w[1] & MASK_EXP; // biased and shifted left 49 bit positions
  C1.w[1] = x.w[1] & MASK_COEFF;
  C1.w[0] = x.w[0];

  // check for NaN or Infinity
  if ((x.w[1] & MASK_SPECIAL) == MASK_SPECIAL) {
    // x is special
    if ((x.w[1] & MASK_NAN) == MASK_NAN) { // x is NAN
      if ((x.w[1] & MASK_SNAN) == MASK_SNAN) { // x is SNAN
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      } else { // x is QNaN
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      }
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else { // x is not a NaN, so it must be infinity
      if (!x_sign) { // x is +inf
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      } else { // x is -inf
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      }
      BID_RETURN (res);
    }
  }
  // check for non-canonical values (after the check for special values)
  if ((C1.w[1] > 0x0001ed09bead87c0ull)
      || (C1.w[1] == 0x0001ed09bead87c0ull
	  && (C1.w[0] > 0x378d8e63ffffffffull))
      || ((x.w[1] & 0x6000000000000000ull) == 0x6000000000000000ull)) {
    res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
    BID_RETURN (res);
  } else if ((C1.w[1] == 0x0ull) && (C1.w[0] == 0x0ull)) {
    // x is 0
    res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
    BID_RETURN (res);
  } else { // x is not special and is not zero

    // q = nr. of decimal digits in x
    //  determine first the nr. of bits in x
    if (C1.w[1] == 0) {
      if (C1.w[0] >= 0x0020000000000000ull) { // x >= 2^53
	// split the 64-bit value in two 32-bit halves to avoid rounding errors
	if (C1.w[0] >= 0x0000000100000000ull) { // x >= 2^32
	  tmp1.d = (double) (C1.w[0] >> 32); // exact conversion
	  x_nr_bits =
	    33 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
	} else { // x < 2^32
	  tmp1.d = (double) (C1.w[0]); // exact conversion
	  x_nr_bits =
	    1 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
	}
      } else { // if x < 2^53
	tmp1.d = (double) C1.w[0]; // exact conversion
	x_nr_bits =
	  1 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
      }
    } else { // C1.w[1] != 0 => nr. bits = 64 + nr_bits (C1.w[1])
      tmp1.d = (double) C1.w[1]; // exact conversion
      x_nr_bits =
	65 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
    }
    q = __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].digits;
    if (q == 0) {
      q = __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].digits1;
      if (C1.w[1] > __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_hi
	  || (C1.w[1] == __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_hi
	  && C1.w[0] >= __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_lo))
	q++;
    }
    exp = (x_exp >> 49) - 6176;
    if ((q + exp) > 19) { // x >= 10^19 ~= 2^63.11... (cannot fit in SINT64)
      // set invalid flag
      *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
      // return Integer Indefinite
      res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else if ((q + exp) == 19) { // x = c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1)
      // in this case 2^63.11... ~= 10^19 <= x < 10^20 ~= 2^66.43...
      // so x rounded to an integer may or may not fit in a signed 64-bit int
      // the cases that do not fit are identified here; the ones that fit
      // fall through and will be handled with other cases further,
      // under '1 <= q + exp <= 19'
      if (x_sign) { // if n < 0 and q + exp = 19
	// if n <= -2^63 - 1 then n is too large
	// too large if c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1) >= 2^63+1
	// <=> 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 5*(2^64+2), 1<=q<=34
	// <=> 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 0x5000000000000000a, 1<=q<=34
	C.w[1] = 0x0000000000000005ull;
	C.w[0] = 0x000000000000000aull;
	if (q <= 19) { // 1 <= q <= 19 => 1 <= 20-q <= 19 => 
	  // 10^(20-q) is 64-bit, and so is C1
	  __mul_64x64_to_128MACH (C1, C1.w[0], __bid_ten2k64[20 - q]);
	} else if (q == 20) {
	  ; // C1 * 10^0 = C1
	} else { // if 21 <= q <= 34
	  __mul_128x64_to_128 (C, __bid_ten2k64[q - 20], C); // max 47-bit x 67-bit
	}
	if (C1.w[1] > C.w[1] || (C1.w[1] == C.w[1] && C1.w[0] >= C.w[0])) {
	  // set invalid flag
	  *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	  // return Integer Indefinite
	  res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
	  BID_RETURN (res);
	}
	// else cases that can be rounded to a 64-bit int fall through
	// to '1 <= q + exp <= 19'
      } else { // if n > 0 and q + exp = 19
	// if n >= 2^63 then n is too large
	// too large if c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1) >= 2^63
	// <=> if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 5*2^64, 1<=q<=34
	// <=> if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 0x50000000000000000, 1<=q<=34
	C.w[1] = 0x0000000000000005ull;
	C.w[0] = 0x0000000000000000ull;
	if (q <= 19) { // 1 <= q <= 19 => 1 <= 20-q <= 19 =>
	  // 10^(20-q) is 64-bit, and so is C1
	  __mul_64x64_to_128MACH (C1, C1.w[0], __bid_ten2k64[20 - q]);
	} else if (q == 20) {
	  ; // C1 * 10^0 = C1
	} else { // if 21 <= q <= 34
	  __mul_128x64_to_128 (C, __bid_ten2k64[q - 20], C); // max 47-bit x 67-bit
	}
	if (C1.w[1] > C.w[1] || (C1.w[1] == C.w[1] && C1.w[0] >= C.w[0])) {
	  // set invalid flag 
	  *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	  // return Integer Indefinite 
	  res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
	  BID_RETURN (res);
	}
	// else cases that can be rounded to a 64-bit int fall through
	// to '1 <= q + exp <= 19' 
      }
    }
    // n is not too large to be converted to int64: -2^63-1 < n < 2^63
    // Note: some of the cases tested for above fall through to this point
    // Restore C1 which may have been modified above
    C1.w[1] = x.w[1] & MASK_COEFF;
    C1.w[0] = x.w[0];
    if ((q + exp) <= 0) { // n = +/-0.[0...0]c(0)c(1)...c(q-1)
      // set inexact flag
      *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
      // return 0
      res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else { // if (1 <= q + exp <= 19, 1 <= q <= 34, -33 <= exp <= 18)
      // -2^63-1 < x <= -1 or 1 <= x < 2^63 so x can be rounded
      // toward zero to a 64-bit signed integer
      if (exp < 0) { // 2 <= q <= 34, -33 <= exp <= -1, 1 <= q + exp <= 19
	ind = -exp; // 1 <= ind <= 33; ind is a synonym for 'x'
	// chop off ind digits from the lower part of C1
	// C1 fits in 127 bits
	// calculate C* and f*
	// C* is actually floor(C*) in this case
	// C* and f* need shifting and masking, as shown by
	// __bid_shiftright128[] and __bid_maskhigh128[]
	// 1 <= x <= 33
	// kx = 10^(-x) = __bid_ten2mk128[ind - 1]
	// C* = C1 * 10^(-x)
	// the approximation of 10^(-x) was rounded up to 118 bits
	__mul_128x128_to_256 (P256, C1, __bid_ten2mk128[ind - 1]);
	if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // 0 <= ind - 1 <= 21
	  Cstar.w[1] = P256.w[3];
	  Cstar.w[0] = P256.w[2];
	  fstar.w[3] = 0;
	  fstar.w[2] = P256.w[2] & __bid_maskhigh128[ind - 1];
	  fstar.w[1] = P256.w[1];
	  fstar.w[0] = P256.w[0];
	} else { // 22 <= ind - 1 <= 33
	  Cstar.w[1] = 0;
	  Cstar.w[0] = P256.w[3];
	  fstar.w[3] = P256.w[3] & __bid_maskhigh128[ind - 1];
	  fstar.w[2] = P256.w[2];
	  fstar.w[1] = P256.w[1];
	  fstar.w[0] = P256.w[0];
	}
	// the top Ex bits of 10^(-x) are T* = __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind], e.g.
	// if x=1, T*=__bid_ten2mk128trunc[0]=0x19999999999999999999999999999999
	// C* = floor(C*) (logical right shift; C has p decimal digits,
	//     correct by Property 1)
	// n = C* * 10^(e+x)

