qemu-e2k/migration/postcopy-ram.c

/*
 * Postcopy migration for RAM
 *
 * Copyright 2013-2015 Red Hat, Inc. and/or its affiliates
 *
 * Authors:
 *  Dave Gilbert  <dgilbert@redhat.com>
 *
 * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or later.
 * See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
 *
 */

/*
 * Postcopy is a migration technique where the execution flips from the
 * source to the destination before all the data has been copied.
 */

#include "qemu/osdep.h"
#include "exec/target_page.h"
#include "migration.h"
#include "qemu-file.h"
#include "savevm.h"
#include "postcopy-ram.h"
#include "ram.h"
#include "sysemu/sysemu.h"
#include "sysemu/balloon.h"
#include "qemu/error-report.h"
#include "trace.h"

/* Arbitrary limit on size of each discard command,
 * keeps them around ~200 bytes
 */
#define MAX_DISCARDS_PER_COMMAND 12

struct PostcopyDiscardState {
    const char *ramblock_name;
    uint16_t cur_entry;
    /*
     * Start and length of a discard range (bytes)
     */
    uint64_t start_list[MAX_DISCARDS_PER_COMMAND];
    uint64_t length_list[MAX_DISCARDS_PER_COMMAND];
    unsigned int nsentwords;
    unsigned int nsentcmds;
};

/* Postcopy needs to detect accesses to pages that haven't yet been copied
 * across, and efficiently map new pages in, the techniques for doing this
 * are target OS specific.
 */
#if defined(__linux__)

#include <poll.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <asm/types.h> /* for __u64 */
#endif

#if defined(__linux__) && defined(__NR_userfaultfd) && defined(CONFIG_EVENTFD)
#include <sys/eventfd.h>
#include <linux/userfaultfd.h>

typedef struct PostcopyBlocktimeContext {
    /* time when page fault initiated per vCPU */
    int64_t *page_fault_vcpu_time;
    /* page address per vCPU */
    uintptr_t *vcpu_addr;
    int64_t total_blocktime;
    /* blocktime per vCPU */
    int64_t *vcpu_blocktime;
    /* point in time when last page fault was initiated */
    int64_t last_begin;
    /* number of vCPU are suspended */
    int smp_cpus_down;

    /*
     * Handler for exit event, necessary for
     * releasing whole blocktime_ctx
     */
    Notifier exit_notifier;
} PostcopyBlocktimeContext;

static void destroy_blocktime_context(struct PostcopyBlocktimeContext *ctx)
{
    g_free(ctx->page_fault_vcpu_time);
    g_free(ctx->vcpu_addr);
    g_free(ctx->vcpu_blocktime);
    g_free(ctx);
}

static void migration_exit_cb(Notifier *n, void *data)
{
    PostcopyBlocktimeContext *ctx = container_of(n, PostcopyBlocktimeContext,
                                                 exit_notifier);
    destroy_blocktime_context(ctx);
}

static struct PostcopyBlocktimeContext *blocktime_context_new(void)
{
    PostcopyBlocktimeContext *ctx = g_new0(PostcopyBlocktimeContext, 1);
    ctx->page_fault_vcpu_time = g_new0(int64_t, smp_cpus);
    ctx->vcpu_addr = g_new0(uintptr_t, smp_cpus);
    ctx->vcpu_blocktime = g_new0(int64_t, smp_cpus);

    ctx->exit_notifier.notify = migration_exit_cb;
    qemu_add_exit_notifier(&ctx->exit_notifier);
    return ctx;
}

/**
 * receive_ufd_features: check userfault fd features, to request only supported
 * features in the future.
 *
 * Returns: true on success
 *
 * __NR_userfaultfd - should be checked before
 *  @features: out parameter will contain uffdio_api.features provided by kernel
 *              in case of success
 */
static bool receive_ufd_features(uint64_t *features)
{
    struct uffdio_api api_struct = {0};
    int ufd;
    bool ret = true;

    /* if we are here __NR_userfaultfd should exists */
    ufd = syscall(__NR_userfaultfd, O_CLOEXEC);
    if (ufd == -1) {
        error_report("%s: syscall __NR_userfaultfd failed: %s", __func__,
                     strerror(errno));
        return false;
    }

    /* ask features */
    api_struct.api = UFFD_API;
    api_struct.features = 0;
    if (ioctl(ufd, UFFDIO_API, &api_struct)) {
        error_report("%s: UFFDIO_API failed: %s", __func__,
                     strerror(errno));
        ret = false;
        goto release_ufd;
    }

