[PATCH] ppc64: make arch/ppc64/boot standalone

Make the bootheader for ppc64 independent from kernel and libc headers.
* add -nostdinc -isystem $gccincludes to not include libc headers
* declare all functions in header files, also the stuff from string.S
* declare some functions static
* use stddef.h to get size_t (hopefully ok)
* remove ppc32-types.h, only elf.h used the __NN types

With further modifications by Paul Mackerras and Stephen Rothwell.

Signed-off-by: Olaf Hering <olh@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
This commit is contained in:
Olaf Hering 2005-08-08 13:24:38 +10:00 committed by Paul Mackerras
parent 02b3e4e2d7
commit decd300b30
15 changed files with 348 additions and 246 deletions

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@ -22,8 +22,8 @@
HOSTCC := gcc
BOOTCFLAGS := $(HOSTCFLAGS) $(LINUXINCLUDE) -fno-builtin
BOOTAFLAGS := -D__ASSEMBLY__ $(BOOTCFLAGS) -traditional
BOOTCFLAGS := $(HOSTCFLAGS) -fno-builtin -nostdinc -isystem $(shell $(CROSS32CC) -print-file-name=include)
BOOTAFLAGS := -D__ASSEMBLY__ $(BOOTCFLAGS) -traditional -nostdinc
BOOTLFLAGS := -Ttext 0x00400000 -e _start -T $(srctree)/$(src)/zImage.lds
OBJCOPYFLAGS := contents,alloc,load,readonly,data

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@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ main(int ac, char **av)
PUT_32BE(ns, strlen(arch) + 1);
PUT_32BE(ns + 4, N_DESCR * 4);
PUT_32BE(ns + 8, 0x1275);
strcpy(&buf[ns + 12], arch);
strcpy((char *) &buf[ns + 12], arch);
ns += 12 + strlen(arch) + 1;
for (i = 0; i < N_DESCR; ++i, ns += 4)
PUT_32BE(ns, descr[i]);
@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ main(int ac, char **av)
PUT_32BE(ns, strlen(rpaname) + 1);
PUT_32BE(ns + 4, sizeof(rpanote));
PUT_32BE(ns + 8, 0x12759999);
strcpy(&buf[ns + 12], rpaname);
strcpy((char *) &buf[ns + 12], rpaname);
ns += 12 + ROUNDUP(strlen(rpaname) + 1);
for (i = 0; i < N_RPA_DESCR; ++i, ns += 4)
PUT_32BE(ns, rpanote[i]);

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@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
* NOTE: this code runs in 32 bit mode and is packaged as ELF32.
*/
#include <asm/ppc_asm.h>
#include "ppc_asm.h"
.text
.globl _start

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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version
* 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*/
#include <asm/ppc_asm.h>
#include "ppc_asm.h"
.globl __div64_32
__div64_32:

