gcc/gcc
Jakub Jelinek 275b60d6d8 configure.in: Check for ld.
* configure.in: Check for ld.
	(HAVE_LD_EH_FRAME_HDR): Define if ld supports --eh-frame-hdr option.
	* configure, config.in: Rebuilt.
	* config.gcc: Add crtbeginT.o to extra_parts where needed.
	* config/t-linux (LIB2ADDEH, LIB2ADDEHDEP): Use unwind-dw2-fde-glibc
	frame unwinding on Linux.
	* config/t-linux-gnulibc1 (LIB2ADDEH, LIB2ADDEHDEP): Use unwind-dw2-fde
	frame unwinding.
	* config/linux.h (STARTFILE_SPEC): Use crtbeginT.o for -static.
	(LINK_EH_SPEC): Define.
	* config/i386/gnu.h (STARTFILE_SPEC): Use crtbeginT.o for -static.
	* config/ia64/linux.h (STARTFILE_SPEC, LINK_EH_SPEC): Define.
	* config/ia64/fde-glibc.c (_Unwind_IteratePhdrCallback): Don't
	iterate further if pc falls into current library, but fde was not
	found.
	* config/sparc/linux.h (STARTFILE_SPEC): Use crtbeginT.o for -static
	if using glibc.
	(LINK_EH_SPEC): Define.
	* config/sparc/linux64.h (STARTFILE_SPEC32, STARTFILE_SPEC64):
	Use crtbeginT.o for -static.
	(LINK_EH_SPEC): Define.
	* config/sparc/t-linux64 (EXTRA_MULTILIB_PARTS): Add crtbeginT.o.
	* Makefile.in (crtbeginT.o): Add rule.
	* gcc.c (init_gcc_specs): For -static-libgcc, use -lgcc -lgcc_eh.
	If neither -static-libgcc nor -shared-libgcc is passed and -shared,
	use -lgcc if LINK_EH_SPEC is defined and -lgcc_s -lgcc if not.
	If none of the above switches are passed, use -lgcc -lgcc_eh.
	(init_spec): If LINK_EH_SPEC is defined, prepend it to link_spec.
	* mklibgcc.in: Don't include LIB2ADDEH objects into libgcc.a if
	creating libgcc_s.so, put them into separate libgcc_eh.a instead.
	* unwind-dw2-fde.c: Don't include any headers if this file
	is included from other .c file.
	* unwind-dw2-fde-glibc.c: New file.
	* crtstuff.c (USE_PT_GNU_EH_FRAME, USE_EH_FRAME_REGISTRY): Define.
	Use it instead of EH_FRAME_SECTION_NAME where appropriate.