	// shift right C* by Ex-128 = __bid_shiftright128[ind]
	shift = __bid_shiftright128[ind - 1]; // 0 <= shift <= 102
	if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // 0 <= ind - 1 <= 21
	  Cstar.w[0] =
	    (Cstar.w[0] >> shift) | (Cstar.w[1] << (64 - shift));
	  // redundant, it will be 0! Cstar.w[1] = (Cstar.w[1] >> shift);
	} else { // 22 <= ind - 1 <= 33
	  Cstar.w[0] = (Cstar.w[0] >> (shift - 64)); // 2 <= shift - 64 <= 38
	}
	// determine inexactness of the rounding of C*
	// if (0 < f* < 10^(-x)) then
	//   the result is exact
	// else // if (f* > T*) then
	//   the result is inexact
	if (ind - 1 <= 2) {
	  if (fstar.w[1] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      || (fstar.w[1] == __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      && fstar.w[0] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[0])) {
	    // set the inexact flag
	    *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
	  }	// else the result is exact
	} else if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // if 3 <= ind <= 21
	  if (fstar.w[2] || fstar.w[1] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      || (fstar.w[1] == __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      && fstar.w[0] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[0])) {
	    // set the inexact flag
	    *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
	  }
	} else { // if 22 <= ind <= 33
	  if (fstar.w[3] || fstar.w[2]
	      || fstar.w[1] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      || (fstar.w[1] == __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
	      && fstar.w[0] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[0])) {
	    // set the inexact flag
	    *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
	  }
	}