    *features = api_struct.features;

release_ufd:
    close(ufd);
    return ret;
}

/**
 * request_ufd_features: this function should be called only once on a newly
 * opened ufd, subsequent calls will lead to error.
 *
 * Returns: true on succes
 *
 * @ufd: fd obtained from userfaultfd syscall
 * @features: bit mask see UFFD_API_FEATURES
 */
static bool request_ufd_features(int ufd, uint64_t features)
{
    struct uffdio_api api_struct = {0};
    uint64_t ioctl_mask;

    api_struct.api = UFFD_API;
    api_struct.features = features;
    if (ioctl(ufd, UFFDIO_API, &api_struct)) {
        error_report("%s failed: UFFDIO_API failed: %s", __func__,
                     strerror(errno));
        return false;
    }

    ioctl_mask = (__u64)1 << _UFFDIO_REGISTER |
                 (__u64)1 << _UFFDIO_UNREGISTER;
    if ((api_struct.ioctls & ioctl_mask) != ioctl_mask) {
        error_report("Missing userfault features: %" PRIx64,
                     (uint64_t)(~api_struct.ioctls & ioctl_mask));
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

static bool ufd_check_and_apply(int ufd, MigrationIncomingState *mis)
{
    uint64_t asked_features = 0;
    static uint64_t supported_features;

    /*
     * it's not possible to
     * request UFFD_API twice per one fd
     * userfault fd features is persistent
     */
    if (!supported_features) {
        if (!receive_ufd_features(&supported_features)) {
            error_report("%s failed", __func__);
            return false;
        }
    }

#ifdef UFFD_FEATURE_THREAD_ID
    if (migrate_postcopy_blocktime() && mis &&
        UFFD_FEATURE_THREAD_ID & supported_features) {
        /* kernel supports that feature */
        /* don't create blocktime_context if it exists */
        if (!mis->blocktime_ctx) {
            mis->blocktime_ctx = blocktime_context_new();
        }

        asked_features |= UFFD_FEATURE_THREAD_ID;
    }
#endif

    /*
     * request features, even if asked_features is 0, due to
     * kernel expects UFFD_API before UFFDIO_REGISTER, per
     * userfault file descriptor
     */
    if (!request_ufd_features(ufd, asked_features)) {
        error_report("%s failed: features %" PRIu64, __func__,
                     asked_features);
        return false;
    }

    if (getpagesize() != ram_pagesize_summary()) {
        bool have_hp = false;
        /* We've got a huge page */
#ifdef UFFD_FEATURE_MISSING_HUGETLBFS
        have_hp = supported_features & UFFD_FEATURE_MISSING_HUGETLBFS;
#endif
        if (!have_hp) {
            error_report("Userfault on this host does not support huge pages");
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

/* Callback from postcopy_ram_supported_by_host block iterator.
 */
static int test_ramblock_postcopiable(const char *block_name, void *host_addr,
                             ram_addr_t offset, ram_addr_t length, void *opaque)
{
    RAMBlock *rb = qemu_ram_block_by_name(block_name);
    size_t pagesize = qemu_ram_pagesize(rb);

    if (qemu_ram_is_shared(rb)) {
        error_report("Postcopy on shared RAM (%s) is not yet supported",
                     block_name);
        return 1;
    }

    if (length % pagesize) {
        error_report("Postcopy requires RAM blocks to be a page size multiple,"
                     " block %s is 0x" RAM_ADDR_FMT " bytes with a "
                     "page size of 0x%zx", block_name, length, pagesize);
        return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}

/*
 * Note: This has the side effect of munlock'ing all of RAM, that's
 * normally fine since if the postcopy succeeds it gets turned back on at the
 * end.
 */
bool postcopy_ram_supported_by_host(MigrationIncomingState *mis)
{
    long pagesize = getpagesize();
    int ufd = -1;
    bool ret = false; /* Error unless we change it */
    void *testarea = NULL;
    struct uffdio_register reg_struct;
    struct uffdio_range range_struct;
    uint64_t feature_mask;

    if (qemu_target_page_size() > pagesize) {
        error_report("Target page size bigger than host page size");
        goto out;
    }

    ufd = syscall(__NR_userfaultfd, O_CLOEXEC);
    if (ufd == -1) {
        error_report("%s: userfaultfd not available: %s", __func__,
                     strerror(errno));
        goto out;
    }

    /* Version and features check */
    if (!ufd_check_and_apply(ufd, mis)) {
        goto out;
    }

    /* We don't support postcopy with shared RAM yet */
    if (qemu_ram_foreach_block(test_ramblock_postcopiable, NULL)) {
        goto out;
    }