From-SVN: r48039
2001-12-15 12:49:18 +01:00
..
ada config-lang.in: Update copyright notice 2001-12-14 23:31:14 +01:00
ch cpp.texi: Don't condition menus on @ifinfo. 2001-12-10 11:27:01 +00:00
config configure.in: Check for ld. 2001-12-15 12:49:18 +01:00
cp c-common.h (COMPOUND_STMT_BODY_BLOCK): New macro. 2001-12-13 22:01:59 -05:00
doc builtins.def: Rename BUILT_IN_FSQRT to BUILT_IN_SQRT and __builtin_fsqrt to __builtin_sqrt. 2001-12-14 22:06:35 +01:00
f Daily bump. 2001-12-15 08:16:09 +00:00
fixinc config.gcc (alpha*-dec-vms*): Change to alpha*-dec-*vms* 2001-12-10 06:18:34 -05:00
ginclude
intl * intl/localealias.c (strings.h): Include. 2001-12-11 08:23:40 -05:00
java java-tree.h (otable_methods, [...]): New field/global tree definitions. 2001-12-15 08:31:49 +00:00
objc Fixed compilation of bitfields of enumerations in args and ivars 2001-12-12 10:41:48 +00:00
po es.po: Update to 3.0 template. 2001-12-11 20:29:50 +00:00
testsuite * testsuite/gcc.dg/20011214-1.c: New. 2001-12-15 04:04:28 +00:00
.cvsignore
ABOUT-GCC-NLS
ABOUT-NLS
acconfig.h
aclocal.m4
alias.c ChangeLog.2, [...]: Fix spelling errors. 2001-12-09 20:13:19 +00:00
attribs.c attribs.c (c_common_attribute_table): Swap decl_req and type_req for the mode attribute. 2001-12-14 06:36:14 +00:00
basic-block.h basic-block.h (flow_preorder_transversal_compute): Declare. 2001-12-12 05:01:32 +00:00
bb-reorder.c
bitmap.c
bitmap.h
builtin-attrs.def
builtin-types.def builtin-types.def (BT_FN_VOID_PTR_VAR): New. 2001-12-07 01:42:35 +00:00
builtins.c builtins.c (expand_builtin_memcmp): Mark parameter with ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED. 2001-12-15 04:12:42 +00:00
builtins.def builtins.def: Rename BUILT_IN_FSQRT to BUILT_IN_SQRT and __builtin_fsqrt to __builtin_sqrt. 2001-12-14 22:06:35 +01:00
c-aux-info.c
c-common.c c-common.c (combine_strings): Complain if concatenating __FUNCTION__. 2001-12-11 19:42:34 +00:00
c-common.def re PR c/4787 (Different anonymous variables declared but only one allocated when the initialization is the same) 2001-12-04 22:55:40 +00:00
c-common.h c-common.h (COMPOUND_STMT_BODY_BLOCK): New macro. 2001-12-13 22:01:59 -05:00
c-convert.c
c-decl.c c-parse.in (typename): Do not split attributes. 2001-12-15 04:06:05 +00:00
c-errors.c
c-format.c
c-lang.c re PR c/4787 (Different anonymous variables declared but only one allocated when the initialization is the same) 2001-12-04 22:55:40 +00:00
c-lex.c c-lex.c, [...]: Revert concatenation changes. 2001-12-10 20:08:59 +00:00
c-lex.h
c-objc-common.c
c-parse.in c-parse.in (typename): Do not split attributes. 2001-12-15 04:06:05 +00:00
c-pragma.c
c-pragma.h
c-semantics.c
c-tree.h re PR c/4787 (Different anonymous variables declared but only one allocated when the initialization is the same) 2001-12-04 22:55:40 +00:00
c-typeck.c c-typeck.c (digest_init): Allow initializing static storage duration objects with compound literals. 2001-12-12 20:12:16 +01:00
caller-save.c
calls.c tm.texi (FUNCTION_ARG_REG_LITTLE_ENDIAN): New. 2001-12-11 23:04:36 +00:00
cfg.c * cfg.c: Fix typos and formatting in the introductory comment. 2001-11-21 16:02:09 +00:00
cfganal.c basic-block.h (flow_preorder_transversal_compute): Declare. 2001-12-12 05:01:32 +00:00
cfgbuild.c ChangeLog.2, [...]: Fix spelling errors. 2001-12-09 20:13:19 +00:00
cfgcleanup.c builtins.c (expand_builtin_memcmp): Mark parameter with ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED. 2001-12-15 04:12:42 +00:00
cfglayout.c
cfglayout.h
cfgloop.c
cfgrtl.c cfgrtl.c (verify_flow_info): Allow jump table data in fallthru if CASE_DROPS_THROUGH. 2001-12-05 03:54:51 +00:00
ChangeLog configure.in: Check for ld. 2001-12-15 12:49:18 +01:00
ChangeLog.0
ChangeLog.1
ChangeLog.2 ChangeLog.2, [...]: Fix spelling errors. 2001-12-09 20:13:19 +00:00
ChangeLog.3 ChangeLog.2, [...]: Fix spelling errors. 2001-12-09 20:13:19 +00:00
ChangeLog.4
ChangeLog.5 ChangeLog.2, [...]: Fix spelling errors. 2001-12-09 20:13:19 +00:00
ChangeLog.lib
collect2.c * collect2.c (COLLECT_SHARED_INIT_FUNC) 2001-12-13 14:24:03 +00:00
collect2.h
combine.c combine.c (record_dead_and_set_regs): Use regs_invalidated_by_call. 2001-12-14 21:20:03 +00:00
conditions.h
config.gcc configure.in: Check for ld. 2001-12-15 12:49:18 +01:00
config.guess
