linux/kernel/sched/loadavg.c

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/*
* kernel/sched/loadavg.c
*
* This file contains the magic bits required to compute the global loadavg
* figure. Its a silly number but people think its important. We go through
* great pains to make it work on big machines and tickless kernels.
*/
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <linux/sched/loadavg.h>
#include "sched.h"
/*
* Global load-average calculations
*
* We take a distributed and async approach to calculating the global load-avg
* in order to minimize overhead.
*
* The global load average is an exponentially decaying average of nr_running +
* nr_uninterruptible.
*
* Once every LOAD_FREQ:
*
* nr_active = 0;
* for_each_possible_cpu(cpu)
* nr_active += cpu_of(cpu)->nr_running + cpu_of(cpu)->nr_uninterruptible;
*
* avenrun[n] = avenrun[0] * exp_n + nr_active * (1 - exp_n)
*
* Due to a number of reasons the above turns in the mess below:
*
* - for_each_possible_cpu() is prohibitively expensive on machines with
* serious number of cpus, therefore we need to take a distributed approach
* to calculating nr_active.
*
* \Sum_i x_i(t) = \Sum_i x_i(t) - x_i(t_0) | x_i(t_0) := 0
* = \Sum_i { \Sum_j=1 x_i(t_j) - x_i(t_j-1) }
*
* So assuming nr_active := 0 when we start out -- true per definition, we
* can simply take per-cpu deltas and fold those into a global accumulate
* to obtain the same result. See calc_load_fold_active().
*
* Furthermore, in order to avoid synchronizing all per-cpu delta folding
* across the machine, we assume 10 ticks is sufficient time for every
* cpu to have completed this task.
*
* This places an upper-bound on the IRQ-off latency of the machine. Then
* again, being late doesn't loose the delta, just wrecks the sample.
*
* - cpu_rq()->nr_uninterruptible isn't accurately tracked per-cpu because
* this would add another cross-cpu cacheline miss and atomic operation
* to the wakeup path. Instead we increment on whatever cpu the task ran
* when it went into uninterruptible state and decrement on whatever cpu
* did the wakeup. This means that only the sum of nr_uninterruptible over
* all cpus yields the correct result.
*
* This covers the NO_HZ=n code, for extra head-aches, see the comment below.
*/
/* Variables and functions for calc_load */
atomic_long_t calc_load_tasks;
unsigned long calc_load_update;
unsigned long avenrun[3];
EXPORT_SYMBOL(avenrun); /* should be removed */
/**
* get_avenrun - get the load average array
* @loads: pointer to dest load array
* @offset: offset to add
* @shift: shift count to shift the result left
*
* These values are estimates at best, so no need for locking.
*/
void get_avenrun(unsigned long *loads, unsigned long offset, int shift)
{
loads[0] = (avenrun[0] + offset) << shift;
loads[1] = (avenrun[1] + offset) << shift;
loads[2] = (avenrun[2] + offset) << shift;
}
long calc_load_fold_active(struct rq *this_rq, long adjust)
{
long nr_active, delta = 0;
nr_active = this_rq->nr_running - adjust;
nr_active += (long)this_rq->nr_uninterruptible;
if (nr_active != this_rq->calc_load_active) {
delta = nr_active - this_rq->calc_load_active;
this_rq->calc_load_active = nr_active;
}
return delta;
}
/*
* a1 = a0 * e + a * (1 - e)
*/
static unsigned long
calc_load(unsigned long load, unsigned long exp, unsigned long active)
{
sched/loadavg: Fix loadavg artifacts on fully idle and on fully loaded systems Systems show a minimal load average of 0.00, 0.01, 0.05 even when they have no load at all. Uptime and /proc/loadavg on all systems with kernels released during the last five years up until kernel version 4.6-rc5, show a 5- and 15-minute minimum loadavg of 0.01 and 0.05 respectively. This should be 0.00 on idle systems, but the way the kernel calculates this value prevents it from getting lower than the mentioned values. Likewise but not as obviously noticeable, a fully loaded system with no processes waiting, shows a maximum 1/5/15 loadavg of 1.00, 0.99, 0.95 (multiplied by number of cores). Once the (old) load becomes 93 or higher, it mathematically can never get lower than 93, even when the active (load) remains 0 forever. This results in the strange 0.00, 0.01, 0.05 uptime values on idle systems. Note: 93/2048 = 0.0454..., which rounds up to 0.05. It is not correct to add a 0.5 rounding (=1024/2048) here, since the result from this function is fed back into the next iteration again, so the result of that +0.5 rounding value then gets multiplied by (2048-2037), and then rounded again, so there is a virtual "ghost" load created, next to the old and active load terms. By changing the way the internally kept value is rounded, that internal value equivalent now can reach 0.00 on idle, and 1.00 on full load. Upon increasing load, the internally kept load value is rounded up, when the load is decreasing, the load value is rounded down. The modified code was tested on nohz=off and nohz kernels. It was tested on vanilla kernel 4.6-rc5 and on centos 7.1 kernel 3.10.0-327. It was tested on single, dual, and octal cores system. It was tested on virtual hosts and bare hardware. No unwanted effects have been observed, and the problems that the patch intended to fix were indeed gone. Tested-by: Damien Wyart <damien.wyart@free.fr> Signed-off-by: Vik Heyndrickx <vik.heyndrickx@veribox.net> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Cc: Doug Smythies <dsmythies@telus.net> Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Fixes: 0f004f5a696a ("sched: Cure more NO_HZ load average woes") Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/e8d32bff-d544-7748-72b5-3c86cc71f09f@veribox.net Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2016-04-28 20:46:28 +02:00
unsigned long newload;
newload = load * exp + active * (FIXED_1 - exp);
if (active >= load)
newload += FIXED_1-1;
return newload / FIXED_1;
}
#ifdef CONFIG_NO_HZ_COMMON
/*
* Handle NO_HZ for the global load-average.
