diff --git a/gdbstub.c b/gdbstub.c
index a3ff8702ce..88a34c8f52 100644
--- a/gdbstub.c
+++ b/gdbstub.c
@@ -443,6 +443,15 @@ static int get_char(void)
 }
 #endif
 
+/*
+ * Return true if there is a GDB currently connected to the stub
+ * and attached to a CPU
+ */
+static bool gdb_attached(void)
+{
+    return gdbserver_state.init && gdbserver_state.c_cpu;
+}
+
 static enum {
     GDB_SYS_UNKNOWN,
     GDB_SYS_ENABLED,
@@ -464,8 +473,7 @@ int use_gdb_syscalls(void)
     /* -semihosting-config target=auto */
     /* On the first call check if gdb is connected and remember. */
     if (gdb_syscall_mode == GDB_SYS_UNKNOWN) {
-        gdb_syscall_mode = gdbserver_state.init ?
-            GDB_SYS_ENABLED : GDB_SYS_DISABLED;
+        gdb_syscall_mode = gdb_attached() ? GDB_SYS_ENABLED : GDB_SYS_DISABLED;
     }
     return gdb_syscall_mode == GDB_SYS_ENABLED;
 }
@@ -2886,7 +2894,7 @@ void gdb_do_syscallv(gdb_syscall_complete_cb cb, const char *fmt, va_list va)
     target_ulong addr;
     uint64_t i64;
 
-    if (!gdbserver_state.init) {
+    if (!gdb_attached()) {
         return;
     }
 
diff --git a/semihosting/config.c b/semihosting/config.c
index 50d82108e6..3afacf54ab 100644
--- a/semihosting/config.c
+++ b/semihosting/config.c
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 
 QemuOptsList qemu_semihosting_config_opts = {
     .name = "semihosting-config",
+    .merge_lists = true,
     .implied_opt_name = "enable",
     .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_semihosting_config_opts.head),
     .desc = {
diff --git a/target/arm/cpu.h b/target/arm/cpu.h
index 78dbcb5592..df677b2d5d 100644
--- a/target/arm/cpu.h
+++ b/target/arm/cpu.h
@@ -2986,27 +2986,6 @@ typedef enum ARMASIdx {
     ARMASIdx_TagS = 3,
 } ARMASIdx;
 
-/* Return the Exception Level targeted by debug exceptions. */
-static inline int arm_debug_target_el(CPUARMState *env)
-{
-    bool secure = arm_is_secure(env);
-    bool route_to_el2 = false;
-
-    if (arm_is_el2_enabled(env)) {
-        route_to_el2 = env->cp15.hcr_el2 & HCR_TGE ||
-                       env->cp15.mdcr_el2 & MDCR_TDE;
-    }
-
-    if (route_to_el2) {
-        return 2;
-    } else if (arm_feature(env, ARM_FEATURE_EL3) &&
-               !arm_el_is_aa64(env, 3) && secure) {
-        return 3;
-    } else {
-        return 1;
-    }
-}
-
 static inline bool arm_v7m_csselr_razwi(ARMCPU *cpu)
 {
     /* If all the CLIDR.Ctypem bits are 0 there are no caches, and
@@ -3015,107 +2994,6 @@ static inline bool arm_v7m_csselr_razwi(ARMCPU *cpu)
     return (cpu->clidr & R_V7M_CLIDR_CTYPE_ALL_MASK) != 0;
 }
 