    /*
     * userfault and mlock don't go together; we'll put it back later if
     * it was enabled.
     */
    if (munlockall()) {
        error_report("%s: munlockall: %s", __func__,  strerror(errno));
        return -1;
    }

    /*
     *  We need to check that the ops we need are supported on anon memory
     *  To do that we need to register a chunk and see the flags that
     *  are returned.
     */
    testarea = mmap(NULL, pagesize, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE |
                                    MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
    if (testarea == MAP_FAILED) {
        error_report("%s: Failed to map test area: %s", __func__,
                     strerror(errno));
        goto out;
    }
    g_assert(((size_t)testarea & (pagesize-1)) == 0);

    reg_struct.range.start = (uintptr_t)testarea;
    reg_struct.range.len = pagesize;
    reg_struct.mode = UFFDIO_REGISTER_MODE_MISSING;

    if (ioctl(ufd, UFFDIO_REGISTER, &reg_struct)) {
        error_report("%s userfault register: %s", __func__, strerror(errno));
        goto out;
    }

    range_struct.start = (uintptr_t)testarea;
    range_struct.len = pagesize;
    if (ioctl(ufd, UFFDIO_UNREGISTER, &range_struct)) {
        error_report("%s userfault unregister: %s", __func__, strerror(errno));
        goto out;
    }

    feature_mask = (__u64)1 << _UFFDIO_WAKE |
                   (__u64)1 << _UFFDIO_COPY |
                   (__u64)1 << _UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE;
    if ((reg_struct.ioctls & feature_mask) != feature_mask) {
        error_report("Missing userfault map features: %" PRIx64,
                     (uint64_t)(~reg_struct.ioctls & feature_mask));
        goto out;
    }

    /* Success! */
    ret = true;
out:
    if (testarea) {
        munmap(testarea, pagesize);
    }
    if (ufd != -1) {
        close(ufd);
    }
    return ret;
}

/*
 * Setup an area of RAM so that it *can* be used for postcopy later; this
 * must be done right at the start prior to pre-copy.
 * opaque should be the MIS.
 */
static int init_range(const char *block_name, void *host_addr,
                      ram_addr_t offset, ram_addr_t length, void *opaque)
{
    trace_postcopy_init_range(block_name, host_addr, offset, length);

    /*
     * We need the whole of RAM to be truly empty for postcopy, so things
     * like ROMs and any data tables built during init must be zero'd
     * - we're going to get the copy from the source anyway.
     * (Precopy will just overwrite this data, so doesn't need the discard)
     */
    if (ram_discard_range(block_name, 0, length)) {
        return -1;
    }

    return 0;
}

/*
 * At the end of migration, undo the effects of init_range
 * opaque should be the MIS.
 */
static int cleanup_range(const char *block_name, void *host_addr,
                        ram_addr_t offset, ram_addr_t length, void *opaque)
{
    MigrationIncomingState *mis = opaque;
    struct uffdio_range range_struct;
    trace_postcopy_cleanup_range(block_name, host_addr, offset, length);

    /*
     * We turned off hugepage for the precopy stage with postcopy enabled
     * we can turn it back on now.
     */
    qemu_madvise(host_addr, length, QEMU_MADV_HUGEPAGE);

    /*
     * We can also turn off userfault now since we should have all the
     * pages.   It can be useful to leave it on to debug postcopy
     * if you're not sure it's always getting every page.
     */
    range_struct.start = (uintptr_t)host_addr;
    range_struct.len = length;

    if (ioctl(mis->userfault_fd, UFFDIO_UNREGISTER, &range_struct)) {
        error_report("%s: userfault unregister %s", __func__, strerror(errno));

        return -1;
    }

    return 0;
}

/*
 * Initialise postcopy-ram, setting the RAM to a state where we can go into
 * postcopy later; must be called prior to any precopy.
 * called from arch_init's similarly named ram_postcopy_incoming_init
 */
int postcopy_ram_incoming_init(MigrationIncomingState *mis, size_t ram_pages)
{
    if (qemu_ram_foreach_block(init_range, NULL)) {
        return -1;
    }

    return 0;
}

/*
 * At the end of a migration where postcopy_ram_incoming_init was called.
 */
int postcopy_ram_incoming_cleanup(MigrationIncomingState *mis)
{
    trace_postcopy_ram_incoming_cleanup_entry();

    if (mis->have_fault_thread) {
        uint64_t tmp64;