config.in configure.in: Check for ld. 2001-12-15 12:49:18 +01:00
configure configure.in: Check for ld. 2001-12-15 12:49:18 +01:00
configure.frag
configure.in configure.in: Check for ld. 2001-12-15 12:49:18 +01:00
conflict.c
convert.c
convert.h
COPYING
COPYING.LIB
cppdefault.c
cppdefault.h
cpperror.c
cppexp.c
cppfiles.c cppfiles.c (read_include_file): Set buffer size properly when file is shorter than expected. 2001-12-12 07:42:03 -05:00
cpphash.c
cpphash.h
cppinit.c c-decl.c (grokdeclarator): Use ISO word. 2001-12-03 19:15:19 +00:00
cpplex.c
cpplib.c
cpplib.h
cppmacro.c
cppmain.c
cppspec.c cppspec.c (lang_specific_driver): Set is_cpp_driver. 2001-12-04 22:26:16 +00:00
crtstuff.c configure.in: Check for ld. 2001-12-15 12:49:18 +01:00
cse.c
cselib.c
cselib.h
cstamp-h.in
dbxout.c 1750a.md: Add default case in switch. 2001-12-09 16:31:53 +00:00
dbxout.h
dbxstclass.h
debug.c
debug.h
defaults.h tm.texi (FUNCTION_ARG_REG_LITTLE_ENDIAN): New. 2001-12-11 23:04:36 +00:00
dependence.c
df.c
df.h
diagnostic.c diagnostic.c (sorry): Increment sorrycount before saving the buffer state. 2001-12-14 15:13:55 -05:00
diagnostic.def
diagnostic.h
doloop.c
dominance.c
doschk.c
dwarf2.h
dwarf2asm.c
dwarf2asm.h
dwarf2out.c dwarf2out.c (output_die): Print the string in the comment for a DW_FORM_strp. 2001-12-14 06:15:36 -05:00
dwarf2out.h
dwarf.h
dwarfout.c
emit-rtl.c emit-rtl.c (adjust_address_1): Don't adjust address if adjust is false. 2001-12-13 09:50:02 -08:00
enquire.c
errors.c
errors.h
except.c tweak comment 2001-12-14 06:19:28 -05:00
except.h
explow.c attribs.c (handle_no_check_memory_usage_atribute): Deleted. 2001-12-05 17:37:41 -05:00
expmed.c expmed.c (expand_divmod): Ignore sdiv_pow2_cheap for modes in which there is no divide expander. 2001-12-11 19:00:01 -08:00
expr.c expr.c (expand_expr, [...]): Don't honor flag_force_addr for modifier != EXPAND_CONST_ADDRESS... 2001-12-14 02:16:33 +00:00
expr.h emit-rtl.c (widen_memory_access): New. 2001-12-11 18:47:55 -08:00
final.c ChangeLog.2, [...]: Fix spelling errors. 2001-12-09 20:13:19 +00:00
fix-header.c
fixproto
flags.h predict.c (estimate_probability): Reorganize opcode heuristics. 2001-12-13 11:34:11 +00:00
floatlib.c
flow.c output.h (regno_uninitialized): Make argument unsigned. 2001-12-12 01:53:44 +00:00
fold-const.c ChangeLog.2, [...]: Fix spelling errors. 2001-12-09 20:13:19 +00:00
fp-test.c
FSFChangeLog
FSFChangeLog.10
FSFChangeLog.11
function.c ChangeLog.2, [...]: Fix spelling errors. 2001-12-09 20:13:19 +00:00
function.h attribs.c (handle_no_check_memory_usage_atribute): Deleted. 2001-12-05 17:37:41 -05:00
future.options
gbl-ctors.h
gcc.c configure.in: Check for ld. 2001-12-15 12:49:18 +01:00
gcc.h
gcc.hlp
gccbug.in
gccspec.c
gcov-io.h
gcov.c
gcse.c gcse.c (store_killed_in_insn): Consider pure calls as potential store killers in addition to normal calls. 2001-12-05 15:17:49 +01:00
gdbinit.in
gen-protos.c
genattr.c
genattrtab.c
gencheck.c
gencodes.c
genconfig.c
genconstants.c
genemit.c 1750a.md: Add default case in switch. 2001-12-09 16:31:53 +00:00
genextract.c
genflags.c
gengenrtl.c
genmultilib
genopinit.c
genoutput.c
genpeep.c
genpreds.c
genrecog.c
gensupport.c
gensupport.h
ggc-callbacks.c
ggc-common.c
ggc-none.c
ggc-page.c
ggc-simple.c
ggc.h
glimits.h
global.c
gmon.c
graph.c
graph.h
gstab.h
gsyms.h
gsyslimits.h
gthr-aix.h
gthr-dce.h
gthr-posix.h
gthr-rtems.h
gthr-single.h
gthr-solaris.h
gthr-vxworks.h
gthr-win32.h
gthr.h
haifa-sched.c
halfpic.c
halfpic.h
hard-reg-set.h
hash.c
hash.h
hashtable.c
hashtable.h
hwint.h hwint.h (HOST_BITS_PER_LONGLONG): Deal with __int64 type. 2001-12-09 20:56:37 -05:00
ifcvt.c
input.h
insn-addr.h 1750a.md: Add default case in switch. 2001-12-09 16:31:53 +00:00
integrate.c
integrate.h
intl.c
intl.h
jump.c
langhooks-def.h langhooks.h (struct lang_hooks_for_tree_inlining): Add start_inlining, end_inlining. 2001-12-05 18:48:19 -05:00
langhooks.c * langhooks.c (lhd_staticp): Mark parameter with ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED. 2001-12-06 18:15:46 +00:00
langhooks.h langhooks.h (struct lang_hooks_for_tree_inlining): Add start_inlining, end_inlining. 2001-12-05 18:48:19 -05:00
LANGUAGES
lcm.c
libfuncs.h attribs.c (handle_no_check_memory_usage_atribute): Deleted. 2001-12-05 17:37:41 -05:00