-/* See AArch64.GenerateDebugExceptionsFrom() in ARM ARM pseudocode */
-static inline bool aa64_generate_debug_exceptions(CPUARMState *env)
-{
-    int cur_el = arm_current_el(env);
-    int debug_el;
-
-    if (cur_el == 3) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /* MDCR_EL3.SDD disables debug events from Secure state */
-    if (arm_is_secure_below_el3(env)
-        && extract32(env->cp15.mdcr_el3, 16, 1)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Same EL to same EL debug exceptions need MDSCR_KDE enabled
-     * while not masking the (D)ebug bit in DAIF.
-     */
-    debug_el = arm_debug_target_el(env);
-
-    if (cur_el == debug_el) {
-        return extract32(env->cp15.mdscr_el1, 13, 1)
-            && !(env->daif & PSTATE_D);
-    }
-
-    /* Otherwise the debug target needs to be a higher EL */
-    return debug_el > cur_el;
-}
-
-static inline bool aa32_generate_debug_exceptions(CPUARMState *env)
-{
-    int el = arm_current_el(env);
-
-    if (el == 0 && arm_el_is_aa64(env, 1)) {
-        return aa64_generate_debug_exceptions(env);
-    }
-
-    if (arm_is_secure(env)) {
-        int spd;
-
-        if (el == 0 && (env->cp15.sder & 1)) {
-            /* SDER.SUIDEN means debug exceptions from Secure EL0
-             * are always enabled. Otherwise they are controlled by
-             * SDCR.SPD like those from other Secure ELs.
-             */
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        spd = extract32(env->cp15.mdcr_el3, 14, 2);
-        switch (spd) {
-        case 1:
-            /* SPD == 0b01 is reserved, but behaves as 0b00. */
-        case 0:
-            /* For 0b00 we return true if external secure invasive debug
-             * is enabled. On real hardware this is controlled by external
-             * signals to the core. QEMU always permits debug, and behaves
-             * as if DBGEN, SPIDEN, NIDEN and SPNIDEN are all tied high.
-             */
-            return true;
-        case 2:
-            return false;
-        case 3:
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return el != 2;
-}
-
-/* Return true if debugging exceptions are currently enabled.
- * This corresponds to what in ARM ARM pseudocode would be
- *    if UsingAArch32() then
- *        return AArch32.GenerateDebugExceptions()
- *    else
- *        return AArch64.GenerateDebugExceptions()
- * We choose to push the if() down into this function for clarity,
- * since the pseudocode has it at all callsites except for the one in
- * CheckSoftwareStep(), where it is elided because both branches would
- * always return the same value.
- */
-static inline bool arm_generate_debug_exceptions(CPUARMState *env)
-{
-    if (env->aarch64) {
-        return aa64_generate_debug_exceptions(env);
-    } else {
-        return aa32_generate_debug_exceptions(env);
-    }
-}
-
-/* Is single-stepping active? (Note that the "is EL_D AArch64?" check
- * implicitly means this always returns false in pre-v8 CPUs.)
- */
-static inline bool arm_singlestep_active(CPUARMState *env)
-{
-    return extract32(env->cp15.mdscr_el1, 0, 1)
-        && arm_el_is_aa64(env, arm_debug_target_el(env))
-        && arm_generate_debug_exceptions(env);
-}
-
 static inline bool arm_sctlr_b(CPUARMState *env)
 {
     return
@@ -3205,11 +3083,9 @@ FIELD(TBFLAG_ANY, BE_DATA, 3, 1)
 FIELD(TBFLAG_ANY, MMUIDX, 4, 4)
 /* Target EL if we take a floating-point-disabled exception */
 FIELD(TBFLAG_ANY, FPEXC_EL, 8, 2)
-/* For A-profile only, target EL for debug exceptions.  */
-FIELD(TBFLAG_ANY, DEBUG_TARGET_EL, 10, 2)
 /* Memory operations require alignment: SCTLR_ELx.A or CCR.UNALIGN_TRP */
-FIELD(TBFLAG_ANY, ALIGN_MEM, 12, 1)
-FIELD(TBFLAG_ANY, PSTATE__IL, 13, 1)
+FIELD(TBFLAG_ANY, ALIGN_MEM, 10, 1)
+FIELD(TBFLAG_ANY, PSTATE__IL, 11, 1)
 
 /*
  * Bit usage when in AArch32 state, both A- and M-profile.
@@ -3978,6 +3854,11 @@ static inline bool isar_feature_aa64_aa32_el1(const ARMISARegisters *id)
     return FIELD_EX64(id->id_aa64pfr0, ID_AA64PFR0, EL1) >= 2;
 }
 
+static inline bool isar_feature_aa64_aa32_el2(const ARMISARegisters *id)
+{
+    return FIELD_EX64(id->id_aa64pfr0, ID_AA64PFR0, EL2) >= 2;
+}
+
 static inline bool isar_feature_aa64_ras(const ARMISARegisters *id)
 {
     return FIELD_EX64(id->id_aa64pfr0, ID_AA64PFR0, RAS) != 0;
diff --git a/target/arm/debug_helper.c b/target/arm/debug_helper.c
index 46893697cc..b18a6bd3a2 100644
--- a/target/arm/debug_helper.c
+++ b/target/arm/debug_helper.c
@@ -11,6 +11,153 @@
 #include "exec/exec-all.h"
 #include "exec/helper-proto.h"
 