	if (x_sign)
	  res = -Cstar.w[0];
	else
	  res = Cstar.w[0];
      } else if (exp == 0) {
	// 1 <= q <= 19
	// res = +/-C (exact)
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -C1.w[0];
	else
	  res = C1.w[0];
      } else { // if (exp>0) => 1 <= exp <= 18, 1 <= q < 18, 2 <= q + exp <= 19
	// res = +/-C * 10^exp (exact) where this fits in 64-bit integer
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -C1.w[0] * __bid_ten2k64[exp];
	else
	  res = C1.w[0] * __bid_ten2k64[exp];
      }
    }
  }
  BID_RETURN (res);
}

/*****************************************************************************
 *  BID128_to_int64_rninta
 ****************************************************************************/

BID128_FUNCTION_ARG1_NORND_CUSTOMRESTYPE(SINT64, __bid128_to_int64_rninta, x)

  SINT64 res;
  UINT64 x_sign;
  UINT64 x_exp;
  int exp; 	// unbiased exponent
  // Note: C1.w[1], C1.w[0] represent x_signif_hi, x_signif_lo (all are UINT64)
  UINT64 tmp64;
  BID_UI64DOUBLE tmp1;
  unsigned int x_nr_bits;
  int q, ind, shift;
  UINT128 C1, C;
  UINT128 Cstar; // C* represents up to 34 decimal digits ~ 113 bits
  UINT256 P256;

  // unpack x
  x_sign = x.w[1] & MASK_SIGN; // 0 for positive, MASK_SIGN for negative
  x_exp = x.w[1] & MASK_EXP; // biased and shifted left 49 bit positions
  C1.w[1] = x.w[1] & MASK_COEFF;
  C1.w[0] = x.w[0];

  // check for NaN or Infinity
  if ((x.w[1] & MASK_SPECIAL) == MASK_SPECIAL) {
    // x is special
    if ((x.w[1] & MASK_NAN) == MASK_NAN) { // x is NAN
      if ((x.w[1] & MASK_SNAN) == MASK_SNAN) { // x is SNAN
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      } else { // x is QNaN
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      }
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else { // x is not a NaN, so it must be infinity
      if (!x_sign) { // x is +inf
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      } else { // x is -inf
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      }
      BID_RETURN (res);
    }
  }
  // check for non-canonical values (after the check for special values)
  if ((C1.w[1] > 0x0001ed09bead87c0ull)
      || (C1.w[1] == 0x0001ed09bead87c0ull
	  && (C1.w[0] > 0x378d8e63ffffffffull))
      || ((x.w[1] & 0x6000000000000000ull) == 0x6000000000000000ull)) {
    res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
    BID_RETURN (res);
  } else if ((C1.w[1] == 0x0ull) && (C1.w[0] == 0x0ull)) {
    // x is 0
    res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
    BID_RETURN (res);
  } else { // x is not special and is not zero