149
arch/ppc64/boot/elf.h Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
#ifndef _PPC_BOOT_ELF_H_
#define _PPC_BOOT_ELF_H_
/* 32-bit ELF base types. */
typedef unsigned int Elf32_Addr;
typedef unsigned short Elf32_Half;
typedef unsigned int Elf32_Off;
typedef signed int Elf32_Sword;
typedef unsigned int Elf32_Word;
/* 64-bit ELF base types. */
typedef unsigned long long Elf64_Addr;
typedef unsigned short Elf64_Half;
typedef signed short Elf64_SHalf;
typedef unsigned long long Elf64_Off;
typedef signed int Elf64_Sword;
typedef unsigned int Elf64_Word;
typedef unsigned long long Elf64_Xword;
typedef signed long long Elf64_Sxword;
/* These constants are for the segment types stored in the image headers */
#define PT_NULL 0
#define PT_LOAD 1
#define PT_DYNAMIC 2
#define PT_INTERP 3
#define PT_NOTE 4
#define PT_SHLIB 5
#define PT_PHDR 6
#define PT_TLS 7 /* Thread local storage segment */
#define PT_LOOS 0x60000000 /* OS-specific */
#define PT_HIOS 0x6fffffff /* OS-specific */
#define PT_LOPROC 0x70000000
#define PT_HIPROC 0x7fffffff
#define PT_GNU_EH_FRAME 0x6474e550
#define PT_GNU_STACK (PT_LOOS + 0x474e551)
/* These constants define the different elf file types */
#define ET_NONE 0
#define ET_REL 1
#define ET_EXEC 2
#define ET_DYN 3
#define ET_CORE 4
#define ET_LOPROC 0xff00
#define ET_HIPROC 0xffff
/* These constants define the various ELF target machines */
#define EM_NONE 0
#define EM_PPC 20 /* PowerPC */
#define EM_PPC64 21 /* PowerPC64 */
#define EI_NIDENT 16
typedef struct elf32_hdr {
unsigned char e_ident[EI_NIDENT];
Elf32_Half e_type;
Elf32_Half e_machine;
Elf32_Word e_version;
Elf32_Addr e_entry; /* Entry point */
Elf32_Off e_phoff;
Elf32_Off e_shoff;
Elf32_Word e_flags;
Elf32_Half e_ehsize;
Elf32_Half e_phentsize;
Elf32_Half e_phnum;
Elf32_Half e_shentsize;
Elf32_Half e_shnum;
Elf32_Half e_shstrndx;
} Elf32_Ehdr;
typedef struct elf64_hdr {
unsigned char e_ident[16]; /* ELF "magic number" */
Elf64_Half e_type;
Elf64_Half e_machine;
Elf64_Word e_version;
Elf64_Addr e_entry; /* Entry point virtual address */
Elf64_Off e_phoff; /* Program header table file offset */
Elf64_Off e_shoff; /* Section header table file offset */
Elf64_Word e_flags;
Elf64_Half e_ehsize;
Elf64_Half e_phentsize;
Elf64_Half e_phnum;
Elf64_Half e_shentsize;
Elf64_Half e_shnum;
Elf64_Half e_shstrndx;
} Elf64_Ehdr;
/* These constants define the permissions on sections in the program
header, p_flags. */
#define PF_R 0x4
#define PF_W 0x2
#define PF_X 0x1
typedef struct elf32_phdr {
Elf32_Word p_type;
Elf32_Off p_offset;
Elf32_Addr p_vaddr;
Elf32_Addr p_paddr;
Elf32_Word p_filesz;
Elf32_Word p_memsz;
Elf32_Word p_flags;
Elf32_Word p_align;
} Elf32_Phdr;
typedef struct elf64_phdr {
Elf64_Word p_type;
Elf64_Word p_flags;
Elf64_Off p_offset; /* Segment file offset */
Elf64_Addr p_vaddr; /* Segment virtual address */
Elf64_Addr p_paddr; /* Segment physical address */
Elf64_Xword p_filesz; /* Segment size in file */
Elf64_Xword p_memsz; /* Segment size in memory */
Elf64_Xword p_align; /* Segment alignment, file & memory */
} Elf64_Phdr;
#define EI_MAG0 0 /* e_ident[] indexes */
#define EI_MAG1 1
#define EI_MAG2 2
#define EI_MAG3 3
#define EI_CLASS 4
#define EI_DATA 5
#define EI_VERSION 6
#define EI_OSABI 7
#define EI_PAD 8
#define ELFMAG0 0x7f /* EI_MAG */
#define ELFMAG1 'E'
#define ELFMAG2 'L'
#define ELFMAG3 'F'
#define ELFMAG "\177ELF"
#define SELFMAG 4
#define ELFCLASSNONE 0 /* EI_CLASS */
#define ELFCLASS32 1
#define ELFCLASS64 2
#define ELFCLASSNUM 3
#define ELFDATANONE 0 /* e_ident[EI_DATA] */
#define ELFDATA2LSB 1
#define ELFDATA2MSB 2
#define EV_NONE 0 /* e_version, EI_VERSION */
#define EV_CURRENT 1
#define EV_NUM 2
#define ELFOSABI_NONE 0
#define ELFOSABI_LINUX 3
#endif /* _PPC_BOOT_ELF_H_ */