        if (qemu_ram_foreach_block(cleanup_range, mis)) {
            return -1;
        }
        /*
         * Tell the fault_thread to exit, it's an eventfd that should
         * currently be at 0, we're going to increment it to 1
         */
        tmp64 = 1;
        if (write(mis->userfault_quit_fd, &tmp64, 8) == 8) {
            trace_postcopy_ram_incoming_cleanup_join();
            qemu_thread_join(&mis->fault_thread);
        } else {
            /* Not much we can do here, but may as well report it */
            error_report("%s: incrementing userfault_quit_fd: %s", __func__,
                         strerror(errno));
        }
        trace_postcopy_ram_incoming_cleanup_closeuf();
        close(mis->userfault_fd);
        close(mis->userfault_quit_fd);
        mis->have_fault_thread = false;
    }

    qemu_balloon_inhibit(false);

    if (enable_mlock) {
        if (os_mlock() < 0) {
            error_report("mlock: %s", strerror(errno));
            /*
             * It doesn't feel right to fail at this point, we have a valid
             * VM state.
             */
        }
    }

    postcopy_state_set(POSTCOPY_INCOMING_END);

    if (mis->postcopy_tmp_page) {
        munmap(mis->postcopy_tmp_page, mis->largest_page_size);
        mis->postcopy_tmp_page = NULL;
    }
    if (mis->postcopy_tmp_zero_page) {
        munmap(mis->postcopy_tmp_zero_page, mis->largest_page_size);
        mis->postcopy_tmp_zero_page = NULL;
    }
    trace_postcopy_ram_incoming_cleanup_exit();
    return 0;
}

/*
 * Disable huge pages on an area
 */
static int nhp_range(const char *block_name, void *host_addr,
                    ram_addr_t offset, ram_addr_t length, void *opaque)
{
    trace_postcopy_nhp_range(block_name, host_addr, offset, length);

    /*
     * Before we do discards we need to ensure those discards really
     * do delete areas of the page, even if THP thinks a hugepage would
     * be a good idea, so force hugepages off.
     */
    qemu_madvise(host_addr, length, QEMU_MADV_NOHUGEPAGE);

    return 0;
}

/*
 * Userfault requires us to mark RAM as NOHUGEPAGE prior to discard
 * however leaving it until after precopy means that most of the precopy
 * data is still THPd
 */
int postcopy_ram_prepare_discard(MigrationIncomingState *mis)
{
    if (qemu_ram_foreach_block(nhp_range, mis)) {
        return -1;
    }

    postcopy_state_set(POSTCOPY_INCOMING_DISCARD);

    return 0;
}

/*
 * Mark the given area of RAM as requiring notification to unwritten areas
 * Used as a  callback on qemu_ram_foreach_block.
 *   host_addr: Base of area to mark
 *   offset: Offset in the whole ram arena
 *   length: Length of the section
 *   opaque: MigrationIncomingState pointer
 * Returns 0 on success
 */
static int ram_block_enable_notify(const char *block_name, void *host_addr,
                                   ram_addr_t offset, ram_addr_t length,
                                   void *opaque)
{
    MigrationIncomingState *mis = opaque;
    struct uffdio_register reg_struct;

    reg_struct.range.start = (uintptr_t)host_addr;
    reg_struct.range.len = length;
    reg_struct.mode = UFFDIO_REGISTER_MODE_MISSING;

    /* Now tell our userfault_fd that it's responsible for this area */
    if (ioctl(mis->userfault_fd, UFFDIO_REGISTER, &reg_struct)) {
        error_report("%s userfault register: %s", __func__, strerror(errno));
        return -1;
    }
    if (!(reg_struct.ioctls & ((__u64)1 << _UFFDIO_COPY))) {
        error_report("%s userfault: Region doesn't support COPY", __func__);
        return -1;
    }

    return 0;
}

static int get_mem_fault_cpu_index(uint32_t pid)
{
    CPUState *cpu_iter;

    CPU_FOREACH(cpu_iter) {
        if (cpu_iter->thread_id == pid) {
            trace_get_mem_fault_cpu_index(cpu_iter->cpu_index, pid);
            return cpu_iter->cpu_index;
        }
    }
    trace_get_mem_fault_cpu_index(-1, pid);
    return -1;
}

