Commit Graph

86 Commits

Author SHA1 Message Date
Solar Designer 2c8ac66bb2 [NETFILTER]: Fix do_add_counters race, possible oops or info leak (CVE-2006-0039)
Solar Designer found a race condition in do_add_counters(). The beginning
of paddc is supposed to be the same as tmp which was sanity-checked
above, but it might not be the same in reality. In case the integer
overflow and/or the race condition are triggered, paddc->num_counters
might not match the allocation size for paddc. If the check below
(t->private->number != paddc->num_counters) nevertheless passes (perhaps
this requires the race condition to be triggered), IPT_ENTRY_ITERATE()
would read kernel memory beyond the allocation size, potentially causing
an oops or leaking sensitive data (e.g., passwords from host system or
from another VPS) via counter increments. This requires CAP_NET_ADMIN.

Signed-off-by: Solar Designer <solar@openwall.com>
Signed-off-by: Kirill Korotaev <dev@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-05-19 02:16:52 -07:00
Philip Craig 5c170a09d9 [NETFILTER]: fix format specifier for netfilter log targets
The prefix argument for nf_log_packet is a format specifier,
so don't pass the user defined string directly to it.

Signed-off-by: Philip Craig <philipc@snapgear.com>
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-05-19 02:15:47 -07:00
Alexey Dobriyan d8fd0a7316 [IPV6]: Endian fix in net/ipv6/netfilter/ip6t_eui64.c:match().
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-05-16 15:24:41 -07:00
Patrick McHardy e4a79ef811 [NETFILTER]: ip6_tables: remove broken comefrom debugging
The introduction of x_tables broke comefrom debugging, remove it from
ip6_tables as well (ip_tables already got removed).

Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-04-24 17:27:32 -07:00
KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki 6f91204225 [PATCH] for_each_possible_cpu: network codes
for_each_cpu() actually iterates across all possible CPUs.  We've had mistakes
in the past where people were using for_each_cpu() where they should have been
iterating across only online or present CPUs.  This is inefficient and
possibly buggy.

We're renaming for_each_cpu() to for_each_possible_cpu() to avoid this in the
future.

This patch replaces for_each_cpu with for_each_possible_cpu under /net

Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-04-11 06:18:31 -07:00
Patrick McHardy 96f6bf82ea [NETFILTER]: Convert conntrack/ipt_REJECT to new checksumming functions
Besides removing lots of duplicate code, all converted users benefit
from improved HW checksum error handling. Tested with and without HW
checksums in almost all combinations.

Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-04-09 22:25:42 -07:00
Patrick McHardy 32292a7ff1 [NETFILTER]: Fix section mismatch warnings
Fix section mismatch warnings caused by netfilter's init_or_cleanup
functions used in many places by splitting the init from the cleanup
parts.

Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-04-09 22:25:34 -07:00
Patrick McHardy 964ddaa10d [NETFILTER]: Clean up hook registration
Clean up hook registration by makeing use of the new mass registration and
unregistration helpers.

Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-04-09 22:25:33 -07:00
Yasuyuki Kozakai a89ecb6a2e [NETFILTER]: x_tables: unify IPv4/IPv6 multiport match
This unifies ipt_multiport and ip6t_multiport to xt_multiport.
As a result, this addes support for inversion and port range match
to IPv6 packets.

Signed-off-by: Yasuyuki Kozakai <yasuyuki.kozakai@toshiba.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-04-01 02:22:54 -08:00
Yasuyuki Kozakai dc5ab2faec [NETFILTER]: x_tables: unify IPv4/IPv6 esp match
This unifies ipt_esp and ip6t_esp to xt_esp. Please note that now
a user program needs to specify IPPROTO_ESP as protocol to use esp match
with IPv6. This means that ip6tables requires '-p esp' like iptables.

Signed-off-by: Yasuyuki Kozakai <yasuyuki.kozakai@toshiba.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-04-01 02:22:30 -08:00
Andrew Morton 65b4b4e81a [NETFILTER]: Rename init functions.
Every netfilter module uses `init' for its module_init() function and
`fini' or `cleanup' for its module_exit() function.

Problem is, this creates uninformative initcall_debug output and makes
ctags rather useless.

So go through and rename them all to $(filename)_init and
$(filename)_fini.

Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-03-28 17:02:48 -08:00
Pablo Neira Ayuso b9f78f9fca [NETFILTER]: nf_conntrack: support for layer 3 protocol load on demand
x_tables matches and targets that require nf_conntrack_ipv[4|6] to work
don't have enough information to load on demand these modules. This
patch introduces the following changes to solve this issue:

o nf_ct_l3proto_try_module_get: try to load the layer 3 connection
tracker module and increases the refcount.
o nf_ct_l3proto_module put: drop the refcount of the module.

Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-03-22 13:56:08 -08:00
Pablo Neira Ayuso a45049c51c [NETFILTER]: x_tables: set the protocol family in x_tables targets/matches
Set the family field in xt_[matches|targets] registered.

Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-03-22 13:55:40 -08:00
Ingo Molnar 57b47a53ec [NET]: sem2mutex part 2
Semaphore to mutex conversion.

The conversion was generated via scripts, and the result was validated
automatically via a script as well.

Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-03-20 22:35:41 -08:00
Arjan van de Ven 4a3e2f711a [NET] sem2mutex: net/
Semaphore to mutex conversion.

The conversion was generated via scripts, and the result was validated
automatically via a script as well.

Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-03-20 22:33:17 -08:00
Patrick McHardy c4b8851392 [NETFILTER]: x_tables: replace IPv4/IPv6 policy match by address family independant version
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-03-20 18:03:40 -08:00
Patrick McHardy f2ffd9eeda [NETFILTER]: Move ip6_masked_addrcmp to include/net/ipv6.h
Replace netfilter's ip6_masked_addrcmp by a more efficient version
in include/net/ipv6.h to make it usable without module dependencies.

Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-03-20 18:03:16 -08:00
Patrick McHardy c498673474 [NETFILTER]: x_tables: add xt_{match,target} arguments to match/target functions
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-03-20 18:02:56 -08:00
Patrick McHardy 1c524830d0 [NETFILTER]: x_tables: pass registered match/target data to match/target functions
This allows to make decisions based on the revision (and address family
with a follow-up patch) at runtime.

Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-03-20 18:02:15 -08:00
Patrick McHardy 7f9397138e [NETFILTER]: Convert ip6_tables matches/targets to centralized error checking
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-03-20 18:01:43 -08:00
Patrick McHardy 3cdc7c953e [NETFILTER]: Change {ip,ip6,arp}_tables to use centralized error checking
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-03-20 18:00:36 -08:00
Yasuyuki Kozakai 6ea46c9c12 [NETFILTER]: nf_conntrack: use ipv6_addr_equal in nf_ct_reasm
Signed-off-by: Yasuyuki Kozakai <yasuyuki.kozakai@toshiba.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-03-20 17:58:44 -08:00
Harald Welte dc808fe28d [NETFILTER] nf_conntrack: clean up to reduce size of 'struct nf_conn'
This patch moves all helper related data fields of 'struct nf_conn'
into a separate structure 'struct nf_conn_help'.  This new structure
is only present in conntrack entries for which we actually have a
helper loaded.

Also, this patch cleans up the nf_conntrack 'features' mechanism to
resemble what the original idea was: Just glue the feature-specific
data structures at the end of 'struct nf_conn', and explicitly
re-calculate the pointer to it when needed rather than keeping
pointers around.

Saves 20 bytes per conntrack on my x86_64 box. A non-helped conntrack
is 276 bytes. We still need to save another 20 bytes in order to fit
into to target of 256bytes.

Signed-off-by: Harald Welte <laforge@netfilter.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-03-20 17:56:32 -08:00
Thomas Graf 850a9a4e3c [NETFILTER] ip_queue: Fix wrong skb->len == nlmsg_len assumption
The size of the skb carrying the netlink message is not
equivalent to the length of the actual netlink message
due to padding. ip_queue matches the length of the payload
against the original packet size to determine if packet
mangling is desired, due to the above wrong assumption
arbitary packets may not be mangled depening on their
original size.

Signed-off-by: Thomas Graf <tgraf@suug.ch>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-03-07 14:56:12 -08:00
Patrick McHardy bafac2a512 [NETFILTER]: Restore {ipt,ip6t,ebt}_LOG compatibility
The nfnetlink_log infrastructure changes broke compatiblity of the LOG
targets. They currently use whatever log backend was registered first,
which means that if ipt_ULOG was loaded first, no messages will be printed
to the ring buffer anymore.

Restore compatiblity by using the old log functions by default and only use
the nf_log backend if the user explicitly said so.

Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-02-27 13:04:17 -08:00
Yasuyuki Kozakai 08857fa745 [NETFILTER]: nf_conntrack: attach conntrack to TCP RST generated by ip6t_REJECT
TCP RSTs generated by the REJECT target should be associated with the
conntrack of the original TCP packet. Since the conntrack entry is
usually not is the hash tables, it must be manually attached.