+
+/* Return the Exception Level targeted by debug exceptions. */
+static int arm_debug_target_el(CPUARMState *env)
+{
+    bool secure = arm_is_secure(env);
+    bool route_to_el2 = false;
+
+    if (arm_is_el2_enabled(env)) {
+        route_to_el2 = env->cp15.hcr_el2 & HCR_TGE ||
+                       env->cp15.mdcr_el2 & MDCR_TDE;
+    }
+
+    if (route_to_el2) {
+        return 2;
+    } else if (arm_feature(env, ARM_FEATURE_EL3) &&
+               !arm_el_is_aa64(env, 3) && secure) {
+        return 3;
+    } else {
+        return 1;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Raise an exception to the debug target el.
+ * Modify syndrome to indicate when origin and target EL are the same.
+ */
+G_NORETURN static void
+raise_exception_debug(CPUARMState *env, uint32_t excp, uint32_t syndrome)
+{
+    int debug_el = arm_debug_target_el(env);
+    int cur_el = arm_current_el(env);
+
+    /*
+     * If singlestep is targeting a lower EL than the current one, then
+     * DisasContext.ss_active must be false and we can never get here.
+     * Similarly for watchpoint and breakpoint matches.
+     */
+    assert(debug_el >= cur_el);
+    syndrome |= (debug_el == cur_el) << ARM_EL_EC_SHIFT;
+    raise_exception(env, excp, syndrome, debug_el);
+}
+
+/* See AArch64.GenerateDebugExceptionsFrom() in ARM ARM pseudocode */
+static bool aa64_generate_debug_exceptions(CPUARMState *env)
+{
+    int cur_el = arm_current_el(env);
+    int debug_el;
+
+    if (cur_el == 3) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /* MDCR_EL3.SDD disables debug events from Secure state */
+    if (arm_is_secure_below_el3(env)
+        && extract32(env->cp15.mdcr_el3, 16, 1)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Same EL to same EL debug exceptions need MDSCR_KDE enabled
+     * while not masking the (D)ebug bit in DAIF.
+     */
+    debug_el = arm_debug_target_el(env);
+
+    if (cur_el == debug_el) {
+        return extract32(env->cp15.mdscr_el1, 13, 1)
+            && !(env->daif & PSTATE_D);
+    }
+
+    /* Otherwise the debug target needs to be a higher EL */
+    return debug_el > cur_el;
+}
+
+static bool aa32_generate_debug_exceptions(CPUARMState *env)
+{
+    int el = arm_current_el(env);
+
+    if (el == 0 && arm_el_is_aa64(env, 1)) {
+        return aa64_generate_debug_exceptions(env);
+    }
+
+    if (arm_is_secure(env)) {
+        int spd;
+
+        if (el == 0 && (env->cp15.sder & 1)) {
+            /*
+             * SDER.SUIDEN means debug exceptions from Secure EL0
+             * are always enabled. Otherwise they are controlled by
+             * SDCR.SPD like those from other Secure ELs.
+             */
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        spd = extract32(env->cp15.mdcr_el3, 14, 2);
+        switch (spd) {
+        case 1:
+            /* SPD == 0b01 is reserved, but behaves as 0b00. */
+        case 0:
+            /*
+             * For 0b00 we return true if external secure invasive debug
+             * is enabled. On real hardware this is controlled by external
+             * signals to the core. QEMU always permits debug, and behaves
+             * as if DBGEN, SPIDEN, NIDEN and SPNIDEN are all tied high.
+             */
+            return true;
+        case 2:
+            return false;
+        case 3:
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return el != 2;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return true if debugging exceptions are currently enabled.
+ * This corresponds to what in ARM ARM pseudocode would be
+ *    if UsingAArch32() then
+ *        return AArch32.GenerateDebugExceptions()
+ *    else
+ *        return AArch64.GenerateDebugExceptions()
+ * We choose to push the if() down into this function for clarity,
+ * since the pseudocode has it at all callsites except for the one in
+ * CheckSoftwareStep(), where it is elided because both branches would
+ * always return the same value.
+ */
+bool arm_generate_debug_exceptions(CPUARMState *env)
+{
+    if (is_a64(env)) {
+        return aa64_generate_debug_exceptions(env);
+    } else {
+        return aa32_generate_debug_exceptions(env);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Is single-stepping active? (Note that the "is EL_D AArch64?" check
+ * implicitly means this always returns false in pre-v8 CPUs.)
+ */
+bool arm_singlestep_active(CPUARMState *env)
+{
+    return extract32(env->cp15.mdscr_el1, 0, 1)
+        && arm_el_is_aa64(env, arm_debug_target_el(env))
+        && arm_generate_debug_exceptions(env);
+}
+
 /* Return true if the linked breakpoint entry lbn passes its checks */
 static bool linked_bp_matches(ARMCPU *cpu, int lbn)
 {
@@ -273,6 +420,32 @@ bool arm_debug_check_watchpoint(CPUState *cs, CPUWatchpoint *wp)
     return check_watchpoints(cpu);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Return the FSR value for a debug exception (watchpoint, hardware
+ * breakpoint or BKPT insn) targeting the specified exception level.
+ */
+static uint32_t arm_debug_exception_fsr(CPUARMState *env)
+{
+    ARMMMUFaultInfo fi = { .type = ARMFault_Debug };
+    int target_el = arm_debug_target_el(env);
+    bool using_lpae = false;
+
+    if (target_el == 2 || arm_el_is_aa64(env, target_el)) {
+        using_lpae = true;
+    } else {
+        if (arm_feature(env, ARM_FEATURE_LPAE) &&
+            (env->cp15.tcr_el[target_el].raw_tcr & TTBCR_EAE)) {
+            using_lpae = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (using_lpae) {
+        return arm_fi_to_lfsc(&fi);
+    } else {
+        return arm_fi_to_sfsc(&fi);
+    }
+}
+
 void arm_debug_excp_handler(CPUState *cs)
 {
     /*
@@ -286,19 +459,16 @@ void arm_debug_excp_handler(CPUState *cs)
     if (wp_hit) {
         if (wp_hit->flags & BP_CPU) {
             bool wnr = (wp_hit->flags & BP_WATCHPOINT_HIT_WRITE) != 0;
-            bool same_el = arm_debug_target_el(env) == arm_current_el(env);
 