/*
 * This function is being called when pagefault occurs. It
 * tracks down vCPU blocking time.
 *
 * @addr: faulted host virtual address
 * @ptid: faulted process thread id
 * @rb: ramblock appropriate to addr
 */
static void mark_postcopy_blocktime_begin(uintptr_t addr, uint32_t ptid,
                                          RAMBlock *rb)
{
    int cpu, already_received;
    MigrationIncomingState *mis = migration_incoming_get_current();
    PostcopyBlocktimeContext *dc = mis->blocktime_ctx;
    int64_t now_ms;

    if (!dc || ptid == 0) {
        return;
    }
    cpu = get_mem_fault_cpu_index(ptid);
    if (cpu < 0) {
        return;
    }

    now_ms = qemu_clock_get_ms(QEMU_CLOCK_REALTIME);
    if (dc->vcpu_addr[cpu] == 0) {
        atomic_inc(&dc->smp_cpus_down);
    }

    atomic_xchg__nocheck(&dc->last_begin, now_ms);
    atomic_xchg__nocheck(&dc->page_fault_vcpu_time[cpu], now_ms);
    atomic_xchg__nocheck(&dc->vcpu_addr[cpu], addr);

    /* check it here, not at the begining of the function,
     * due to, check could accur early than bitmap_set in
     * qemu_ufd_copy_ioctl */
    already_received = ramblock_recv_bitmap_test(rb, (void *)addr);
    if (already_received) {
        atomic_xchg__nocheck(&dc->vcpu_addr[cpu], 0);
        atomic_xchg__nocheck(&dc->page_fault_vcpu_time[cpu], 0);
        atomic_dec(&dc->smp_cpus_down);
    }
    trace_mark_postcopy_blocktime_begin(addr, dc, dc->page_fault_vcpu_time[cpu],
                                        cpu, already_received);
}

/*
 *  This function just provide calculated blocktime per cpu and trace it.
 *  Total blocktime is calculated in mark_postcopy_blocktime_end.
 *
 *
 * Assume we have 3 CPU
 *
 *      S1        E1           S1               E1
 * -----***********------------xxx***************------------------------> CPU1
 *
 *             S2                E2
 * ------------****************xxx---------------------------------------> CPU2
 *
 *                         S3            E3
 * ------------------------****xxx********-------------------------------> CPU3
 *
 * We have sequence S1,S2,E1,S3,S1,E2,E3,E1
 * S2,E1 - doesn't match condition due to sequence S1,S2,E1 doesn't include CPU3
 * S3,S1,E2 - sequence includes all CPUs, in this case overlap will be S1,E2 -
 *            it's a part of total blocktime.
 * S1 - here is last_begin
 * Legend of the picture is following:
 *              * - means blocktime per vCPU
 *              x - means overlapped blocktime (total blocktime)
 *
 * @addr: host virtual address
 */
static void mark_postcopy_blocktime_end(uintptr_t addr)
{
    MigrationIncomingState *mis = migration_incoming_get_current();
    PostcopyBlocktimeContext *dc = mis->blocktime_ctx;
    int i, affected_cpu = 0;
    int64_t now_ms;
    bool vcpu_total_blocktime = false;
    int64_t read_vcpu_time;

    if (!dc) {
        return;
    }

    now_ms = qemu_clock_get_ms(QEMU_CLOCK_REALTIME);

    /* lookup cpu, to clear it,
     * that algorithm looks straighforward, but it's not
     * optimal, more optimal algorithm is keeping tree or hash
     * where key is address value is a list of  */
    for (i = 0; i < smp_cpus; i++) {
        uint64_t vcpu_blocktime = 0;

        read_vcpu_time = atomic_fetch_add(&dc->page_fault_vcpu_time[i], 0);
        if (atomic_fetch_add(&dc->vcpu_addr[i], 0) != addr ||
            read_vcpu_time == 0) {
            continue;
        }
        atomic_xchg__nocheck(&dc->vcpu_addr[i], 0);
        vcpu_blocktime = now_ms - read_vcpu_time;
        affected_cpu += 1;
        /* we need to know is that mark_postcopy_end was due to
         * faulted page, another possible case it's prefetched
         * page and in that case we shouldn't be here */
        if (!vcpu_total_blocktime &&
            atomic_fetch_add(&dc->smp_cpus_down, 0) == smp_cpus) {
            vcpu_total_blocktime = true;
        }
        /* continue cycle, due to one page could affect several vCPUs */
        dc->vcpu_blocktime[i] += vcpu_blocktime;
    }

    atomic_sub(&dc->smp_cpus_down, affected_cpu);
    if (vcpu_total_blocktime) {
        dc->total_blocktime += now_ms - atomic_fetch_add(&dc->last_begin, 0);
    }
    trace_mark_postcopy_blocktime_end(addr, dc, dc->total_blocktime,
                                      affected_cpu);
}