    // q = nr. of decimal digits in x
    //  determine first the nr. of bits in x
    if (C1.w[1] == 0) {
      if (C1.w[0] >= 0x0020000000000000ull) { // x >= 2^53
	// split the 64-bit value in two 32-bit halves to avoid rounding errors
	if (C1.w[0] >= 0x0000000100000000ull) { // x >= 2^32
	  tmp1.d = (double) (C1.w[0] >> 32); // exact conversion
	  x_nr_bits =
	    33 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
	} else { // x < 2^32
	  tmp1.d = (double) (C1.w[0]); // exact conversion
	  x_nr_bits =
	    1 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
	}
      } else { // if x < 2^53
	tmp1.d = (double) C1.w[0]; // exact conversion
	x_nr_bits =
	  1 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
      }
    } else { // C1.w[1] != 0 => nr. bits = 64 + nr_bits (C1.w[1])
      tmp1.d = (double) C1.w[1]; // exact conversion
      x_nr_bits =
	65 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
    }
    q = __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].digits;
    if (q == 0) {
      q = __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].digits1;
      if (C1.w[1] > __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_hi
	  || (C1.w[1] == __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_hi
	  && C1.w[0] >= __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_lo))
	q++;
    }
    exp = (x_exp >> 49) - 6176;
    if ((q + exp) > 19) { // x >= 10^19 ~= 2^63.11... (cannot fit in SINT64)
      // set invalid flag
      *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
      // return Integer Indefinite
      res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else if ((q + exp) == 19) { // x = c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1)
      // in this case 2^63.11... ~= 10^19 <= x < 10^20 ~= 2^66.43...
      // so x rounded to an integer may or may not fit in a signed 64-bit int
      // the cases that do not fit are identified here; the ones that fit
      // fall through and will be handled with other cases further,
      // under '1 <= q + exp <= 19'
      if (x_sign) { // if n < 0 and q + exp = 19
	// if n <= -2^63 - 1/2 then n is too large
	// too large if c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1) >= 2^63+1/2
	// <=> 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 5*(2^64+1), 1<=q<=34
	// <=> 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 0x50000000000000005, 1<=q<=34
	C.w[1] = 0x0000000000000005ull;
	C.w[0] = 0000000000000005ull;
	if (q <= 19) { // 1 <= q <= 19 => 1 <= 20-q <= 19 => 
	  // 10^(20-q) is 64-bit, and so is C1
	  __mul_64x64_to_128MACH (C1, C1.w[0], __bid_ten2k64[20 - q]);
	} else if (q == 20) {
	  ; // C1 * 10^0 = C1
	} else { // if 21 <= q <= 34
	  __mul_128x64_to_128 (C, __bid_ten2k64[q - 20], C); // max 47-bit x 67-bit
	}
	if (C1.w[1] > C.w[1] || (C1.w[1] == C.w[1] && C1.w[0] >= C.w[0])) {
	  // set invalid flag
	  *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	  // return Integer Indefinite
	  res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
	  BID_RETURN (res);
	}
	// else cases that can be rounded to a 64-bit int fall through
	// to '1 <= q + exp <= 19'
      } else { // if n > 0 and q + exp = 19
	// if n >= 2^63 - 1/2 then n is too large
	// too large if c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1) >= 2^63-1/2
	// <=> if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 5*(2^64-1), 1<=q<=34
	// <=> if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 0x4fffffffffffffffb, 1<=q<=34
	C.w[1] = 0x0000000000000004ull;
	C.w[0] = 0xfffffffffffffffbull;
	if (q <= 19) { // 1 <= q <= 19 => 1 <= 20-q <= 19 =>
	  // 10^(20-q) is 64-bit, and so is C1
	  __mul_64x64_to_128MACH (C1, C1.w[0], __bid_ten2k64[20 - q]);
	} else if (q == 20) {
	  ; // C1 * 10^0 = C1
	} else { // if 21 <= q <= 34
	  __mul_128x64_to_128 (C, __bid_ten2k64[q - 20], C); // max 47-bit x 67-bit
	}
	if (C1.w[1] > C.w[1] || (C1.w[1] == C.w[1] && C1.w[0] >= C.w[0])) {
	  // set invalid flag 
	  *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	  // return Integer Indefinite 
	  res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
	  BID_RETURN (res);
	}
	// else cases that can be rounded to a 64-bit int fall through
	// to '1 <= q + exp <= 19' 
      }
    }
    // n is not too large to be converted to int64: -2^63-1/2 <= n < 2^63-1/2
    // Note: some of the cases tested for above fall through to this point
    // Restore C1 which may have been modified above
    C1.w[1] = x.w[1] & MASK_COEFF;
    C1.w[0] = x.w[0];
    if ((q + exp) < 0) { // n = +/-0.0...c(0)c(1)...c(q-1)
      // return 0
      res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else if ((q + exp) == 0) { // n = +/-0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1)
      // if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) < 0.5 <=> c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) < 5 * 10^(q-1)
      //   res = 0
      // else
      //   res = +/-1
      ind = q - 1;
      if (ind <= 18) { // 0 <= ind <= 18
	if ((C1.w[1] == 0) && (C1.w[0] < __bid_midpoint64[ind])) {
	  res = 0x0000000000000000ull; // return 0
	} else if (x_sign) { // n < 0
	  res = 0xffffffffffffffffull; // return -1
	} else { // n > 0
	  res = 0x0000000000000001ull; // return +1
	}
      } else { // 19 <= ind <= 33
	if ((C1.w[1] < __bid_midpoint128[ind - 19].w[1])
	    || ((C1.w[1] == __bid_midpoint128[ind - 19].w[1])
	    && (C1.w[0] < __bid_midpoint128[ind - 19].w[0]))) {
	  res = 0x0000000000000000ull; // return 0
	} else if (x_sign) { // n < 0
	  res = 0xffffffffffffffffull; // return -1
	} else { // n > 0
	  res = 0x0000000000000001ull; // return +1
	}
      }
    } else { // if (1 <= q + exp <= 19, 1 <= q <= 34, -33 <= exp <= 18)
      // -2^63-1/2 <= x <= -1 or 1 <= x < 2^63-1/2 so x can be rounded
      // to nearest to a 64-bit signed integer
      if (exp < 0) { // 2 <= q <= 34, -33 <= exp <= -1, 1 <= q + exp <= 19
	ind = -exp; // 1 <= ind <= 33; ind is a synonym for 'x'
	// chop off ind digits from the lower part of C1
	// C1 = C1 + 1/2 * 10^ind where the result C1 fits in 127 bits
	tmp64 = C1.w[0];
	if (ind <= 19) {
	  C1.w[0] = C1.w[0] + __bid_midpoint64[ind - 1];
	} else {
	  C1.w[0] = C1.w[0] + __bid_midpoint128[ind - 20].w[0];
	  C1.w[1] = C1.w[1] + __bid_midpoint128[ind - 20].w[1];
	}
	if (C1.w[0] < tmp64)
	  C1.w[1]++;
	// calculate C* and f*
	// C* is actually floor(C*) in this case
	// C* and f* need shifting and masking, as shown by
	// __bid_shiftright128[] and __bid_maskhigh128[]
	// 1 <= x <= 33
	// kx = 10^(-x) = __bid_ten2mk128[ind - 1]
	// C* = (C1 + 1/2 * 10^x) * 10^(-x)
	// the approximation of 10^(-x) was rounded up to 118 bits
	__mul_128x128_to_256 (P256, C1, __bid_ten2mk128[ind - 1]);
	if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // 0 <= ind - 1 <= 21
	  Cstar.w[1] = P256.w[3];
	  Cstar.w[0] = P256.w[2];
	} else { // 22 <= ind - 1 <= 33
	  Cstar.w[1] = 0;
	  Cstar.w[0] = P256.w[3];
	}
	// the top Ex bits of 10^(-x) are T* = __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind], e.g.
	// if x=1, T*=__bid_ten2mk128trunc[0]=0x19999999999999999999999999999999
	// if (0 < f* < 10^(-x)) then the result is a midpoint
	//   if floor(C*) is even then C* = floor(C*) - logical right
	//       shift; C* has p decimal digits, correct by Prop. 1)
	//   else if floor(C*) is odd C* = floor(C*)-1 (logical right
	//       shift; C* has p decimal digits, correct by Pr. 1)
	// else
	//   C* = floor(C*) (logical right shift; C has p decimal digits,
	//       correct by Property 1)
	// n = C* * 10^(e+x)