             cs->watchpoint_hit = NULL;
 
             env->exception.fsr = arm_debug_exception_fsr(env);
             env->exception.vaddress = wp_hit->hitaddr;
-            raise_exception(env, EXCP_DATA_ABORT,
-                    syn_watchpoint(same_el, 0, wnr),
-                    arm_debug_target_el(env));
+            raise_exception_debug(env, EXCP_DATA_ABORT,
+                                  syn_watchpoint(0, 0, wnr));
         }
     } else {
         uint64_t pc = is_a64(env) ? env->pc : env->regs[15];
-        bool same_el = (arm_debug_target_el(env) == arm_current_el(env));
 
         /*
          * (1) GDB breakpoints should be handled first.
@@ -318,12 +488,46 @@ void arm_debug_excp_handler(CPUState *cs)
          * exception/security level.
          */
         env->exception.vaddress = 0;
-        raise_exception(env, EXCP_PREFETCH_ABORT,
-                        syn_breakpoint(same_el),
-                        arm_debug_target_el(env));
+        raise_exception_debug(env, EXCP_PREFETCH_ABORT, syn_breakpoint(0));
     }
 }
 
+/*
+ * Raise an EXCP_BKPT with the specified syndrome register value,
+ * targeting the correct exception level for debug exceptions.
+ */
+void HELPER(exception_bkpt_insn)(CPUARMState *env, uint32_t syndrome)
+{
+    int debug_el = arm_debug_target_el(env);
+    int cur_el = arm_current_el(env);
+
+    /* FSR will only be used if the debug target EL is AArch32. */
+    env->exception.fsr = arm_debug_exception_fsr(env);
+    /*
+     * FAR is UNKNOWN: clear vaddress to avoid potentially exposing
+     * values to the guest that it shouldn't be able to see at its
+     * exception/security level.
+     */
+    env->exception.vaddress = 0;
+    /*
+     * Other kinds of architectural debug exception are ignored if
+     * they target an exception level below the current one (in QEMU
+     * this is checked by arm_generate_debug_exceptions()). Breakpoint
+     * instructions are special because they always generate an exception
+     * to somewhere: if they can't go to the configured debug exception
+     * level they are taken to the current exception level.
+     */
+    if (debug_el < cur_el) {
+        debug_el = cur_el;
+    }
+    raise_exception(env, EXCP_BKPT, syndrome, debug_el);
+}
+
+void HELPER(exception_swstep)(CPUARMState *env, uint32_t syndrome)
+{
+    raise_exception_debug(env, EXCP_UDEF, syndrome);
+}
+
 #if !defined(CONFIG_USER_ONLY)
 
 vaddr arm_adjust_watchpoint_address(CPUState *cs, vaddr addr, int len)
diff --git a/target/arm/helper.c b/target/arm/helper.c
index ac9942d750..6457e6301c 100644
--- a/target/arm/helper.c
+++ b/target/arm/helper.c
@@ -1738,13 +1738,19 @@ static void scr_write(CPUARMState *env, const ARMCPRegInfo *ri, uint64_t value)
     uint32_t valid_mask = 0x3fff;
     ARMCPU *cpu = env_archcpu(env);
 