/*
 * Handle faults detected by the USERFAULT markings
 */
static void *postcopy_ram_fault_thread(void *opaque)
{
    MigrationIncomingState *mis = opaque;
    struct uffd_msg msg;
    int ret;
    RAMBlock *rb = NULL;
    RAMBlock *last_rb = NULL; /* last RAMBlock we sent part of */

    trace_postcopy_ram_fault_thread_entry();
    qemu_sem_post(&mis->fault_thread_sem);

    while (true) {
        ram_addr_t rb_offset;
        struct pollfd pfd[2];

        /*
         * We're mainly waiting for the kernel to give us a faulting HVA,
         * however we can be told to quit via userfault_quit_fd which is
         * an eventfd
         */
        pfd[0].fd = mis->userfault_fd;
        pfd[0].events = POLLIN;
        pfd[0].revents = 0;
        pfd[1].fd = mis->userfault_quit_fd;
        pfd[1].events = POLLIN; /* Waiting for eventfd to go positive */
        pfd[1].revents = 0;

        if (poll(pfd, 2, -1 /* Wait forever */) == -1) {
            error_report("%s: userfault poll: %s", __func__, strerror(errno));
            break;
        }

        if (pfd[1].revents) {
            trace_postcopy_ram_fault_thread_quit();
            break;
        }

        ret = read(mis->userfault_fd, &msg, sizeof(msg));
        if (ret != sizeof(msg)) {
            if (errno == EAGAIN) {
                /*
                 * if a wake up happens on the other thread just after
                 * the poll, there is nothing to read.
                 */
                continue;
            }
            if (ret < 0) {
                error_report("%s: Failed to read full userfault message: %s",
                             __func__, strerror(errno));
                break;
            } else {
                error_report("%s: Read %d bytes from userfaultfd expected %zd",
                             __func__, ret, sizeof(msg));
                break; /* Lost alignment, don't know what we'd read next */
            }
        }
        if (msg.event != UFFD_EVENT_PAGEFAULT) {
            error_report("%s: Read unexpected event %ud from userfaultfd",
                         __func__, msg.event);
            continue; /* It's not a page fault, shouldn't happen */
        }

        rb = qemu_ram_block_from_host(
                 (void *)(uintptr_t)msg.arg.pagefault.address,
                 true, &rb_offset);
        if (!rb) {
            error_report("postcopy_ram_fault_thread: Fault outside guest: %"
                         PRIx64, (uint64_t)msg.arg.pagefault.address);
            break;
        }

        rb_offset &= ~(qemu_ram_pagesize(rb) - 1);
        trace_postcopy_ram_fault_thread_request(msg.arg.pagefault.address,
                                                qemu_ram_get_idstr(rb),
                                                rb_offset,
                                                msg.arg.pagefault.feat.ptid);

        mark_postcopy_blocktime_begin((uintptr_t)(msg.arg.pagefault.address),
                                      msg.arg.pagefault.feat.ptid, rb);
        /*
         * Send the request to the source - we want to request one
         * of our host page sizes (which is >= TPS)
         */
        if (rb != last_rb) {
            last_rb = rb;
            migrate_send_rp_req_pages(mis, qemu_ram_get_idstr(rb),
                                     rb_offset, qemu_ram_pagesize(rb));
        } else {
            /* Save some space */
            migrate_send_rp_req_pages(mis, NULL,
                                     rb_offset, qemu_ram_pagesize(rb));
        }
    }
    trace_postcopy_ram_fault_thread_exit();
    return NULL;
}

int postcopy_ram_enable_notify(MigrationIncomingState *mis)
{
    /* Open the fd for the kernel to give us userfaults */
    mis->userfault_fd = syscall(__NR_userfaultfd, O_CLOEXEC | O_NONBLOCK);
    if (mis->userfault_fd == -1) {
        error_report("%s: Failed to open userfault fd: %s", __func__,
                     strerror(errno));
        return -1;
    }

    /*
     * Although the host check already tested the API, we need to
     * do the check again as an ABI handshake on the new fd.
     */
    if (!ufd_check_and_apply(mis->userfault_fd, mis)) {
        return -1;
    }

    /* Now an eventfd we use to tell the fault-thread to quit */
    mis->userfault_quit_fd = eventfd(0, EFD_CLOEXEC);
    if (mis->userfault_quit_fd == -1) {
        error_report("%s: Opening userfault_quit_fd: %s", __func__,
                     strerror(errno));
        close(mis->userfault_fd);
        return -1;
    }

    qemu_sem_init(&mis->fault_thread_sem, 0);
    qemu_thread_create(&mis->fault_thread, "postcopy/fault",
                       postcopy_ram_fault_thread, mis, QEMU_THREAD_JOINABLE);
    qemu_sem_wait(&mis->fault_thread_sem);
    qemu_sem_destroy(&mis->fault_thread_sem);
    mis->have_fault_thread = true;

