If kprobe is placed on spin_unlock then calling kmalloc/kfree from
bpf programs is not safe, since the following dead lock is possible:
kfree->spin_lock(kmem_cache_node->lock)...spin_unlock->kprobe->
bpf_prog->map_update->kmalloc->spin_lock(of the same kmem_cache_node->lock)
and deadlocks.
The following solutions were considered and some implemented, but
eventually discarded
- kmem_cache_create for every map
- add recursion check to slow-path of slub
- use reserved memory in bpf_map_update for in_irq or in preempt_disabled
- kmalloc via irq_work
At the end pre-allocation of all map elements turned out to be the simplest
solution and since the user is charged upfront for all the memory, such
pre-allocation doesn't affect the user space visible behavior.
Since it's impossible to tell whether kprobe is triggered in a safe
location from kmalloc point of view, use pre-allocation by default
and introduce new BPF_F_NO_PREALLOC flag.
While testing of per-cpu hash maps it was discovered
that alloc_percpu(GFP_ATOMIC) has odd corner cases and often
fails to allocate memory even when 90% of it is free.
The pre-allocation of per-cpu hash elements solves this problem as well.
Turned out that bpf_map_update() quickly followed by
bpf_map_lookup()+bpf_map_delete() is very common pattern used
in many of iovisor/bcc/tools, so there is additional benefit of
pre-allocation, since such use cases are must faster.
Since all hash map elements are now pre-allocated we can remove
atomic increment of htab->count and save few more cycles.
Also add bpf_map_precharge_memlock() to check rlimit_memlock early to avoid
large malloc/free done by users who don't have sufficient limits.
Pre-allocation is done with vmalloc and alloc/free is done
via percpu_freelist. Here are performance numbers for different
pre-allocation algorithms that were implemented, but discarded
in favor of percpu_freelist:
1 cpu:
pcpu_ida 2.1M
pcpu_ida nolock 2.3M
bt 2.4M
kmalloc 1.8M
hlist+spinlock 2.3M
pcpu_freelist 2.6M
4 cpu:
pcpu_ida 1.5M
pcpu_ida nolock 1.8M
bt w/smp_align 1.7M
bt no/smp_align 1.1M
kmalloc 0.7M
hlist+spinlock 0.2M
pcpu_freelist 2.0M
8 cpu:
pcpu_ida 0.7M
bt w/smp_align 0.8M
kmalloc 0.4M
pcpu_freelist 1.5M
32 cpu:
kmalloc 0.13M
pcpu_freelist 0.49M
pcpu_ida nolock is a modified percpu_ida algorithm without
percpu_ida_cpu locks and without cross-cpu tag stealing.
It's faster than existing percpu_ida, but not as fast as pcpu_freelist.
bt is a variant of block/blk-mq-tag.c simlified and customized
for bpf use case. bt w/smp_align is using cache line for every 'long'
(similar to blk-mq-tag). bt no/smp_align allocates 'long'
bitmasks continuously to save memory. It's comparable to percpu_ida
and in some cases faster, but slower than percpu_freelist
hlist+spinlock is the simplest free list with single spinlock.
As expeceted it has very bad scaling in SMP.
kmalloc is existing implementation which is still available via
BPF_F_NO_PREALLOC flag. It's significantly slower in single cpu and
in 8 cpu setup it's 3 times slower than pre-allocation with pcpu_freelist,
but saves memory, so in cases where map->max_entries can be large
and number of map update/delete per second is low, it may make
sense to use it.
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
bpf_percpu_hash_update() expects rcu lock to be held and warns if it's not,
which pointed out a missing rcu read lock.
Fixes: 15a07b338 ("bpf: add lookup/update support for per-cpu hash and array maps")
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
The functions bpf_map_lookup_elem(map, key, value) and
bpf_map_update_elem(map, key, value, flags) need to get/set
values from all-cpus for per-cpu hash and array maps,
so that user space can aggregate/update them as necessary.
Example of single counter aggregation in user space:
unsigned int nr_cpus = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF);
long values[nr_cpus];
long value = 0;
bpf_lookup_elem(fd, key, values);
for (i = 0; i < nr_cpus; i++)
value += values[i];
The user space must provide round_up(value_size, 8) * nr_cpus
array to get/set values, since kernel will use 'long' copy
of per-cpu values to try to copy good counters atomically.
It's a best-effort, since bpf programs and user space are racing
to access the same memory.
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Introduce BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERCPU_HASH map type which is used to do
accurate counters without need to use BPF_XADD instruction which turned
out to be too costly for high-performance network monitoring.
In the typical use case the 'key' is the flow tuple or other long
living object that sees a lot of events per second.
bpf_map_lookup_elem() returns per-cpu area.
Example:
struct {
u32 packets;
u32 bytes;
} * ptr = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&map, &key);
/* ptr points to this_cpu area of the value, so the following
* increments will not collide with other cpus
*/
ptr->packets ++;
ptr->bytes += skb->len;
bpf_update_elem() atomically creates a new element where all per-cpu
values are zero initialized and this_cpu value is populated with
given 'value'.
Note that non-per-cpu hash map always allocates new element
and then deletes old after rcu grace period to maintain atomicity
of update. Per-cpu hash map updates element values in-place.
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Both htab_map_update_elem() and htab_map_delete_elem() can be
called from eBPF program, and they may be in kernel hot path,
so it isn't efficient to use a per-hashtable lock in this two
helpers.
