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Update. 

* manual/resource.texi: Document POSIX scheduling functions.
	Patch by Bryan Henderson <bryanh@giraffe-data.com>.
This commit is contained in:
Ulrich Drepper 2000-05-07 23:11:01 +00:00
parent 6ac52e83bd
commit 639c6286de
2 changed files with 655 additions and 52 deletions
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@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
2000-05-07 Ulrich Drepper <drepper@redhat.com>
* manual/resource.texi: Document POSIX scheduling functions.
Patch by Bryan Henderson <bryanh@giraffe-data.com>.
* inet/rcmd.c (rcmd_af): errno is not set if read returns without
reading anything. Reported by Andries.Brouwer@cwi.nl.

704
manual/resource.texi
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@ -511,19 +511,615 @@ The process tried to set its current limit beyond its maximum limit.
@end deftypefun
@node Priority
@section Process Priority
@section Process CPU Priority And Scheduling
@cindex process priority
@cindex cpu priority
@cindex priority of a process
@pindex sys/resource.h
When several processes try to run, their respective priorities determine
what share of the CPU each process gets. This section describes how you
can read and set the priority of a process. All these functions and
macros are declared in @file{sys/resource.h}.
When multiple processes simultaneously require CPU time, the system's
scheduling policy and process CPU priorities determine which processes
get it. This section describes how that determination is made and
GNU C library functions to control it.
The range of valid priority values depends on the operating system, but
typically it runs from @code{-20} to @code{20}. A lower priority value
means the process runs more often. These constants describe the range of
It is common to refer to CPU scheduling simply as scheduling and a
process' CPU priority simply as the process' priority, with the CPU
resource being implied. Bear in mind, though, that CPU time is not the
only resource a process uses or that processes contend for. In some
cases, it is not even particularly important. Giving a process a high
``priority'' may have very little effect on how fast a process runs with
respect to other processes. The priorities discussed in this section
apply only to CPU time.
CPU scheduling is a complex issue and different systems do it in wildly
different ways. New ideas continually develop and find their way into
the intricacies of the various systems' scheduling algorithms. This
section discusses the general concepts, some specifics of systems
that commonly use the GNU C library, and some standards.
For simplicity, we talk about CPU contention as if there is only one CPU
in the system. But all the same principles apply when a processor has
multiple CPUs, and knowing that the number of processes that can run at
any one time is equal to the number of CPUs, you can easily extrapolate
the information.
The functions described in this section are all defined by the POSIX.1
and POSIX.1b standards (the @code{sched...} functions are POSIX.1b).
However, POSIX does not define any semantics for the values that these
functions get and set. In this chapter, the semantics are based on the
Linux kernel's implementation of the POSIX standard. As you will see,
the Linux implementation is quite the inverse of what the authors of the
POSIX syntax had in mind.
@menu
* Absolute Priority:: The first tier of priority. Posix
* Realtime Scheduling:: Scheduling among the process nobility
* Basic Scheduling Functions:: Get/set scheduling policy, priority
* Traditional Scheduling:: Scheduling among the vulgar masses
@end menu
@node Absolute Priority
@subsection Absolute Priority
@cindex absolute priority
@cindex priority, absolute
Every process has an absolute priority, and it is represented by a number.
The higher the number, the higher the absolute priority.
@cindex realtime CPU scheduling
On systems of the past, and most systems today, all processes have
absolute priority 0 and this section is irrelevant. In that case,
@xref{Traditional Scheduling}. Absolute priorities were invented to
accomodate realtime systems, in which it is vital that certain processes
be able to respond to external events happening in real time, which
means they cannot wait around while some other process that @emph{wants
to}, but doesn't @emph{need to} run occupies the CPU.
@cindex ready to run
@cindex preemptive scheduling
When two processes are in contention to use the CPU at any instant, the
one with the higher absolute priority always gets it. This is true even if the
process with the lower priority is already using the CPU (i.e. the
scheduling is preemptive). Of course, we're only talking about
processes that are running or ``ready to run,'' which means they are
ready to execute instructions right now. When a process blocks to wait
for something like I/O, its absolute priority is irrelevant.
@cindex runnable process
@strong{Note:} The term ``runnable'' is a synonym for ``ready to run.''
When two processes are running or ready to run and both have the same
absolute priority, it's more interesting. In that case, who gets the
CPU is determined by the scheduling policy. If the processeses have
absolute priority 0, the traditional scheduling policy described in
@ref{Traditional Scheduling} applies. Otherwise, the policies described
in @ref{Realtime Scheduling} apply.