    /* Mark so that we get notified of accesses to unwritten areas */
    if (qemu_ram_foreach_block(ram_block_enable_notify, mis)) {
        return -1;
    }

    /*
     * Ballooning can mark pages as absent while we're postcopying
     * that would cause false userfaults.
     */
    qemu_balloon_inhibit(true);

    trace_postcopy_ram_enable_notify();

    return 0;
}

static int qemu_ufd_copy_ioctl(int userfault_fd, void *host_addr,
                               void *from_addr, uint64_t pagesize, RAMBlock *rb)
{
    int ret;
    if (from_addr) {
        struct uffdio_copy copy_struct;
        copy_struct.dst = (uint64_t)(uintptr_t)host_addr;
        copy_struct.src = (uint64_t)(uintptr_t)from_addr;
        copy_struct.len = pagesize;
        copy_struct.mode = 0;
        ret = ioctl(userfault_fd, UFFDIO_COPY, &copy_struct);
    } else {
        struct uffdio_zeropage zero_struct;
        zero_struct.range.start = (uint64_t)(uintptr_t)host_addr;
        zero_struct.range.len = pagesize;
        zero_struct.mode = 0;
        ret = ioctl(userfault_fd, UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE, &zero_struct);
    }
    if (!ret) {
        ramblock_recv_bitmap_set_range(rb, host_addr,
                                       pagesize / qemu_target_page_size());
        mark_postcopy_blocktime_end((uintptr_t)host_addr);

    }
    return ret;
}

/*
 * Place a host page (from) at (host) atomically
 * returns 0 on success
 */
int postcopy_place_page(MigrationIncomingState *mis, void *host, void *from,
                        RAMBlock *rb)
{
    size_t pagesize = qemu_ram_pagesize(rb);

    /* copy also acks to the kernel waking the stalled thread up
     * TODO: We can inhibit that ack and only do it if it was requested
     * which would be slightly cheaper, but we'd have to be careful
     * of the order of updating our page state.
     */
    if (qemu_ufd_copy_ioctl(mis->userfault_fd, host, from, pagesize, rb)) {
        int e = errno;
        error_report("%s: %s copy host: %p from: %p (size: %zd)",
                     __func__, strerror(e), host, from, pagesize);

        return -e;
    }

    trace_postcopy_place_page(host);
    return 0;
}

/*
 * Place a zero page at (host) atomically
 * returns 0 on success
 */
int postcopy_place_page_zero(MigrationIncomingState *mis, void *host,
                             RAMBlock *rb)
{
    trace_postcopy_place_page_zero(host);

    if (qemu_ram_pagesize(rb) == getpagesize()) {
        if (qemu_ufd_copy_ioctl(mis->userfault_fd, host, NULL, getpagesize(),
                                rb)) {
            int e = errno;
            error_report("%s: %s zero host: %p",
                         __func__, strerror(e), host);

            return -e;
        }
    } else {
        /* The kernel can't use UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE for hugepages */
        if (!mis->postcopy_tmp_zero_page) {
            mis->postcopy_tmp_zero_page = mmap(NULL, mis->largest_page_size,
                                               PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
                                               MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS,
                                               -1, 0);
            if (mis->postcopy_tmp_zero_page == MAP_FAILED) {
                int e = errno;
                mis->postcopy_tmp_zero_page = NULL;
                error_report("%s: %s mapping large zero page",
                             __func__, strerror(e));
                return -e;
            }
            memset(mis->postcopy_tmp_zero_page, '\0', mis->largest_page_size);
        }
        return postcopy_place_page(mis, host, mis->postcopy_tmp_zero_page,
                                   rb);
    }

    return 0;
}

/*
 * Returns a target page of memory that can be mapped at a later point in time
 * using postcopy_place_page
 * The same address is used repeatedly, postcopy_place_page just takes the
 * backing page away.
 * Returns: Pointer to allocated page
 *
 */
void *postcopy_get_tmp_page(MigrationIncomingState *mis)
{
    if (!mis->postcopy_tmp_page) {
        mis->postcopy_tmp_page = mmap(NULL, mis->largest_page_size,
                             PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE |
                             MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
        if (mis->postcopy_tmp_page == MAP_FAILED) {
            mis->postcopy_tmp_page = NULL;
            error_report("%s: %s", __func__, strerror(errno));
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    return mis->postcopy_tmp_page;
}