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@ -8,36 +8,28 @@
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version
* 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*/
#include "ppc32-types.h"
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include "elf.h"
#include "page.h"
#include "string.h"
#include "stdio.h"
#include "prom.h"
#include "zlib.h"
#include <linux/elf.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <asm/processor.h>
#include <asm/page.h>
extern void *finddevice(const char *);
extern int getprop(void *, const char *, void *, int);
extern void printf(const char *fmt, ...);
extern int sprintf(char *buf, const char *fmt, ...);
void gunzip(void *, int, unsigned char *, int *);
void *claim(unsigned int, unsigned int, unsigned int);
void flush_cache(void *, unsigned long);
void pause(void);
extern void exit(void);
static void gunzip(void *, int, unsigned char *, int *);
extern void flush_cache(void *, unsigned long);
unsigned long strlen(const char *s);
void *memmove(void *dest, const void *src, unsigned long n);
void *memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, unsigned long n);
/* Value picked to match that used by yaboot */
#define PROG_START 0x01400000
#define RAM_END (256<<20) // Fixme: use OF */
char *avail_ram;
char *begin_avail, *end_avail;
char *avail_high;
unsigned int heap_use;
unsigned int heap_max;
static char *avail_ram;
static char *begin_avail, *end_avail;
static char *avail_high;
static unsigned int heap_use;
static unsigned int heap_max;
extern char _start[];
extern char _vmlinux_start[];
@ -52,9 +44,9 @@ struct addr_range {
unsigned long size;
unsigned long memsize;
};
struct addr_range vmlinux = {0, 0, 0};
struct addr_range vmlinuz = {0, 0, 0};
struct addr_range initrd = {0, 0, 0};
static struct addr_range vmlinux = {0, 0, 0};
static struct addr_range vmlinuz = {0, 0, 0};
static struct addr_range initrd = {0, 0, 0};
static char scratch[128<<10]; /* 128kB of scratch space for gunzip */
@ -64,13 +56,6 @@ typedef void (*kernel_entry_t)( unsigned long,
void *);
int (*prom)(void *);
void *chosen_handle;
void *stdin;
void *stdout;
void *stderr;
#undef DEBUG
static unsigned long claim_base = PROG_START;
@ -277,7 +262,7 @@ void zfree(void *x, void *addr, unsigned nb)
#define DEFLATED 8
void gunzip(void *dst, int dstlen, unsigned char *src, int *lenp)
static void gunzip(void *dst, int dstlen, unsigned char *src, int *lenp)
{
z_stream s;
int r, i, flags;

34
arch/ppc64/boot/page.h Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
#ifndef _PPC_BOOT_PAGE_H
#define _PPC_BOOT_PAGE_H
/*
* Copyright (C) 2001 PPC64 Team, IBM Corp
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version
* 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*/
#ifdef __ASSEMBLY__
#define ASM_CONST(x) x
#else
#define __ASM_CONST(x) x##UL
#define ASM_CONST(x) __ASM_CONST(x)
#endif
/* PAGE_SHIFT determines the page size */
#define PAGE_SHIFT 12
#define PAGE_SIZE (ASM_CONST(1) << PAGE_SHIFT)
#define PAGE_MASK (~(PAGE_SIZE-1))
/* align addr on a size boundary - adjust address up/down if needed */
#define _ALIGN_UP(addr,size) (((addr)+((size)-1))&(~((size)-1)))
#define _ALIGN_DOWN(addr,size) ((addr)&(~((size)-1)))
/* align addr on a size boundary - adjust address up if needed */
#define _ALIGN(addr,size) _ALIGN_UP(addr,size)
/* to align the pointer to the (next) page boundary */
#define PAGE_ALIGN(addr) _ALIGN(addr, PAGE_SIZE)
#endif /* _PPC_BOOT_PAGE_H */