	// shift right C* by Ex-128 = __bid_shiftright128[ind]
	shift = __bid_shiftright128[ind - 1]; // 0 <= shift <= 102
	if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // 0 <= ind - 1 <= 21
	  Cstar.w[0] =
	    (Cstar.w[0] >> shift) | (Cstar.w[1] << (64 - shift));
	  // redundant, it will be 0! Cstar.w[1] = (Cstar.w[1] >> shift);
	} else { // 22 <= ind - 1 <= 33
	  Cstar.w[0] = (Cstar.w[0] >> (shift - 64)); // 2 <= shift - 64 <= 38
	}

	// if the result was a midpoint it was rounded away from zero
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -Cstar.w[0];
	else
	  res = Cstar.w[0];
      } else if (exp == 0) {
	// 1 <= q <= 19
	// res = +/-C (exact)
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -C1.w[0];
	else
	  res = C1.w[0];
      } else { // if (exp>0) => 1 <= exp <= 18, 1 <= q < 18, 2 <= q + exp <= 19
	// res = +/-C * 10^exp (exact) where this fits in 64-bit integer
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -C1.w[0] * __bid_ten2k64[exp];
	else
	  res = C1.w[0] * __bid_ten2k64[exp];
      }
    }
  }
  BID_RETURN (res);
}

/*****************************************************************************
 *  BID128_to_int64_xrninta
 ****************************************************************************/

BID128_FUNCTION_ARG1_NORND_CUSTOMRESTYPE(SINT64, __bid128_to_int64_xrninta, x)

  SINT64 res;
  UINT64 x_sign;
  UINT64 x_exp;
  int exp; 	// unbiased exponent
  // Note: C1.w[1], C1.w[0] represent x_signif_hi, x_signif_lo (all are UINT64)
  UINT64 tmp64, tmp64A;
  BID_UI64DOUBLE tmp1;
  unsigned int x_nr_bits;
  int q, ind, shift;
  UINT128 C1, C;
  UINT128 Cstar; // C* represents up to 34 decimal digits ~ 113 bits
  UINT256 fstar;
  UINT256 P256;

  // unpack x
  x_sign = x.w[1] & MASK_SIGN; // 0 for positive, MASK_SIGN for negative
  x_exp = x.w[1] & MASK_EXP; // biased and shifted left 49 bit positions
  C1.w[1] = x.w[1] & MASK_COEFF;
  C1.w[0] = x.w[0];