libgcc2.c * libgcc2.c (_bb): Remove ctime declaration. 2001-12-11 08:18:18 -05:00
libgcc2.h
libgcc-std.ver
limitx.h
limity.h
line-map.c
line-map.h
lists.c
local-alloc.c
longlong.h
loop.c Update whitespace. 2001-12-13 09:23:21 -05:00
loop.h predict.c (estimate_probability): Reorganize opcode heuristics. 2001-12-13 11:34:11 +00:00
machmode.def
machmode.h
main.c
Makefile.in configure.in: Check for ld. 2001-12-15 12:49:18 +01:00
mbchar.c
mbchar.h
mips-tdump.c
mips-tfile.c
mkconfig.sh
mkdeps.c
mkdeps.h
mkinstalldirs
mklibgcc.in configure.in: Check for ld. 2001-12-15 12:49:18 +01:00
mkmap-flat.awk
mkmap-symver.awk
move-if-change
ONEWS
optabs.c attribs.c (handle_no_check_memory_usage_atribute): Deleted. 2001-12-05 18:33:53 -05:00
optabs.h
output.h output.h (regno_uninitialized): Make argument unsigned. 2001-12-12 01:53:44 +00:00
params.c
params.def
params.h
predict.c * predict.c (estimate_probability): Fix LOOP_EXIT heuristic. 2001-12-14 21:28:49 +00:00
predict.def predict.c (estimate_probability): Reorganize opcode heuristics. 2001-12-13 11:34:11 +00:00
predict.h
prefix.c
prefix.h
print-rtl.c
print-tree.c Fix line wrap in copyright notice. 2001-12-05 06:54:04 -05:00
profile.c
protoize.c
read-rtl.c
README-fixinc
README.Portability
real.c
real.h
recog.c recog.c (validate_replace_rtx_1): Use simplify_gen_binary instead of plus_constant. 2001-12-12 17:21:52 -08:00
recog.h
reg-stack.c
regclass.c
regmove.c
regrename.c builtins.c (expand_builtin_memcmp): Mark parameter with ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED. 2001-12-15 04:12:42 +00:00
regs.h
reload1.c
reload.c gcse.c (delete_null_pointer_checks_1): Do not use delelete_list; call purge_dead_edges after removing. 2001-12-03 15:22:47 +00:00
reload.h
reorg.c
resource.c
resource.h
rtl-error.c
rtl.c rtl.c (rtx_equal_p): Check for null pointers when comparing rtx strings. 2001-12-08 06:11:25 +00:00
rtl.def rtl.def (PREFETCH): New rtx code. 2001-12-04 00:47:14 +00:00
rtl.h regrename.c (copyprop_hardreg_forward): New optimization. 2001-12-12 14:50:05 -08:00
rtlanal.c * rtlanal.c (get_jump_table_offset): Delete unused variable. 2001-12-08 11:22:57 +00:00
sbitmap.c
sbitmap.h
scan-decls.c
scan-types.sh
scan.c
scan.h
sched-deps.c
sched-ebb.c
sched-int.h
sched-rgn.c sched-rgn.c (CONST_BASED_ADDRESS_P): CONST_INT -> CONSTANT_P. 2001-12-11 22:50:35 +00:00
sched-vis.c rtl.def (PREFETCH): New rtx code. 2001-12-04 00:47:14 +00:00
sdbout.c
sdbout.h
SERVICE
sibcall.c
simplify-rtx.c recog.c (validate_replace_rtx_1): Use simplify_gen_binary instead of plus_constant. 2001-12-12 17:21:52 -08:00
sort-protos
ssa-ccp.c
ssa-dce.c rtl.def (PREFETCH): New rtx code. 2001-12-04 00:47:14 +00:00
ssa.c
ssa.h
stab.def
stack.h
stmt.c stmt.c (expand_end_case): Do subtraction of lower bound as trees to avoid overflow. 2001-12-12 07:44:46 -05:00
stor-layout.c tm.texi (FUNCTION_ARG_REG_LITTLE_ENDIAN): New. 2001-12-11 23:04:36 +00:00
stringpool.c
sys-protos.h
sys-types.h
system.h
target-def.h
target.h
timevar.c
timevar.def
timevar.h
tlink.c
toplev.c toplev.c (process_options, [...]): Set flag_no_inline before the post_options hook. 2001-12-13 21:37:27 +00:00
toplev.h
tradcif.y
tradcpp.c c-decl.c (grokdeclarator): Use ISO word. 2001-12-03 19:15:19 +00:00
tradcpp.h
tree-dump.c
tree-dump.h
tree-inline.c tree.c (get_callee_fndecl): Move DECL_ABSTRACT_ORIGIN-following... 2001-12-06 17:58:23 +00:00
tree-inline.h
tree.c c-common.c (type_for_mode): Handle unsigned vectors. 2001-12-11 19:33:39 +00:00
tree.def
tree.h c-common.c (type_for_mode): Handle unsigned vectors. 2001-12-11 19:33:39 +00:00
tsystem.h
typeclass.h
unprotoize.c
unroll.c
unwind-dw2-fde-glibc.c configure.in: Check for ld. 2001-12-15 12:49:18 +01:00
unwind-dw2-fde.c configure.in: Check for ld. 2001-12-15 12:49:18 +01:00
unwind-dw2-fde.h
unwind-dw2.c * unwind-dw2.c (execute_cfa_program): Fix DW_CFA_restore handling. 2001-12-11 18:27:14 +01:00
unwind-pe.h
unwind-sjlj.c
unwind.h
unwind.inc
varasm.c * varasm.c (output_constant, case ERROR_MARK): New case. 2001-12-05 17:52:05 -05:00
varray.c
varray.h
version.c Daily bump. 2001-12-15 08:16:09 +00:00
version.h
vmsdbg.h hwint.h (HOST_BITS_PER_LONGLONG): Deal with __int64 type. 2001-12-09 20:56:37 -05:00
vmsdbgout.c * vmsdbgout.c (lookup_filename): Remove warning. 2001-12-10 06:22:17 -05:00
xcoffout.c
xcoffout.h

Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

This file is intended to contain a few notes about writing C code
within GCC so that it compiles without error on the full range of
compilers GCC needs to be able to compile on.

The problem is that many ISO-standard constructs are not accepted by
either old or buggy compilers, and we keep getting bitten by them.
This knowledge until know has been sparsely spread around, so I
thought I'd collect it in one useful place.  Please add and correct
any problems as you come across them.

I'm going to start from a base of the ISO C89 standard, since that is
probably what most people code to naturally.  Obviously using
constructs introduced after that is not a good idea.

The first section of this file deals strictly with portability issues,
the second with common coding pitfalls.


			Portability Issues
			==================

Unary +
-------

K+R C compilers and preprocessors have no notion of unary '+'.  Thus
the following code snippet contains 2 portability problems.

int x = +2;  /* int x = 2;  */
#if +1       /* #if 1  */
#endif


Pointers to void
----------------

K+R C compilers did not have a void pointer, and used char * as the
pointer to anything.  The macro PTR is defined as either void * or
char * depending on whether you have a standards compliant compiler or
a K+R one.  Thus

  free ((void *) h->value.expansion);

should be written

  free ((PTR) h->value.expansion);

Further, an initial investigation indicates that pointers to functions
returning void are okay.  Thus the example given by "Calling functions
through pointers to functions" below appears not to cause a problem.