#else
/* No target OS support, stubs just fail */
bool postcopy_ram_supported_by_host(MigrationIncomingState *mis)
{
    error_report("%s: No OS support", __func__);
    return false;
}

int postcopy_ram_incoming_init(MigrationIncomingState *mis, size_t ram_pages)
{
    error_report("postcopy_ram_incoming_init: No OS support");
    return -1;
}

int postcopy_ram_incoming_cleanup(MigrationIncomingState *mis)
{
    assert(0);
    return -1;
}

int postcopy_ram_prepare_discard(MigrationIncomingState *mis)
{
    assert(0);
    return -1;
}

int postcopy_ram_enable_notify(MigrationIncomingState *mis)
{
    assert(0);
    return -1;
}

int postcopy_place_page(MigrationIncomingState *mis, void *host, void *from,
                        RAMBlock *rb)
{
    assert(0);
    return -1;
}

int postcopy_place_page_zero(MigrationIncomingState *mis, void *host,
                        RAMBlock *rb)
{
    assert(0);
    return -1;
}

void *postcopy_get_tmp_page(MigrationIncomingState *mis)
{
    assert(0);
    return NULL;
}

#endif

/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */

/**
 * postcopy_discard_send_init: Called at the start of each RAMBlock before
 *   asking to discard individual ranges.
 *
 * @ms: The current migration state.
 * @offset: the bitmap offset of the named RAMBlock in the migration
 *   bitmap.
 * @name: RAMBlock that discards will operate on.
 *
 * returns: a new PDS.
 */
PostcopyDiscardState *postcopy_discard_send_init(MigrationState *ms,
                                                 const char *name)
{
    PostcopyDiscardState *res = g_malloc0(sizeof(PostcopyDiscardState));

    if (res) {
        res->ramblock_name = name;
    }

    return res;
}

/**
 * postcopy_discard_send_range: Called by the bitmap code for each chunk to
 *   discard. May send a discard message, may just leave it queued to
 *   be sent later.
 *
 * @ms: Current migration state.
 * @pds: Structure initialised by postcopy_discard_send_init().
 * @start,@length: a range of pages in the migration bitmap in the
 *   RAM block passed to postcopy_discard_send_init() (length=1 is one page)
 */
void postcopy_discard_send_range(MigrationState *ms, PostcopyDiscardState *pds,
                                unsigned long start, unsigned long length)
{
    size_t tp_size = qemu_target_page_size();
    /* Convert to byte offsets within the RAM block */
    pds->start_list[pds->cur_entry] = start  * tp_size;
    pds->length_list[pds->cur_entry] = length * tp_size;
    trace_postcopy_discard_send_range(pds->ramblock_name, start, length);
    pds->cur_entry++;
    pds->nsentwords++;

    if (pds->cur_entry == MAX_DISCARDS_PER_COMMAND) {
        /* Full set, ship it! */
        qemu_savevm_send_postcopy_ram_discard(ms->to_dst_file,
                                              pds->ramblock_name,
                                              pds->cur_entry,
                                              pds->start_list,
                                              pds->length_list);
        pds->nsentcmds++;
        pds->cur_entry = 0;
    }
}

/**
 * postcopy_discard_send_finish: Called at the end of each RAMBlock by the
 * bitmap code. Sends any outstanding discard messages, frees the PDS
 *
 * @ms: Current migration state.
 * @pds: Structure initialised by postcopy_discard_send_init().
 */
void postcopy_discard_send_finish(MigrationState *ms, PostcopyDiscardState *pds)
{
    /* Anything unsent? */
    if (pds->cur_entry) {
        qemu_savevm_send_postcopy_ram_discard(ms->to_dst_file,
                                              pds->ramblock_name,
                                              pds->cur_entry,
                                              pds->start_list,
                                              pds->length_list);
        pds->nsentcmds++;
    }

    trace_postcopy_discard_send_finish(pds->ramblock_name, pds->nsentwords,
                                       pds->nsentcmds);

    g_free(pds);
}

/*
 * Current state of incoming postcopy; note this is not part of
 * MigrationIncomingState since it's state is used during cleanup
 * at the end as MIS is being freed.
 */
static PostcopyState incoming_postcopy_state;

PostcopyState  postcopy_state_get(void)
{
    return atomic_mb_read(&incoming_postcopy_state);
}

/* Set the state and return the old state */
PostcopyState postcopy_state_set(PostcopyState new_state)
{
    return atomic_xchg(&incoming_postcopy_state, new_state);
}