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@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
#ifndef _PPC64_TYPES_H
#define _PPC64_TYPES_H
typedef __signed__ char __s8;
typedef unsigned char __u8;
typedef __signed__ short __s16;
typedef unsigned short __u16;
typedef __signed__ int __s32;
typedef unsigned int __u32;
typedef __signed__ long long __s64;
typedef unsigned long long __u64;
typedef signed char s8;
typedef unsigned char u8;
typedef signed short s16;
typedef unsigned short u16;
typedef signed int s32;
typedef unsigned int u32;
typedef signed long long s64;
typedef unsigned long long u64;
typedef struct {
__u32 u[4];
} __attribute((aligned(16))) __vector128;
#define BITS_PER_LONG 32
typedef __vector128 vector128;
#endif /* _PPC64_TYPES_H */

62
arch/ppc64/boot/ppc_asm.h Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
#ifndef _PPC64_PPC_ASM_H
#define _PPC64_PPC_ASM_H
/*
*
* Definitions used by various bits of low-level assembly code on PowerPC.
*
* Copyright (C) 1995-1999 Gary Thomas, Paul Mackerras, Cort Dougan.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version
* 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*/
/* Condition Register Bit Fields */
#define cr0 0
#define cr1 1
#define cr2 2
#define cr3 3
#define cr4 4
#define cr5 5
#define cr6 6
#define cr7 7
/* General Purpose Registers (GPRs) */
#define r0 0
#define r1 1
#define r2 2
#define r3 3
#define r4 4
#define r5 5
#define r6 6
#define r7 7
#define r8 8
#define r9 9
#define r10 10
#define r11 11
#define r12 12
#define r13 13
#define r14 14
#define r15 15
#define r16 16
#define r17 17
#define r18 18
#define r19 19
#define r20 20
#define r21 21
#define r22 22
#define r23 23
#define r24 24
#define r25 25
#define r26 26
#define r27 27
#define r28 28
#define r29 29
#define r30 30
#define r31 31
#endif /* _PPC64_PPC_ASM_H */