String literals
---------------

Some SGI compilers choke on the parentheses in:-

const char string[] = ("A string");

This is unfortunate since this is what the GNU gettext macro N_
produces.  You need to find a different way to code it.

K+R C did not allow concatenation of string literals like

  "This is a " "single string literal".

Moreover, some compilers like MSVC++ have fairly low limits on the
maximum length of a string literal; 509 is the lowest we've come
across.  You may need to break up a long printf statement into many
smaller ones.


Empty macro arguments
---------------------

ISO C (6.8.3 in the 1990 standard) specifies the following:

If (before argument substitution) any argument consists of no
preprocessing tokens, the behavior is undefined.

This was relaxed by ISO C99, but some older compilers emit an error,
so code like

#define foo(x, y) x y
foo (bar, )

needs to be coded in some other way.


signed keyword
--------------

The signed keyword did not exist in K+R compilers; it was introduced
in ISO C89, so you cannot use it.  In both K+R and standard C,
unqualified char and bitfields may be signed or unsigned.  There is no
way to portably declare signed chars or signed bitfields.

All other arithmetic types are signed unless you use the 'unsigned'
qualifier.  For instance, it is safe to write

  short paramc;

instead of

  signed short paramc;

If you have an algorithm that depends on signed char or signed
bitfields, you must find another way to write it before it can be
integrated into GCC.


Function prototypes
-------------------

You need to provide a function prototype for every function before you
use it, and functions must be defined K+R style.  The function
prototype should use the PARAMS macro, which takes a single argument.
Therefore the parameter list must be enclosed in parentheses.  For
example,

int myfunc PARAMS ((double, int *));

int
myfunc (var1, var2)
	double var1;
	int *var2;
{
  ...
}

You also need to use PARAMS when referring to function protypes in
other circumstances, for example see "Calling functions through
pointers to functions" below.

Variable-argument functions are best described by example:-

void cpp_ice PARAMS ((cpp_reader *, const char *msgid, ...));

void
cpp_ice VPARAMS ((cpp_reader *pfile, const char *msgid, ...))
{  
#ifndef ANSI_PROTOTYPES
  cpp_reader *pfile;
  const char *msgid;
#endif
  va_list ap;
  
  VA_START (ap, msgid);
  
#ifndef ANSI_PROTOTYPES
  pfile = va_arg (ap, cpp_reader *);
  msgid = va_arg (ap, const char *);
#endif

  ...
  va_end (ap);
}

For the curious, here are the definitions of the above macros.  See
ansidecl.h for the definitions of the above macros and more.

#define PARAMS(paramlist)  paramlist  /* ISO C.  */
#define VPARAMS(args)   args

#define PARAMS(paramlist)  ()         /* K+R C.  */
#define VPARAMS(args)   (va_alist) va_dcl

One aspect of using K+R style function declarations, is you cannot
have arguments whose types are char, short, or float, since without
prototypes (ie, K+R rules), these types are promoted to int, int, and
double respectively.

Calling functions through pointers to functions
-----------------------------------------------

K+R C compilers require parentheses around the dereferenced function
pointer expression in the call, whereas ISO C relaxes the syntax.  For
example

typedef void (* cl_directive_handler) PARAMS ((cpp_reader *, const char *));
      *p->handler (pfile, p->arg);

needs to become

      (*p->handler) (pfile, p->arg);


Macros
------

The rules under K+R C and ISO C for achieving stringification and
token pasting are quite different.  Therefore some macros have been
defined which will get it right depending upon the compiler.

  CONCAT2(a,b) CONCAT3(a,b,c) and CONCAT4(a,b,c,d)

will paste the tokens passed as arguments.  You must not leave any
space around the commas.  Also,

  STRINGX(x)

will stringify an argument; to get the same result on K+R and ISO
compilers x should not have spaces around it.


Passing structures by value
---------------------------

Avoid passing structures by value, either to or from functions.  It
seems some K+R compilers handle this differently or not at all.


Enums
-----

In K+R C, you have to cast enum types to use them as integers, and
some compilers in particular give lots of warnings for using an enum
as an array index.


Bitfields
---------

See also "signed keyword" above.  In K+R C only unsigned int bitfields
were defined (i.e. unsigned char, unsigned short, unsigned long.
Using plain int/short/long was not allowed).


free and realloc
----------------

Some implementations crash upon attempts to free or realloc the null
pointer.  Thus if mem might be null, you need to write

  if (mem)
    free (mem);


Reserved Keywords
-----------------

K+R C has "entry" as a reserved keyword, so you should not use it for
your variable names.