You normally give an absolute priority above 0 only to a process that
can be trusted not to hog the CPU. Such processes are designed to block
(or terminate) after relatively short CPU runs.
A process begins life with the same absolute priority as its parent
process. Functions described in @ref{Basic Scheduling Functions} can
change it.
Only a privileged process can change a process' absolute priority to
something other than @code{0}. Only a privileged process or the
target process' owner can change its absolute priority at all.
POSIX requires absolute priority values used with the realtime
scheduling policies to be consecutive with a range of at least 32. On
Linux, they are 1 through 99. The functions
@code{sched_get_priority_max} and @code{sched_set_priority_min} portably
tell you what the range is on a particular system.
@subsubsection Using Absolute Priority
One thing you must keep in mind when designing real time applications is
that having higher absolute priority than any other process doesn't
guarantee the process can run continuously. Two things that can wreck a
good CPU run are interrupts and page faults.
Interrupt handlers live in that limbo between processes. The CPU is
executing instructions, but they aren't part of any process. An
interrupt will stop even the highest priority process. So you must
allow for slight delays and make sure that no device in the system has
an interrupt handler that could cause too long a delay between
instructions for your process.
Similarly, a page fault causes what looks like a straightforward
sequence of instructions to take a long time. The fact that other
processes get to run while the page faults in is of no consequence,
because as soon as the I/O is complete, the high priority process will
kick them out and run again, but the wait for the I/O itself could be a
problem. To neutralize this threat, use @code{mlock} or
@code{mlockall}.
There are a few ramifications of the absoluteness of this priority on a
single-CPU system that you need to keep in mind when you choose to set a
priority and also when you're working on a program that runs with high
absolute priority. Consider a process that has higher absolute priority
than any other process in the system and due to a bug in its program, it
gets into an infinite loop. It will never cede the CPU. You can't run
a command to kill it because your command would need to get the CPU in
order to run. The errant program is in complete control. It controls
the vertical, it controls the horizontal.
There are two ways to avoid this: 1) keep a shell running somewhere with
a higher absolute priority. 2) keep a controlling terminal attached to
the high priority process group. All the priority in the world won't
stop an interrupt handler from running and delivering a signal to the
process if you hit Control-C.
Some systems use absolute priority as a means of allocating a fixed per
centage of CPU time to a process. To do this, a super high priority
privileged process constantly monitors the process' CPU usage and raises
its absolute priority when the process isn't getting its entitled share
and lowers it when the process is exceeding it.
@strong{Note:} The absolute priority is sometimes called the ``static
priority.'' We don't use that term in this manual because it misses the
most important feature of the absolute priority: its absoluteness.
@node Realtime Scheduling
@subsection Realtime Scheduling
@comment realtime scheduling
Whenever two processes with the same absolute priority are ready to run,
the kernel has a decision to make, because only one can run at a time.
If the processes have absolute priority 0, the kernel makes this decision
as described in @ref{Traditional Scheduling}. Otherwise, the decision
is as described in this section.
If two processes are ready to run but have different absolute priorities,
the decision is much simpler, and is described in @ref{Absolute
Priority}.
Each process has a scheduling policy. For processes with absolute
priority other than zero, there are two available:
@enumerate
@item
First Come First Served
@item
Round Robin
@end enumerate
The most sensible case is where all the processes with a certain
absolute priority have the same scheduling policy. We'll discuss that
first.
In Round Robin, processes share the CPU, each one running for a small
quantum of time (``time slice'') and then yielding to another in a
circular fashion. Of course, only processes that are ready to run and
have the same absolute priority are in this circle.
In First Come First Served, the process that has been waiting the
longest to run gets the CPU, and it keeps it until it voluntarily
relinquishes the CPU, runs out of things to do (blocks), or gets
preempted by a higher priority process.
First Come First Served, along with maximal absolute priority and
careful control of interrupts and page faults, is the one to use when a
process absolutely, positively has to run at full CPU speed or not at
all.
Judicious use of @code{sched_yield} function invocations by processes
with First Come First Served scheduling policy forms a good compromise
between Round Robin and First Come First Served.