  // check for NaN or Infinity
  if ((x.w[1] & MASK_SPECIAL) == MASK_SPECIAL) {
    // x is special
    if ((x.w[1] & MASK_NAN) == MASK_NAN) { // x is NAN
      if ((x.w[1] & MASK_SNAN) == MASK_SNAN) { // x is SNAN
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      } else { // x is QNaN
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      }
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else { // x is not a NaN, so it must be infinity
      if (!x_sign) { // x is +inf
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      } else { // x is -inf
	// set invalid flag
	*pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	// return Integer Indefinite
	res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      }
      BID_RETURN (res);
    }
  }
  // check for non-canonical values (after the check for special values)
  if ((C1.w[1] > 0x0001ed09bead87c0ull)
      || (C1.w[1] == 0x0001ed09bead87c0ull
	  && (C1.w[0] > 0x378d8e63ffffffffull))
      || ((x.w[1] & 0x6000000000000000ull) == 0x6000000000000000ull)) {
    res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
    BID_RETURN (res);
  } else if ((C1.w[1] == 0x0ull) && (C1.w[0] == 0x0ull)) {
    // x is 0
    res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
    BID_RETURN (res);
  } else { // x is not special and is not zero

    // q = nr. of decimal digits in x
    //  determine first the nr. of bits in x
    if (C1.w[1] == 0) {
      if (C1.w[0] >= 0x0020000000000000ull) { // x >= 2^53
	// split the 64-bit value in two 32-bit halves to avoid rounding errors
	if (C1.w[0] >= 0x0000000100000000ull) { // x >= 2^32
	  tmp1.d = (double) (C1.w[0] >> 32); // exact conversion
	  x_nr_bits =
	    33 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
	} else { // x < 2^32
	  tmp1.d = (double) (C1.w[0]); // exact conversion
	  x_nr_bits =
	    1 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
	}
      } else { // if x < 2^53
	tmp1.d = (double) C1.w[0]; // exact conversion
	x_nr_bits =
	  1 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
      }
    } else { // C1.w[1] != 0 => nr. bits = 64 + nr_bits (C1.w[1])
      tmp1.d = (double) C1.w[1]; // exact conversion
      x_nr_bits =
	65 + ((((unsigned int) (tmp1.ui64 >> 52)) & 0x7ff) - 0x3ff);
    }
    q = __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].digits;
    if (q == 0) {
      q = __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].digits1;
      if (C1.w[1] > __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_hi
	  || (C1.w[1] == __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_hi
	  && C1.w[0] >= __bid_nr_digits[x_nr_bits - 1].threshold_lo))
	q++;
    }
    exp = (x_exp >> 49) - 6176;
    if ((q + exp) > 19) { // x >= 10^19 ~= 2^63.11... (cannot fit in SINT64)
      // set invalid flag
      *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
      // return Integer Indefinite
      res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else if ((q + exp) == 19) { // x = c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1)
      // in this case 2^63.11... ~= 10^19 <= x < 10^20 ~= 2^66.43...
      // so x rounded to an integer may or may not fit in a signed 64-bit int
      // the cases that do not fit are identified here; the ones that fit
      // fall through and will be handled with other cases further,
      // under '1 <= q + exp <= 19'
      if (x_sign) { // if n < 0 and q + exp = 19
	// if n <= -2^63 - 1/2 then n is too large
	// too large if c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1) >= 2^63+1/2
	// <=> 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 5*(2^64+1), 1<=q<=34
	// <=> 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 0x50000000000000005, 1<=q<=34
	C.w[1] = 0x0000000000000005ull;
	C.w[0] = 0000000000000005ull;
	if (q <= 19) { // 1 <= q <= 19 => 1 <= 20-q <= 19 => 
	  // 10^(20-q) is 64-bit, and so is C1
	  __mul_64x64_to_128MACH (C1, C1.w[0], __bid_ten2k64[20 - q]);
	} else if (q == 20) {
	  ; // C1 * 10^0 = C1
	} else { // if 21 <= q <= 34
	  __mul_128x64_to_128 (C, __bid_ten2k64[q - 20], C); // max 47-bit x 67-bit
	}
	if (C1.w[1] > C.w[1] || (C1.w[1] == C.w[1] && C1.w[0] >= C.w[0])) {
	  // set invalid flag
	  *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	  // return Integer Indefinite
	  res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
	  BID_RETURN (res);
	}
	// else cases that can be rounded to a 64-bit int fall through
	// to '1 <= q + exp <= 19'
      } else { // if n > 0 and q + exp = 19
	// if n >= 2^63 - 1/2 then n is too large
	// too large if c(0)c(1)...c(18).c(19)...c(q-1) >= 2^63-1/2