Type promotions
---------------

K+R used unsigned-preserving rules for arithmetic expresssions, while
ISO uses value-preserving.  This means an unsigned char compared to an
int is done as an unsigned comparison in K+R (since unsigned char
promotes to unsigned) while it is signed in ISO (since all of the
values in unsigned char fit in an int, it promotes to int).

Trigraphs
---------

You weren't going to use them anyway, but trigraphs were not defined
in K+R C, and some otherwise ISO C compliant compilers do not accept
them.


Suffixes on Integer Constants
-----------------------------

K+R C did not accept a 'u' suffix on integer constants.  If you want
to declare a constant to be be unsigned, you must use an explicit
cast.

You should never use a 'l' suffix on integer constants ('L' is fine),
since it can easily be confused with the number '1'.


			Common Coding Pitfalls
			======================

errno
-----

errno might be declared as a macro.


Implicit int
------------

In C, the 'int' keyword can often be omitted from type declarations.
For instance, you can write

  unsigned variable;

as shorthand for

  unsigned int variable;

There are several places where this can cause trouble.  First, suppose
'variable' is a long; then you might think

  (unsigned) variable

would convert it to unsigned long.  It does not.  It converts to
unsigned int.  This mostly causes problems on 64-bit platforms, where
long and int are not the same size.

Second, if you write a function definition with no return type at
all:

  operate(a, b)
      int a, b;
  {
    ...
  }

that function is expected to return int, *not* void.  GCC will warn
about this.  K+R C has no problem with 'void' as a return type, so you
need not worry about that.

Implicit function declarations always have return type int.  So if you
correct the above definition to

  void
  operate(a, b)
      int a, b;
  ...

but operate() is called above its definition, you will get an error
about a "type mismatch with previous implicit declaration".  The cure
is to prototype all functions at the top of the file, or in an
appropriate header.

Char vs unsigned char vs int
----------------------------

In C, unqualified 'char' may be either signed or unsigned; it is the
implementation's choice.  When you are processing 7-bit ASCII, it does
not matter.  But when your program must handle arbitrary binary data,
or fully 8-bit character sets, you have a problem.  The most obvious
issue is if you have a look-up table indexed by characters.

For instance, the character '\341' in ISO Latin 1 is SMALL LETTER A
WITH ACUTE ACCENT.  In the proper locale, isalpha('\341') will be
true.  But if you read '\341' from a file and store it in a plain
char, isalpha(c) may look up character 225, or it may look up
character -31.  And the ctype table has no entry at offset -31, so
your program will crash.  (If you're lucky.)

It is wise to use unsigned char everywhere you possibly can.  This
avoids all these problems.  Unfortunately, the routines in <string.h>
take plain char arguments, so you have to remember to cast them back
and forth - or avoid the use of strxxx() functions, which is probably
a good idea anyway.

Another common mistake is to use either char or unsigned char to
receive the result of getc() or related stdio functions.  They may
return EOF, which is outside the range of values representable by
char.  If you use char, some legal character value may be confused
with EOF, such as '\377' (SMALL LETTER Y WITH UMLAUT, in Latin-1).
The correct choice is int.

A more subtle version of the same mistake might look like this:

  unsigned char pushback[NPUSHBACK];
  int pbidx;
  #define unget(c) (assert(pbidx < NPUSHBACK), pushback[pbidx++] = (c))
  #define get(c) (pbidx ? pushback[--pbidx] : getchar())
  ...
  unget(EOF);

which will mysteriously turn a pushed-back EOF into a SMALL LETTER Y
WITH UMLAUT.


Other common pitfalls
---------------------

o Expecting 'plain' char to be either sign or unsigned extending

o Shifting an item by a negative amount or by greater than or equal to
  the number of bits in a type (expecting shifts by 32 to be sensible
  has caused quite a number of bugs at least in the early days).

o Expecting ints shifted right to be sign extended.

o Modifying the same value twice within one sequence point.

o Host vs. target floating point representation, including emitting NaNs
  and Infinities in a form that the assembler handles.

o qsort being an unstable sort function (unstable in the sense that
  multiple items that sort the same may be sorted in different orders
  by different qsort functions).

o Passing incorrect types to fprintf and friends.

o Adding a function declaration for a module declared in another file to
  a .c file instead of to a .h file.