To understand how scheduling works when processes of different scheduling
policies occupy the same absolute priority, you have to know the nitty
gritty details of how processes enter and exit the ready to run list:
In both cases, the ready to run list is organized as a true queue, where
a process gets pushed onto the tail when it becomes ready to run and is
popped off the head when the scheduler decides to run it. Note that
ready to run and running are two mutually exclusive states. When the
scheduler runs a process, that process is no longer ready to run and no
longer in the ready to run list. When the process stops running, it
may go back to being ready to run again.
The only difference between a process that is assigned the Round Robin
scheduling policy and a process that is assigned First Come First Serve
is that in the former case, the process is automatically booted off the
CPU after a certain amount of time. When that happens, the process goes
back to being ready to run, which means it enters the queue at the tail.
The time quantum we're talking about is small. Really small. This is
not your father's timesharing. For example, with the Linux kernel, the
round robin time slice is a thousand times shorter than its typical
time slice for traditional scheduling.
A process begins life with the same scheduling policy as its parent process.
Functions described in @ref{Basic Scheduling Functions} can change it.
Only a privileged process can set the scheduling policy of a process
that has absolute priority higher than 0.
@node Basic Scheduling Functions
@subsection Basic Scheduling Functions
This section describes functions in the GNU C library for setting the
absolute priority and scheduling policy of a process.
@strong{Portability Note:} On systems that have the functions in this
section, the macro _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING is defined in
@file{<unistd.h>}.
For the case that the scheduling policy is traditional scheduling, more
functions to fine tune the scheduling are in @ref{Traditional Scheduling}.
Don't try to make too much out of the naming and structure of these
functions. They don't match the concepts described in this manual
because the functions are as defined by POSIX.1b, but the implementation
on systems that use the GNU C library is the inverse of what the POSIX
structure contemplates. The POSIX scheme assumes that the primary
scheduling parameter is the scheduling policy and that the priority
value, if any, is a parameter of the scheduling policy. In the
implementation, though, the priority value is king and the scheduling
policy, if anything, only fine tunes the effect of that priority.
The symbols in this section are declared by including file @file{sched.h}.
@comment sched.h
@comment POSIX
@deftp {Data Type} {struct sched_param}
This structure describes an absolute priority.
@table @code
@item int sched_priority
absolute priority value
@end table
@end deftp
@comment sched.h
@comment POSIX
@deftypefun int sched_setscheduler (pid_t @var{pid}, int @var{policy}, const struct sched_param *@var{param})
This function sets both the absolute priority and the scheduling policy
for a process.
It assigns the absolute priority value given by @var{param} and the
scheduling policy @var{policy} to the process with Process ID @var{pid},
or the calling process if @var{pid} is zero. If @var{policy} is
negative, @code{sched_setschedule} keeps the existing scheduling policy.
The following macros represent the valid values for @var{policy}:
@table @code
@item SCHED_OTHER
Traditional Scheduling
@item SCHED_FIFO
First In First Out
@item SCHED_RR
Round Robin
@end table
@c The Linux kernel code (in sched.c) actually reschedules the process,
@c but it puts it at the head of the run queue, so I'm not sure just what
@c the effect is, but it must be subtle.
On success, the return value is @code{0}. Otherwise, it is @code{-1}
and @code{ERRNO} is set accordingly. The @code{errno} values specific
to this function are:
@table @code
@item EPERM
@itemize @bullet
@item
The calling process does not have @code{CAP_SYS_NICE} permission and
@var{policy} is not @code{SCHED_OTHER} (or it's negative and the
existing policy is not @code{SCHED_OTHER}.
@item
The calling process does not have @code{CAP_SYS_NICE} permission and its
owner is not the target process' owner. I.e. the effective uid of the
calling process is neither the effective nor the real uid of process
@var{pid}.
@c We need a cross reference to the capabilities section, when written.
@end itemize
@item ESRCH
There is no process with pid @var{pid} and @var{pid} is not zero.
@item EINVAL
@itemize @bullet
@item
@var{policy} does not identify an existing scheduling policy.
@item
The absolute priority value identified by *@var{param} is outside the
valid range for the scheduling policy @var{policy} (or the existing
scheduling policy if @var{policy} is negative) or @var{param} is
null. @code{sched_get_priority_max} and @code{sched_get_priority_min}
tell you what the valid range is.
@item
@var{pid} is negative.
@end itemize
@end table
@end deftypefun
@comment sched.h
@comment POSIX
@deftypefun int sched_getscheduler (pid_t @var{pid})
This function returns the scheduling policy assigned to the process with
Process ID (pid) @var{pid}, or the calling process if @var{pid} is zero.