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@ -7,43 +7,19 @@
* 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*/
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/ctype.h>
extern __u32 __div64_32(unsigned long long *dividend, __u32 divisor);
/* The unnecessary pointer compare is there
* to check for type safety (n must be 64bit)
*/
# define do_div(n,base) ({ \
__u32 __base = (base); \
__u32 __rem; \
(void)(((typeof((n)) *)0) == ((unsigned long long *)0)); \
if (((n) >> 32) == 0) { \
__rem = (__u32)(n) % __base; \
(n) = (__u32)(n) / __base; \
} else \
__rem = __div64_32(&(n), __base); \
__rem; \
})
#include <stddef.h>
#include "string.h"
#include "stdio.h"
#include "prom.h"
int (*prom)(void *);
void *chosen_handle;
void *stdin;
void *stdout;
void *stderr;
void exit(void);
void *finddevice(const char *name);
int getprop(void *phandle, const char *name, void *buf, int buflen);
void chrpboot(int a1, int a2, void *prom); /* in main.c */
int printf(char *fmt, ...);
/* there is no convenient header to get this from... -- paulus */
extern unsigned long strlen(const char *);
int
write(void *handle, void *ptr, int nb)
@ -210,107 +186,6 @@ fputs(char *str, void *f)
return write(f, str, n) == n? 0: -1;
}
int
readchar(void)
{
char ch;
for (;;) {
switch (read(stdin, &ch, 1)) {
case 1:
return ch;
case -1:
printf("read(stdin) returned -1\r\n");
return -1;
}
}
}
static char line[256];
static char *lineptr;
static int lineleft;
int
getchar(void)
{
int c;
if (lineleft == 0) {
lineptr = line;
for (;;) {
c = readchar();
if (c == -1 || c == 4)
break;
if (c == '\r' || c == '\n') {
*lineptr++ = '\n';
putchar('\n');
break;
}
switch (c) {
case 0177:
case '\b':
if (lineptr > line) {
putchar('\b');
putchar(' ');
putchar('\b');
--lineptr;
}
break;
case 'U' & 0x1F:
while (lineptr > line) {
putchar('\b');
putchar(' ');
putchar('\b');
--lineptr;
}
break;
default:
if (lineptr >= &line[sizeof(line) - 1])
putchar('\a');
else {
putchar(c);
*lineptr++ = c;
}
}
}
lineleft = lineptr - line;
lineptr = line;
}
if (lineleft == 0)
return -1;
--lineleft;
return *lineptr++;
}
/* String functions lifted from lib/vsprintf.c and lib/ctype.c */
unsigned char _ctype[] = {
_C,_C,_C,_C,_C,_C,_C,_C, /* 0-7 */
_C,_C|_S,_C|_S,_C|_S,_C|_S,_C|_S,_C,_C, /* 8-15 */
_C,_C,_C,_C,_C,_C,_C,_C, /* 16-23 */
_C,_C,_C,_C,_C,_C,_C,_C, /* 24-31 */
_S|_SP,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P, /* 32-39 */
_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P, /* 40-47 */
_D,_D,_D,_D,_D,_D,_D,_D, /* 48-55 */
_D,_D,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P, /* 56-63 */
_P,_U|_X,_U|_X,_U|_X,_U|_X,_U|_X,_U|_X,_U, /* 64-71 */
_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U, /* 72-79 */
_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U, /* 80-87 */
_U,_U,_U,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P, /* 88-95 */
_P,_L|_X,_L|_X,_L|_X,_L|_X,_L|_X,_L|_X,_L, /* 96-103 */
_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L, /* 104-111 */
_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L, /* 112-119 */
_L,_L,_L,_P,_P,_P,_P,_C, /* 120-127 */
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, /* 128-143 */
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, /* 144-159 */
_S|_SP,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P, /* 160-175 */
_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P,_P, /* 176-191 */
_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U, /* 192-207 */
_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_P,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_U,_L, /* 208-223 */
_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L, /* 224-239 */
_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_P,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L,_L}; /* 240-255 */
size_t strnlen(const char * s, size_t count)
{
const char *sc;
@ -320,44 +195,30 @@ size_t strnlen(const char * s, size_t count)
return sc - s;
}
unsigned long simple_strtoul(const char *cp,char **endp,unsigned int base)
{
unsigned long result = 0,value;
extern unsigned int __div64_32(unsigned long long *dividend,
unsigned int divisor);
if (!base) {
base = 10;
if (*cp == '0') {
base = 8;
cp++;
if ((*cp == 'x') && isxdigit(cp[1])) {
cp++;
base = 16;
}
}
}
while (isxdigit(*cp) &&
(value = isdigit(*cp) ? *cp-'0' : toupper(*cp)-'A'+10) < base) {
result = result*base + value;
cp++;
}
if (endp)
*endp = (char *)cp;
return result;
}
long simple_strtol(const char *cp,char **endp,unsigned int base)
{
if(*cp=='-')
return -simple_strtoul(cp+1,endp,base);
return simple_strtoul(cp,endp,base);
}
/* The unnecessary pointer compare is there
* to check for type safety (n must be 64bit)
*/
# define do_div(n,base) ({ \
unsigned int __base = (base); \
unsigned int __rem; \
(void)(((typeof((n)) *)0) == ((unsigned long long *)0)); \
if (((n) >> 32) == 0) { \
__rem = (unsigned int)(n) % __base; \
(n) = (unsigned int)(n) / __base; \
} else \
__rem = __div64_32(&(n), __base); \
__rem; \
})
static int skip_atoi(const char **s)
{
int i=0;
int i, c;
while (isdigit(**s))
i = i*10 + *((*s)++) - '0';
for (i = 0; '0' <= (c = **s) && c <= '9'; ++*s)
i = i*10 + c - '0';
return i;
}
@ -436,9 +297,6 @@ static char * number(char * str, unsigned long long num, int base, int size, int
return str;
}
/* Forward decl. needed for IP address printing stuff... */
int sprintf(char * buf, const char *fmt, ...);
int vsprintf(char *buf, const char *fmt, va_list args)
{
int len;
@ -477,7 +335,7 @@ int vsprintf(char *buf, const char *fmt, va_list args)
/* get field width */
field_width = -1;
if (isdigit(*fmt))
if ('0' <= *fmt && *fmt <= '9')
field_width = skip_atoi(&fmt);
else if (*fmt == '*') {
++fmt;
@ -493,7 +351,7 @@ int vsprintf(char *buf, const char *fmt, va_list args)
precision = -1;
if (*fmt == '.') {
++fmt;
if (isdigit(*fmt))
if ('0' <= *fmt && *fmt <= '9')
precision = skip_atoi(&fmt);
else if (*fmt == '*') {
++fmt;
@ -628,7 +486,7 @@ int sprintf(char * buf, const char *fmt, ...)
static char sprint_buf[1024];
int
printf(char *fmt, ...)
printf(const char *fmt, ...)
{
va_list args;
int n;