	// <=> if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 5*(2^64-1), 1<=q<=34
	// <=> if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) * 10^20 >= 0x4fffffffffffffffb, 1<=q<=34
	C.w[1] = 0x0000000000000004ull;
	C.w[0] = 0xfffffffffffffffbull;
	if (q <= 19) { // 1 <= q <= 19 => 1 <= 20-q <= 19 =>
	  // 10^(20-q) is 64-bit, and so is C1
	  __mul_64x64_to_128MACH (C1, C1.w[0], __bid_ten2k64[20 - q]);
	} else if (q == 20) {
	  ; // C1 * 10^0 = C1
	} else { // if 21 <= q <= 34
	  __mul_128x64_to_128 (C, __bid_ten2k64[q - 20], C); // max 47-bit x 67-bit
	}
	if (C1.w[1] > C.w[1] || (C1.w[1] == C.w[1] && C1.w[0] >= C.w[0])) {
	  // set invalid flag 
	  *pfpsf |= INVALID_EXCEPTION;
	  // return Integer Indefinite 
	  res = 0x8000000000000000ull;
	  BID_RETURN (res);
	}
	// else cases that can be rounded to a 64-bit int fall through
	// to '1 <= q + exp <= 19' 
      }
    }
    // n is not too large to be converted to int64: -2^63-1/2 <= n < 2^63-1/2
    // Note: some of the cases tested for above fall through to this point
    // Restore C1 which may have been modified above
    C1.w[1] = x.w[1] & MASK_COEFF;
    C1.w[0] = x.w[0];
    if ((q + exp) < 0) { // n = +/-0.0...c(0)c(1)...c(q-1)
      // set inexact flag
      *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
      // return 0
      res = 0x0000000000000000ull;
      BID_RETURN (res);
    } else if ((q + exp) == 0) { // n = +/-0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1)
      // if 0.c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) < 0.5 <=> c(0)c(1)...c(q-1) < 5 * 10^(q-1)
      //   res = 0
      // else
      //   res = +/-1
      ind = q - 1;
      if (ind <= 18) { // 0 <= ind <= 18
	if ((C1.w[1] == 0) && (C1.w[0] < __bid_midpoint64[ind])) {
	  res = 0x0000000000000000ull; // return 0
	} else if (x_sign) { // n < 0
	  res = 0xffffffffffffffffull; // return -1
	} else { // n > 0
	  res = 0x0000000000000001ull; // return +1
	}
      } else { // 19 <= ind <= 33
	if ((C1.w[1] < __bid_midpoint128[ind - 19].w[1])
	    || ((C1.w[1] == __bid_midpoint128[ind - 19].w[1])
	    && (C1.w[0] < __bid_midpoint128[ind - 19].w[0]))) {
	  res = 0x0000000000000000ull; // return 0
	} else if (x_sign) { // n < 0
	  res = 0xffffffffffffffffull; // return -1
	} else { // n > 0
	  res = 0x0000000000000001ull; // return +1
	}
      }
      // set inexact flag
      *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
    } else { // if (1 <= q + exp <= 19, 1 <= q <= 34, -33 <= exp <= 18)
      // -2^63-1/2 <= x <= -1 or 1 <= x < 2^63-1/2 so x can be rounded
      // to nearest to a 64-bit signed integer
      if (exp < 0) { // 2 <= q <= 34, -33 <= exp <= -1, 1 <= q + exp <= 19
	ind = -exp; // 1 <= ind <= 33; ind is a synonym for 'x'
	// chop off ind digits from the lower part of C1
	// C1 = C1 + 1/2 * 10^ind where the result C1 fits in 127 bits
	tmp64 = C1.w[0];
	if (ind <= 19) {
	  C1.w[0] = C1.w[0] + __bid_midpoint64[ind - 1];
	} else {
	  C1.w[0] = C1.w[0] + __bid_midpoint128[ind - 20].w[0];
	  C1.w[1] = C1.w[1] + __bid_midpoint128[ind - 20].w[1];
	}
	if (C1.w[0] < tmp64)
	  C1.w[1]++;
	// calculate C* and f*
	// C* is actually floor(C*) in this case
	// C* and f* need shifting and masking, as shown by
	// __bid_shiftright128[] and __bid_maskhigh128[]
	// 1 <= x <= 33
	// kx = 10^(-x) = __bid_ten2mk128[ind - 1]
	// C* = (C1 + 1/2 * 10^x) * 10^(-x)
	// the approximation of 10^(-x) was rounded up to 118 bits
	__mul_128x128_to_256 (P256, C1, __bid_ten2mk128[ind - 1]);
	if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // 0 <= ind - 1 <= 21
	  Cstar.w[1] = P256.w[3];
	  Cstar.w[0] = P256.w[2];
	  fstar.w[3] = 0;
	  fstar.w[2] = P256.w[2] & __bid_maskhigh128[ind - 1];
	  fstar.w[1] = P256.w[1];
	  fstar.w[0] = P256.w[0];
	} else { // 22 <= ind - 1 <= 33
	  Cstar.w[1] = 0;
	  Cstar.w[0] = P256.w[3];
	  fstar.w[3] = P256.w[3] & __bid_maskhigh128[ind - 1];
	  fstar.w[2] = P256.w[2];
	  fstar.w[1] = P256.w[1];
	  fstar.w[0] = P256.w[0];
	}
	// the top Ex bits of 10^(-x) are T* = __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind], e.g.
	// if x=1, T*=__bid_ten2mk128trunc[0]=0x19999999999999999999999999999999
	// if (0 < f* < 10^(-x)) then the result is a midpoint
	//   if floor(C*) is even then C* = floor(C*) - logical right
	//       shift; C* has p decimal digits, correct by Prop. 1)
	//   else if floor(C*) is odd C* = floor(C*)-1 (logical right
	//       shift; C* has p decimal digits, correct by Pr. 1)
	// else
	//   C* = floor(C*) (logical right shift; C has p decimal digits,
	//       correct by Property 1)
	// n = C* * 10^(e+x)