Signed-off-by: Yasuyuki Kozakai <yasuyuki.kozakai@toshiba.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-02-15 15:23:28 -08:00
Patrick McHardy 0047c65a60 [NETFILTER]: Prepare {ipt,ip6t}_policy match for x_tables unification
The IPv4 and IPv6 version of the policy match are identical besides address
comparison and the data structure used for userspace communication. Unify
the data structures to break compatiblity now (before it is released), so
we can port it to x_tables in 2.6.17.

Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-02-04 23:51:28 -08:00
Patrick McHardy 878c41ce57 [NETFILTER]: Fix ip6t_policy address matching
Fix two bugs in ip6t_policy address matching:
- misorder arguments to ip6_masked_addrcmp, mask must be the second argument
- inversion incorrectly applied to the entire expression instead of just
  the address comparison

Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-02-04 23:51:27 -08:00
Patrick McHardy e55f1bc5dc [NETFILTER]: Check policy length in policy match strict mode
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-02-04 23:51:26 -08:00
Kirill Korotaev ee4bb818ae [NETFILTER]: Fix possible overflow in netfilters do_replace()
netfilter's do_replace() can overflow on addition within SMP_ALIGN()
and/or on multiplication by NR_CPUS, resulting in a buffer overflow on
the copy_from_user().  In practice, the overflow on addition is
triggerable on all systems, whereas the multiplication one might require
much physical memory to be present due to the check above.  Either is
sufficient to overwrite arbitrary amounts of kernel memory.

I really hate adding the same check to all 4 versions of do_replace(),
but the code is duplicate...

Found by Solar Designer during security audit of OpenVZ.org

Signed-Off-By: Kirill Korotaev <dev@openvz.org>
Signed-Off-By: Solar Designer <solar@openwall.com>
Signed-off-by: Patrck McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-02-04 23:51:25 -08:00
Yasuyuki Kozakai f0daaa654a [NETFILTER] ip6tables: whitespace and indent cosmetic cleanup
Signed-off-by: Yasuyuki Kozakai <yasuyuki.kozakai@toshiba.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Harald Welte <laforge@netfilter.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-01-17 02:39:39 -08:00
Yasuyuki Kozakai 6dd42af790 [NETFILTER] Makefile cleanup
These are replaced with x_tables matches and no longer exist.

Signed-off-by: Yasuyuki Kozakai <yasuyuki.kozakai@toshiba.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Harald Welte <laforge@netfilter.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-01-17 02:38:56 -08:00
Benoit Boissinot ccc91324a1 [NETFILTER] ip[6]t_policy: Fix compilation warnings
ip[6]t_policy argument conversion slipped when merging with x_tables

Signed-off-by: Benoit Boissinot <benoit.boissinot@ens-lyon.org>
Signed-off-by: Harald Welte <laforge@netfilter.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-01-17 02:26:34 -08:00
Joe Perches 46b86a2da0 [NET]: Use NIP6_FMT in kernel.h
There are errors and inconsistency in the display of NIP6 strings.
	ie: net/ipv6/ip6_flowlabel.c

There are errors and inconsistency in the display of NIPQUAD strings too.
	ie: net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_ftp.c

This patch:
	adds NIP6_FMT to kernel.h
	changes all code to use NIP6_FMT
	fixes net/ipv6/ip6_flowlabel.c
	adds NIPQUAD_FMT to kernel.h
	fixes net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_ftp.c
	changes a few uses of "%u.%u.%u.%u" to NIPQUAD_FMT for symmetry to NIP6_FMT

Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-01-13 14:29:07 -08:00
Harald Welte 2e4e6a17af [NETFILTER] x_tables: Abstraction layer for {ip,ip6,arp}_tables
This monster-patch tries to do the best job for unifying the data
structures and backend interfaces for the three evil clones ip_tables,
ip6_tables and arp_tables.  In an ideal world we would never have
allowed this kind of copy+paste programming... but well, our world
isn't (yet?) ideal.

o introduce a new x_tables module
o {ip,arp,ip6}_tables depend on this x_tables module
o registration functions for tables, matches and targets are only
  wrappers around x_tables provided functions
o all matches/targets that are used from ip_tables and ip6_tables
  are now implemented as xt_FOOBAR.c files and provide module aliases
  to ipt_FOOBAR and ip6t_FOOBAR
o header files for xt_matches are in include/linux/netfilter/,
  include/linux/netfilter_{ipv4,ipv6} contains compatibility wrappers
  around the xt_FOOBAR.h headers

Based on this patchset we're going to further unify the code,
gradually getting rid of all the layer 3 specific assumptions.

Signed-off-by: Harald Welte <laforge@netfilter.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-01-12 14:06:43 -08:00
Randy Dunlap 4fc268d24c [PATCH] capable/capability.h (net/)
net: Use <linux/capability.h> where capable() is used.

Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-01-11 18:42:14 -08:00
David S. Miller 82bf7e97ac [NET]: Some more missing include/etherdevice.h includes
For compare_ether_addr()

Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-01-11 16:32:11 -08:00
Patrick McHardy babbdb1a18 [NETFILTER]: Fix timeout sysctls on big-endian 64bit architectures
The connection tracking timeout variables are unsigned long, but
proc_dointvec_jiffies is used with sizeof(unsigned int) in the sysctl
tables. Since there is no proc_doulongvec_jiffies function, change the
timeout variables to unsigned int.

Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-01-10 12:54:35 -08:00
Kris Katterjohn d3f4a687f6 [NET]: Change memcmp(,,ETH_ALEN) to compare_ether_addr()
This changes some memcmp(one,two,ETH_ALEN) to compare_ether_addr(one,two).

Signed-off-by: Kris Katterjohn <kjak@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-01-10 12:54:28 -08:00
Patrick McHardy e16a8f0b8c [NETFILTER]: Add ipt_policy/ip6t_policy matches
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-01-07 12:57:38 -08:00
Patrick McHardy 22dea562bb [NETFILTER]: Export ip6_masked_addrcmp, don't pass IPv6 addresses on stack
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-01-05 12:21:34 -08:00
Patrick McHardy b777e0ce74 [NETFILTER]: make ipv6_find_hdr() find transport protocol header
The original ipv6_find_hdr() finds the specified header in IPv6 packets.
This makes it possible to get transport header so that we can kill similar
loop in ip6_match_packet().

Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-01-05 12:21:16 -08:00
Pablo Neira Ayuso c1d10adb4a [NETFILTER]: Add ctnetlink port for nf_conntrack
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-01-05 12:19:05 -08:00
YOSHIFUJI Hideaki 181a46a56e [NETFILTER]: Use macro for spinlock_t/rwlock_t initializations/definition.
Signed-off-by: YOSHIFUJI Hideaki <yoshfuji@linux-ipv6.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-01-04 13:56:54 -08:00
Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo 14c850212e [INET_SOCK]: Move struct inet_sock & helper functions to net/inet_sock.h
To help in reducing the number of include dependencies, several files were
touched as they were getting needed headers indirectly for stuff they use.

Thanks also to Alan Menegotto for pointing out that net/dccp/proto.c had
linux/dccp.h include twice.

Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@mandriva.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-01-03 13:11:21 -08:00
Eric Dumazet 3183606469 [NETFILTER] ip_tables: NUMA-aware allocation
Part of a performance problem with ip_tables is that memory allocation
is not NUMA aware, but 'only' SMP aware (ie each CPU normally touch
separate cache lines)

Even with small iptables rules, the cost of this misplacement can be
high on common workloads.  Instead of using one vmalloc() area
(located in the node of the iptables process), we now allocate an area
for each possible CPU, using vmalloc_node() so that memory should be
allocated in the CPU's node if possible.

Port to arp_tables and ip6_tables by Harald Welte.

Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <dada1@cosmosbay.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2006-01-03 13:10:29 -08:00
Patrick McHardy 31cb5bd4dc [NETFILTER]: Fix incorrect dependency for IP6_NF_TARGET_NFQUEUE
IP6_NF_TARGET_NFQUEUE depends on IP6_NF_IPTABLES, not IP_NF_IPTABLES.

Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2005-12-19 13:53:26 -08:00
Yasuyuki Kozakai f16c910724 [NETFILTER]: nf_conntrack: Fix missing check for ICMPv6 type
This makes nf_conntrack_icmpv6 check that ICMPv6 type isn't < 128
to avoid accessing out of array valid_new[] and invmap[].

Signed-off-by: Yasuyuki Kozakai <yasuyuki.kozakai@toshiba.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2005-12-05 13:32:50 -08:00
Arjan van de Ven 9b5b5cff9a [NET]: Add const markers to various variables.
the patch below marks various variables const in net/; the goal is to
move them to the .rodata section so that they can't false-share
cachelines with things that get written to, as well as potentially
helping gcc a bit with optimisations.  (these were found using a gcc
patch to warn about such variables)

Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2005-11-29 16:21:38 -08:00
Yasuyuki Kozakai 302fe1758d [NETFILTER] fix leak of fragment queue at unloading nf_conntrack_ipv6
This patch makes nf_conntrack_ipv6 free all IPv6 fragment queues at module
unloading time.  Also introduce a BUG_ON if we ever again have leaks in
the memory accounting.

Signed-off-by: Yasuyuki Kozakai <yasuyuki.kozakai@toshiba.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Harald Welte <laforge@netfilter.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2005-11-14 15:28:45 -08:00