The return value is the scheduling policy. See
@code{sched_setscheduler} for the possible values.
If the function fails, the return value is instead @code{-1} and
@code{errno} is set accordingly.
The @code{errno} values specific to this function are:
@table @code
@item ESRCH
There is no process with pid @var{pid} and it is not zero.
@item EINVAL
@var{pid} is negative.
@end table
Note that this function is not an exact mate to @code{sched_setscheduler}
because while that function sets the scheduling policy and the absolute
priority, this function gets only the scheduling policy. To get the
absolute priority, use @code{sched_getparam}.
@end deftypefun
@comment sched.h
@comment POSIX
@deftypefun int sched_setparam (pid_t @var{pid}, const struct sched_param *@var{param})
This function sets a process' absolute priority.
It is functionally identical to @code{sched_setscheduler} with
@var{policy} = @code{-1}.
@c in fact, that's how it's implemented in Linux.
@end deftypefun
@comment sched.h
@comment POSIX
@deftypefun int sched_getparam (pid_t @var{pid}, const struct sched_param *@var{param})
This function returns a process' absolute priority.
@var{pid} is the Process ID (pid) of the process whose absolute priority
you want to know.
@var{param} is a pointer to a structure in which the function stores the
absolute priority of the process.
On success, the return value is @code{0}. Otherwise, it is @code{-1}
and @code{ERRNO} is set accordingly. The @code{errno} values specific
to this function are:
@table @code
@item ESRCH
There is no process with pid @var{pid} and it is not zero.
@item EINVAL
@var{pid} is negative.
@end table
@end deftypefun
@comment sched.h
@comment POSIX
@deftypefun int sched_get_priority_min (int *@var{policy});
This function returns the lowest absolute priority value that is
allowable for a process with scheduling policy @var{policy}.
On Linux, it is 0 for SCHED_OTHER and 1 for everything else.
On success, the return value is @code{0}. Otherwise, it is @code{-1}
and @code{ERRNO} is set accordingly. The @code{errno} values specific
to this function are:
@table @code
@item EINVAL
@var{policy} does not identify an existing scheduling policy.
@end table
@end deftypefun
@comment sched.h
@comment POSIX
@deftypefun int sched_set_priority_max (int *@var{policy});
This function returns the highest absolute priority value that is
allowable for a process that with scheduling policy @var{policy}.
On Linux, it is 0 for SCHED_OTHER and 99 for everything else.
On success, the return value is @code{0}. Otherwise, it is @code{-1}
and @code{ERRNO} is set accordingly. The @code{errno} values specific
to this function are:
@table @code
@item EINVAL
@var{policy} does not identify an existing scheduling policy.
@end table
@end deftypefun
@comment sched.h
@comment POSIX
@deftypefun int sched_rr_get_interval (pid_t @var{pid}, struct timespec *@var{interval})
This function returns the length of the quantum (time slice) used with
the Round Robin scheduling policy, if it is used, for the process with
Process ID @var{pid}.
It returns the length of time as @var{interval}.
@c We need a cross-reference to where timespec is explained. But that
@c section doesn't exist yet, and the time chapter needs to be slightly
@c reorganized so there is a place to put it (which will be right next
@c to timeval, which is presently misplaced). 2000.05.07.
With a Linux kernel, the round robin time slice is always 150
microseconds, and @var{pid} need not even be a real pid.
The return value is @code{0} on success and in the pathological case
that it fails, the return value is @code{-1} and @code{errno} is set
accordingly. There is nothing specific that can go wrong with this
function, so there are no specific @code{errno} values.
@end deftypefun
@comment sched.h
@comment POSIX
@deftypefun sched_yield (void)
This function voluntarily gives up the process' claim on the CPU.
Technically, @code{sched_yield} causes the calling process to be made
immediately ready to run (as opposed to running, which is what it was
before). This means that if it has absolute priority higher than 0, it
gets pushed onto the tail of the queue of processes that share its
absolute priority and are ready to run, and it will run again when its
turn next arrives. If its absolute priority is 0, it is more
complicated, but still has the effect of yielding the CPU to other
processes.
If there are no other processes that share the calling process' absolute
priority, this function doesn't have any effect.
To the extent that the containing program is oblivious to what other
processes in the system are doing and how fast it executes, this
function appears as a no-op.
The return value is @code{0} on success and in the pathological case
that it fails, the return value is @code{-1} and @code{errno} is set
accordingly. There is nothing specific that can go wrong with this
function, so there are no specific @code{errno} values.