18
arch/ppc64/boot/prom.h Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
#ifndef _PPC_BOOT_PROM_H_
#define _PPC_BOOT_PROM_H_
extern int (*prom) (void *);
extern void *chosen_handle;
extern void *stdin;
extern void *stdout;
extern void *stderr;
extern int write(void *handle, void *ptr, int nb);
extern int read(void *handle, void *ptr, int nb);
extern void exit(void);
extern void pause(void);
extern void *finddevice(const char *);
extern void *claim(unsigned long virt, unsigned long size, unsigned long align);
extern int getprop(void *phandle, const char *name, void *buf, int buflen);
#endif /* _PPC_BOOT_PROM_H_ */

16
arch/ppc64/boot/stdio.h Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
#ifndef _PPC_BOOT_STDIO_H_
#define _PPC_BOOT_STDIO_H_
extern int printf(const char *fmt, ...);
extern int sprintf(char *buf, const char *fmt, ...);
extern int vsprintf(char *buf, const char *fmt, va_list args);
extern int putc(int c, void *f);
extern int putchar(int c);
extern int getchar(void);
extern int fputs(char *str, void *f);
#endif /* _PPC_BOOT_STDIO_H_ */

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@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
* NOTE: this code runs in 32 bit mode and is packaged as ELF32.
*/
#include <asm/ppc_asm.h>
#include "ppc_asm.h"
.text
.globl strcpy

16
arch/ppc64/boot/string.h Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
#ifndef _PPC_BOOT_STRING_H_
#define _PPC_BOOT_STRING_H_
extern char *strcpy(char *dest, const char *src);
extern char *strncpy(char *dest, const char *src, size_t n);
extern char *strcat(char *dest, const char *src);
extern int strcmp(const char *s1, const char *s2);
extern size_t strlen(const char *s);
extern size_t strnlen(const char *s, size_t count);
extern void *memset(void *s, int c, size_t n);
extern void *memmove(void *dest, const void *src, unsigned long n);
extern void *memcpy(void *dest, const void *src, unsigned long n);
extern int memcmp(const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n);
#endif /* _PPC_BOOT_STRING_H_ */

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@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ extern void *memcpy(void *, const void *, unsigned long);
/* Diagnostic functions */
#ifdef DEBUG_ZLIB
# include <stdio.h>
# include "stdio.h"
# ifndef verbose
# define verbose 0
# endif