The per-hashtable spinlock is used for protecting bucket's
hlist, and per-bucket lock is just enough. This patch converts
the per-hashtable lock into per-bucket spinlock, so that
contention can be decreased a lot.
Signed-off-by: Ming Lei <tom.leiming@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
The spinlock is just used for protecting the per-bucket
hlist, so it isn't needed for selecting bucket.
Acked-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Signed-off-by: Ming Lei <tom.leiming@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Preparing for removing global per-hashtable lock, so
the counter need to be defined as aotmic_t first.
Acked-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Signed-off-by: Ming Lei <tom.leiming@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
For large map->value_size the user space can trigger memory allocation warnings like:
WARNING: CPU: 2 PID: 11122 at mm/page_alloc.c:2989
__alloc_pages_nodemask+0x695/0x14e0()
Call Trace:
[< inline >] __dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:15
[<ffffffff82743b56>] dump_stack+0x68/0x92 lib/dump_stack.c:50
[<ffffffff81244ec9>] warn_slowpath_common+0xd9/0x140 kernel/panic.c:460
[<ffffffff812450f9>] warn_slowpath_null+0x29/0x30 kernel/panic.c:493
[< inline >] __alloc_pages_slowpath mm/page_alloc.c:2989
[<ffffffff81554e95>] __alloc_pages_nodemask+0x695/0x14e0 mm/page_alloc.c:3235
[<ffffffff816188fe>] alloc_pages_current+0xee/0x340 mm/mempolicy.c:2055
[< inline >] alloc_pages include/linux/gfp.h:451
[<ffffffff81550706>] alloc_kmem_pages+0x16/0xf0 mm/page_alloc.c:3414
[<ffffffff815a1c89>] kmalloc_order+0x19/0x60 mm/slab_common.c:1007
[<ffffffff815a1cef>] kmalloc_order_trace+0x1f/0xa0 mm/slab_common.c:1018
[< inline >] kmalloc_large include/linux/slab.h:390
[<ffffffff81627784>] __kmalloc+0x234/0x250 mm/slub.c:3525
[< inline >] kmalloc include/linux/slab.h:463
[< inline >] map_update_elem kernel/bpf/syscall.c:288
[< inline >] SYSC_bpf kernel/bpf/syscall.c:744
To avoid never succeeding kmalloc with order >= MAX_ORDER check that
elem->value_size and computed elem_size are within limits for both hash and
array type maps.
Also add __GFP_NOWARN to kmalloc(value_size | elem_size) to avoid OOM warnings.
Note kmalloc(key_size) is highly unlikely to trigger OOM, since key_size <= 512,
so keep those kmalloc-s as-is.
Large value_size can cause integer overflows in elem_size and map.pages
formulas, so check for that as well.
Fixes: aaac3ba95e ("bpf: charge user for creation of BPF maps and programs")
Reported-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
since eBPF programs and maps use kernel memory consider it 'locked' memory
from user accounting point of view and charge it against RLIMIT_MEMLOCK limit.
This limit is typically set to 64Kbytes by distros, so almost all
bpf+tracing programs would need to increase it, since they use maps,
but kernel charges maximum map size upfront.
For example the hash map of 1024 elements will be charged as 64Kbyte.
It's inconvenient for current users and changes current behavior for root,
but probably worth doing to be consistent root vs non-root.
Similar accounting logic is done by mmap of perf_event.
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
We can move bpf_map_ops and bpf_verifier_ops and other structs into ro
section, bpf_map_type_list and bpf_prog_type_list into read mostly.
Signed-off-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Acked-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
- fix NULL pointer dereference:
kernel/bpf/arraymap.c:41 array_map_alloc() error: potential null dereference 'array'. (kzalloc returns null)
kernel/bpf/arraymap.c:41 array_map_alloc() error: we previously assumed 'array' could be null (see line 40)
- integer overflow check was missing in arraymap
(hashmap checks for overflow via kmalloc_array())
- arraymap can round_up(value_size, 8) to zero. check was missing.
- hashmap was missing zero size check as well, since roundup_pow_of_two() can
truncate into zero
- found a typo in the arraymap comment and unnecessary empty line
Fix all of these issues and make both overflow checks explicit U32 in size.
Reported-by: kbuild test robot <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
add new map type BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH and its implementation
- maps are created/destroyed by userspace. Both userspace and eBPF programs
can lookup/update/delete elements from the map
- eBPF programs can be called in_irq(), so use spin_lock_irqsave() mechanism
for concurrent updates
- key/value are opaque range of bytes (aligned to 8 bytes)
- user space provides 3 configuration attributes via BPF syscall:
key_size, value_size, max_entries
- map takes care of allocating/freeing key/value pairs
- map_update_elem() must fail to insert new element when max_entries
limit is reached to make sure that eBPF programs cannot exhaust memory
- map_update_elem() replaces elements in an atomic way
- optimized for speed of lookup() which can be called multiple times from
eBPF program which itself is triggered by high volume of events
. in the future JIT compiler may recognize lookup() call and optimize it
further, since key_size is constant for life of eBPF program
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Alexei Starovoitov
Sasha Levin
tom.leiming@gmail.com
Alexei Starovoitov
Yang Shi
Alexei Starovoitov
Daniel Borkmann