	// shift right C* by Ex-128 = __bid_shiftright128[ind]
	shift = __bid_shiftright128[ind - 1]; // 0 <= shift <= 102
	if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // 0 <= ind - 1 <= 21
	  Cstar.w[0] =
	    (Cstar.w[0] >> shift) | (Cstar.w[1] << (64 - shift));
	  // redundant, it will be 0! Cstar.w[1] = (Cstar.w[1] >> shift);
	} else { // 22 <= ind - 1 <= 33
	  Cstar.w[0] = (Cstar.w[0] >> (shift - 64)); // 2 <= shift - 64 <= 38
	}
	// determine inexactness of the rounding of C*
	// if (0 < f* - 1/2 < 10^(-x)) then
	//   the result is exact
	// else // if (f* - 1/2 > T*) then
	//   the result is inexact
	if (ind - 1 <= 2) {
	  if (fstar.w[1] > 0x8000000000000000ull || 
              (fstar.w[1] == 0x8000000000000000ull && fstar.w[0] > 0x0ull)) { 
            // f* > 1/2 and the result may be exact
	    tmp64 = fstar.w[1] - 0x8000000000000000ull; // f* - 1/2
	    if ((tmp64 > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
		 || (tmp64 == __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
		 && fstar.w[0] >= __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[0]))) {
	      // set the inexact flag
	      *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
	    }	// else the result is exact
	  } else { // the result is inexact; f2* <= 1/2
	    // set the inexact flag
	    *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
	  }
	} else if (ind - 1 <= 21) { // if 3 <= ind <= 21
	  if (fstar.w[3] > 0x0 || (fstar.w[3] == 0x0
	      && fstar.w[2] > __bid_one_half128[ind - 1]) || (fstar.w[3] == 0x0
	      && fstar.w[2] == __bid_one_half128[ind - 1] && (fstar.w[1]
						       || fstar.w[0]))) {
	    // f2* > 1/2 and the result may be exact
	    // Calculate f2* - 1/2
	    tmp64 = fstar.w[2] - __bid_one_half128[ind - 1];
	    tmp64A = fstar.w[3];
	    if (tmp64 > fstar.w[2])
	      tmp64A--;
	    if (tmp64A || tmp64
		|| fstar.w[1] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
		|| (fstar.w[1] == __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
		&& fstar.w[0] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[0])) {
	      // set the inexact flag
	      *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
	    }	// else the result is exact
	  } else { // the result is inexact; f2* <= 1/2
	    // set the inexact flag
	    *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
	  }
	} else { // if 22 <= ind <= 33
	  if (fstar.w[3] > __bid_one_half128[ind - 1]
	      || (fstar.w[3] == __bid_one_half128[ind - 1] && (fstar.w[2]
						       || fstar.w[1]
						       || fstar.w[0]))) {
	    // f2* > 1/2 and the result may be exact
	    // Calculate f2* - 1/2
	    tmp64 = fstar.w[3] - __bid_one_half128[ind - 1];
	    if (tmp64 || fstar.w[2]
		|| fstar.w[1] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
		|| (fstar.w[1] == __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[1]
		&& fstar.w[0] > __bid_ten2mk128trunc[ind - 1].w[0])) {
	      // set the inexact flag
	      *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
	    }	// else the result is exact
	  } else { // the result is inexact; f2* <= 1/2
	    // set the inexact flag
	    *pfpsf |= INEXACT_EXCEPTION;
	  }
	}

	// if the result was a midpoint it was rounded away from zero
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -Cstar.w[0];
	else
	  res = Cstar.w[0];
      } else if (exp == 0) {
	// 1 <= q <= 19
	// res = +/-C (exact)
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -C1.w[0];
	else
	  res = C1.w[0];
      } else { // if (exp>0) => 1 <= exp <= 18, 1 <= q < 18, 2 <= q + exp <= 19
	// res = +/-C * 10^exp (exact) where this fits in 64-bit integer
	if (x_sign)
	  res = -C1.w[0] * __bid_ten2k64[exp];
	else
	  res = C1.w[0] * __bid_ten2k64[exp];
      }
    }
  }
  BID_RETURN (res);
}