*
* Since the above described distributed algorithm to compute the global
* load-average relies on per-cpu sampling from the tick, it is affected by
* NO_HZ.
*
* The basic idea is to fold the nr_active delta into a global idle-delta upon
* entering NO_HZ state such that we can include this as an 'extra' cpu delta
* when we read the global state.
*
* Obviously reality has to ruin such a delightfully simple scheme:
*
* - When we go NO_HZ idle during the window, we can negate our sample
* contribution, causing under-accounting.
*
* We avoid this by keeping two idle-delta counters and flipping them
* when the window starts, thus separating old and new NO_HZ load.
*
* The only trick is the slight shift in index flip for read vs write.
*
* 0s 5s 10s 15s
* +10 +10 +10 +10
* |-|-----------|-|-----------|-|-----------|-|
* r:0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
* w:0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
*
* This ensures we'll fold the old idle contribution in this window while
* accumlating the new one.
*
* - When we wake up from NO_HZ idle during the window, we push up our
* contribution, since we effectively move our sample point to a known
* busy state.
*
* This is solved by pushing the window forward, and thus skipping the
* sample, for this cpu (effectively using the idle-delta for this cpu which
* was in effect at the time the window opened). This also solves the issue
* of having to deal with a cpu having been in NOHZ idle for multiple
* LOAD_FREQ intervals.
*
* When making the ILB scale, we should try to pull this in as well.
*/
static atomic_long_t calc_load_idle[2];
static int calc_load_idx;
static inline int calc_load_write_idx(void)
{
int idx = calc_load_idx;
/*
* See calc_global_nohz(), if we observe the new index, we also
* need to observe the new update time.
*/
smp_rmb();
/*
* If the folding window started, make sure we start writing in the
* next idle-delta.
*/
if (!time_before(jiffies, calc_load_update))
idx++;
return idx & 1;
}
static inline int calc_load_read_idx(void)
{
return calc_load_idx & 1;
}
void calc_load_enter_idle(void)
{
struct rq *this_rq = this_rq();
long delta;
/*
* We're going into NOHZ mode, if there's any pending delta, fold it
* into the pending idle delta.
*/
delta = calc_load_fold_active(this_rq, 0);
if (delta) {
int idx = calc_load_write_idx();
atomic_long_add(delta, &calc_load_idle[idx]);
}
}
void calc_load_exit_idle(void)
{
struct rq *this_rq = this_rq();
/*
* If we're still before the sample window, we're done.
*/
if (time_before(jiffies, this_rq->calc_load_update))
return;
/*
* We woke inside or after the sample window, this means we're already
* accounted through the nohz accounting, so skip the entire deal and
* sync up for the next window.
*/
this_rq->calc_load_update = calc_load_update;
if (time_before(jiffies, this_rq->calc_load_update + 10))
this_rq->calc_load_update += LOAD_FREQ;
}
static long calc_load_fold_idle(void)
{
int idx = calc_load_read_idx();
long delta = 0;
if (atomic_long_read(&calc_load_idle[idx]))
delta = atomic_long_xchg(&calc_load_idle[idx], 0);
return delta;
}
/**
* fixed_power_int - compute: x^n, in O(log n) time
*
* @x: base of the power
* @frac_bits: fractional bits of @x
* @n: power to raise @x to.
*
* By exploiting the relation between the definition of the natural power
* function: x^n := x*x*...*x (x multiplied by itself for n times), and
* the binary encoding of numbers used by computers: n := \Sum n_i * 2^i,
* (where: n_i \elem {0, 1}, the binary vector representing n),
* we find: x^n := x^(\Sum n_i * 2^i) := \Prod x^(n_i * 2^i), which is
* of course trivially computable in O(log_2 n), the length of our binary
* vector.