@end deftypefun
@node Traditional Scheduling
@subsection Traditional Scheduling
@cindex scheduling, traditional
This section is about the scheduling among processes whose absolute
priority is 0. When the system hands out the scraps of CPU time that
are left over after the processes with higher absolulte priority have
taken all they want, the scheduling described herein determines who
among the great unwashed processes gets them.
@menu
* Traditional Scheduling Intro::
* Traditional Scheduling Functions::
@end menu
@node Traditional Scheduling Intro
@subsubsection Introduction To Traditional Scheduling
Long before there was absolute priority (See @ref{Absolute Priority}),
Unix systems were scheduling the CPU using this system. When Posix came
in like the Romans and imposed absolute priorities to accomodate the
needs of realtime processing, it left the indigenous Absolute Priority
Zero processes to govern themselves by their own familiar scheduling
policy.
Indeed, absolute priorities higher than zero are not available on many
systems today and are not typically used when they are, being intended
mainly for computers that do realtime processing. So this section
describes the only scheduling many programmers need to be concerned
about.
But just to be clear about the scope of this scheduling: Any time a
process with a absolute priority of 0 and a process with an absolute
priority higher than 0 are ready to run at the same time, the one with
absolute priority 0 does not run. If it's already running when the
higher priority ready-to-run process comes into existence, it stops
immediately.
In addition to its absolute priority of zero, every process has another
priority, which we will refer to as "dynamic priority" because it changes
over time. The dynamic priority is meaningless for processes with
an absolute priority higher than zero.
The dynamic priority sometimes determines who gets the next turn on the
CPU. Sometimes it determines how long turns last. Sometimes it
determines whether a process can kick another off the CPU.
In Linux, the value is a combination of these things, but mostly it is
just determines the length of the time slice. The higher a process'
dynamic priority, the longer a shot it gets on the CPU when it gets one.
If it doesn't use up its time slice before giving up the CPU to do
something like wait for I/O, it is favored for getting the CPU back when
it's ready for it, to finish out its time slice. Other than that,
selection of processes for new time slices is basically round robin.
But the scheduler does throw a bone to the low priority processes: A
process' dynamic priority rises every time it is snubbed in the
scheduling process. In Linux, even the fat kid gets to play.
The fluctuation of a process' dynamic priority is regulated by another
value: The ``nice'' value. The nice value is an integer, usually in the
range -20 to 20, and represents an upper limit on a process' dynamic
priority. The higher the nice number, the lower that limit.
On a typical Linux system, for example, a process with a nice value of
20 can get only 10 milliseconds on the CPU at a time, whereas a process
with a nice value of -20 can achieve a high enough priority to get 400
milliseconds.
The idea of the nice value is deferential courtesy. In the beginning,
in the Unix garden of Eden, all processes shared equally in the bounty
of the computer system. But not all processes really need the same
share of CPU time, so the nice value gave a courteous process the
ability to refuse its equal share of CPU time that others might prosper.
Hence, the higher a process' nice value, the nicer the process is.
(Then a snake came along and offered some process a negative nice value
and the system became the crass resource allocation system we know
today).
Dynamic priorities tend upward and downward with an objective of
smoothing out allocation of CPU time and giving quick response time to
infrequent requests. But they never exceed their nice limits, so on a
heavily loaded CPU, the nice value effectively determines how fast a
process runs.
In keeping with the socialistic heritage of Unix process priority, a
process begins life with the same nice value as its parent process and
can raise it at will. A process can also raise the nice value of any
other process owned by the same user (or effective user). But only a
privileged process can lower its nice value. A privileged process can
also raise or lower another process' nice value.
GNU C Library functions for getting and setting nice values are described in
@xref{Traditional Scheduling Functions}.
@node Traditional Scheduling Functions
@subsubsection Functions For Traditional Scheduling
@pindex sys/resource.h
This section describes how you can read and set the nice value of a
process. All these symbols are declared in @file{sys/resource.h}.
The function and macro names are defined by POSIX, and refer to
"priority," but the functions actually have to do with nice values, as
the terms are used both in the manual and POSIX.
The range of valid nice values depends on the kernel, but typically it
runs from @code{-20} to @code{20}. A lower nice value corresponds to
higher priority for the process. These constants describe the range of
priority values:
@table @code
@ -531,24 +1127,49 @@ priority values:
@comment BSD
@item PRIO_MIN
@vindex PRIO_MIN
The smallest valid priority value.
The lowest valid nice value.
@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@item PRIO_MAX
@vindex PRIO_MAX
The largest valid priority value.
The highest valid nice value.
@end table
@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@comment BSD,POSIX
@deftypefun int getpriority (int @var{class}, int @var{id})
Read the priority of a class of processes; @var{class} and @var{id}
Return the nice value of a set of processes; @var{class} and @var{id}
specify which ones (see below). If the processes specified do not all
have the same priority, this returns the smallest value that any of them
have the same nice value, this returns the lowest value that any of them
has.
The return value is the priority value on success, and @code{-1} on
On success, the return value is @code{0}. Otherwise, it is @code{-1}
and @code{ERRNO} is set accordingly. The @code{errno} values specific
to this function are:
@table @code
@item ESRCH
The combination of @var{class} and @var{id} does not match any existing
process.
@item EINVAL
The value of @var{class} is not valid.
@end table
If the return value is @code{-1}, it could indicate failure, or it could
be the nice value. The only way to make certain is to set @code{errno =
0} before calling @code{getpriority}, then use @code{errno != 0}
afterward as the criterion for failure.
@end deftypefun
@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD,POSIX
@deftypefun int setpriority (int @var{class}, int @var{id}, int @var{niceval})
Set the nice value of a set of processes to @var{niceval}; @var{class}
and @var{id} specify which ones (see below).
The return value is the nice value on success, and @code{-1} on
failure. The following @code{errno} error condition are possible for
this function:
@ -557,41 +1178,20 @@ this function:
The combination of @var{class} and @var{id} does not match any existing
process.
@item EINVAL
The value of @var{class} is not valid.
@end table
If the return value is @code{-1}, it could indicate failure, or it
could be the priority value. The only way to make certain is to set
@code{errno = 0} before calling @code{getpriority}, then use @code{errno
!= 0} afterward as the criterion for failure.
@end deftypefun
@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@deftypefun int setpriority (int @var{class}, int @var{id}, int @var{priority})
Set the priority of a class of processes to @var{priority}; @var{class}
and @var{id} specify which ones (see below).
The return value is @code{0} on success and @code{-1} on failure. The
following @code{errno} error condition are defined for this function:
@table @code
@item ESRCH
The combination of @var{class} and @var{id} does not match any existing
process.
@item EINVAL
The value of @var{class} is not valid.
@item EPERM
You tried to set the priority of some other user's process, and you
don't have privileges for that.
The call would set the nice value of a process which is owned by a different
user than the calling process (i.e. the target process' real or effective
uid does not match the calling process' effective uid) and the calling
process does not have @code{CAP_SYS_NICE} permission.
@item EACCES
You tried to lower the priority of a process, and you don't have
privileges for that.
The call would lower the process' nice value and the process does not have
@code{CAP_SYS_NICE} permission.
@end table
@end deftypefun
The arguments @var{class} and @var{id} together specify a set of
@ -603,32 +1203,31 @@ processes in which you are interested. These are the possible values of
@comment BSD
@item PRIO_PROCESS
@vindex PRIO_PROCESS
Read or set the priority of one process. The argument @var{id} is a
process ID.
One particular process. The argument @var{id} is a process ID (pid).
@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@item PRIO_PGRP
@vindex PRIO_PGRP
Read or set the priority of one process group. The argument @var{id} is
a process group ID.
All the processes in a particular process group. The argument @var{id} is
a process group ID (pgid).
@comment sys/resource.h
@comment BSD
@item PRIO_USER
@vindex PRIO_USER
Read or set the priority of one user's processes. The argument @var{id}
is a user ID.
All the processes owned by a particular user (i.e. whose real uid
indicates the user). The argument @var{id} is a user ID (uid).
@end table
If the argument @var{id} is 0, it stands for the current process,
current process group, or the current user, according to @var{class}.
If the argument @var{id} is 0, it stands for the calling process, its
process group, or its owner (real uid), according to @var{class}.
@c ??? I don't know where we should say this comes from.
@comment Unix
@comment dunno.h
@deftypefun int nice (int @var{increment})
Increment the priority of the current process by @var{increment}.
Increment the nice value of the calling process by @var{increment}.
The return value is the same as for @code{setpriority}.
Here is an equivalent definition of @code{nice}:
@ -642,3 +1241,4 @@ nice (int increment)
@}
@end smallexample
@end deftypefun