*/
static unsigned long
fixed_power_int(unsigned long x, unsigned int frac_bits, unsigned int n)
{
unsigned long result = 1UL << frac_bits;
if (n) {
for (;;) {
if (n & 1) {
result *= x;
result += 1UL << (frac_bits - 1);
result >>= frac_bits;
}
n >>= 1;
if (!n)
break;
x *= x;
x += 1UL << (frac_bits - 1);
x >>= frac_bits;
}
}
return result;
}
/*
* a1 = a0 * e + a * (1 - e)
*
* a2 = a1 * e + a * (1 - e)
* = (a0 * e + a * (1 - e)) * e + a * (1 - e)
* = a0 * e^2 + a * (1 - e) * (1 + e)
*
* a3 = a2 * e + a * (1 - e)
* = (a0 * e^2 + a * (1 - e) * (1 + e)) * e + a * (1 - e)
* = a0 * e^3 + a * (1 - e) * (1 + e + e^2)
*
* ...
*
* an = a0 * e^n + a * (1 - e) * (1 + e + ... + e^n-1) [1]
* = a0 * e^n + a * (1 - e) * (1 - e^n)/(1 - e)
* = a0 * e^n + a * (1 - e^n)
*
* [1] application of the geometric series:
*
* n 1 - x^(n+1)
* S_n := \Sum x^i = -------------
* i=0 1 - x
*/
static unsigned long
calc_load_n(unsigned long load, unsigned long exp,
unsigned long active, unsigned int n)
{
return calc_load(load, fixed_power_int(exp, FSHIFT, n), active);
}
/*
* NO_HZ can leave us missing all per-cpu ticks calling
* calc_load_account_active(), but since an idle CPU folds its delta into
* calc_load_tasks_idle per calc_load_account_idle(), all we need to do is fold
* in the pending idle delta if our idle period crossed a load cycle boundary.
*
* Once we've updated the global active value, we need to apply the exponential
* weights adjusted to the number of cycles missed.
*/
static void calc_global_nohz(void)
{
long delta, active, n;
if (!time_before(jiffies, calc_load_update + 10)) {
/*
* Catch-up, fold however many we are behind still
*/
delta = jiffies - calc_load_update - 10;
n = 1 + (delta / LOAD_FREQ);
active = atomic_long_read(&calc_load_tasks);
active = active > 0 ? active * FIXED_1 : 0;
avenrun[0] = calc_load_n(avenrun[0], EXP_1, active, n);
avenrun[1] = calc_load_n(avenrun[1], EXP_5, active, n);
avenrun[2] = calc_load_n(avenrun[2], EXP_15, active, n);
calc_load_update += n * LOAD_FREQ;
}
/*
* Flip the idle index...
*
* Make sure we first write the new time then flip the index, so that
* calc_load_write_idx() will see the new time when it reads the new
* index, this avoids a double flip messing things up.
*/
smp_wmb();
calc_load_idx++;
}
#else /* !CONFIG_NO_HZ_COMMON */
static inline long calc_load_fold_idle(void) { return 0; }
static inline void calc_global_nohz(void) { }
#endif /* CONFIG_NO_HZ_COMMON */
/*
* calc_load - update the avenrun load estimates 10 ticks after the
* CPUs have updated calc_load_tasks.
*
* Called from the global timer code.
*/
void calc_global_load(unsigned long ticks)
{
long active, delta;
if (time_before(jiffies, calc_load_update + 10))
return;
/*
* Fold the 'old' idle-delta to include all NO_HZ cpus.
*/
delta = calc_load_fold_idle();
if (delta)
atomic_long_add(delta, &calc_load_tasks);
active = atomic_long_read(&calc_load_tasks);
active = active > 0 ? active * FIXED_1 : 0;
avenrun[0] = calc_load(avenrun[0], EXP_1, active);
avenrun[1] = calc_load(avenrun[1], EXP_5, active);
avenrun[2] = calc_load(avenrun[2], EXP_15, active);
calc_load_update += LOAD_FREQ;
/*
* In case we idled for multiple LOAD_FREQ intervals, catch up in bulk.
*/
calc_global_nohz();
}
/*
* Called from scheduler_tick() to periodically update this CPU's
* active count.
*/
void calc_global_load_tick(struct rq *this_rq)
{
long delta;
if (time_before(jiffies, this_rq->calc_load_update))
return;
delta = calc_load_fold_active(this_rq, 0);
if (delta)
atomic_long_add(delta, &calc_load_tasks);
this_rq->calc_load_update += LOAD_FREQ;
}