-    if (ri->state == ARM_CP_STATE_AA64) {
-        if (arm_feature(env, ARM_FEATURE_AARCH64) &&
-            !cpu_isar_feature(aa64_aa32_el1, cpu)) {
-                value |= SCR_FW | SCR_AW;   /* these two bits are RES1.  */
-        }
-        valid_mask &= ~SCR_NET;
+    /*
+     * Because SCR_EL3 is the "real" cpreg and SCR is the alias, reset always
+     * passes the reginfo for SCR_EL3, which has type ARM_CP_STATE_AA64.
+     * Instead, choose the format based on the mode of EL3.
+     */
+    if (arm_el_is_aa64(env, 3)) {
+        value |= SCR_FW | SCR_AW;      /* RES1 */
+        valid_mask &= ~SCR_NET;        /* RES0 */
 
+        if (!cpu_isar_feature(aa64_aa32_el1, cpu) &&
+            !cpu_isar_feature(aa64_aa32_el2, cpu)) {
+            value |= SCR_RW;           /* RAO/WI */
+        }
         if (cpu_isar_feature(aa64_ras, cpu)) {
             valid_mask |= SCR_TERR;
         }
@@ -10879,27 +10885,22 @@ int fp_exception_el(CPUARMState *env, int cur_el)
         int fpen = FIELD_EX64(env->cp15.cpacr_el1, CPACR_EL1, FPEN);
 
         switch (fpen) {
+        case 1:
+            if (cur_el != 0) {
+                break;
+            }
+            /* fall through */
         case 0:
         case 2:
-            if (cur_el == 0 || cur_el == 1) {
-                /* Trap to PL1, which might be EL1 or EL3 */
-                if (arm_is_secure(env) && !arm_el_is_aa64(env, 3)) {
-                    return 3;
-                }
-                return 1;
-            }
-            if (cur_el == 3 && !is_a64(env)) {
-                /* Secure PL1 running at EL3 */
+            /* Trap from Secure PL0 or PL1 to Secure PL1. */
+            if (!arm_el_is_aa64(env, 3)
+                && (cur_el == 3 || arm_is_secure_below_el3(env))) {
                 return 3;
             }
-            break;
-        case 1:
-            if (cur_el == 0) {
+            if (cur_el <= 1) {
                 return 1;
             }
             break;
-        case 3:
-            break;
         }
     }
 
@@ -11102,18 +11103,10 @@ static CPUARMTBFlags rebuild_hflags_m32(CPUARMState *env, int fp_el,
     return rebuild_hflags_common_32(env, fp_el, mmu_idx, flags);
 }
 
-static CPUARMTBFlags rebuild_hflags_aprofile(CPUARMState *env)
-{
-    CPUARMTBFlags flags = {};
-
-    DP_TBFLAG_ANY(flags, DEBUG_TARGET_EL, arm_debug_target_el(env));
-    return flags;
-}
-
 static CPUARMTBFlags rebuild_hflags_a32(CPUARMState *env, int fp_el,
                                         ARMMMUIdx mmu_idx)
 {
-    CPUARMTBFlags flags = rebuild_hflags_aprofile(env);
+    CPUARMTBFlags flags = {};
     int el = arm_current_el(env);
 
     if (arm_sctlr(env, el) & SCTLR_A) {
@@ -11139,7 +11132,7 @@ static CPUARMTBFlags rebuild_hflags_a32(CPUARMState *env, int fp_el,
 static CPUARMTBFlags rebuild_hflags_a64(CPUARMState *env, int el, int fp_el,
                                         ARMMMUIdx mmu_idx)
 {
-    CPUARMTBFlags flags = rebuild_hflags_aprofile(env);
+    CPUARMTBFlags flags = {};
     ARMMMUIdx stage1 = stage_1_mmu_idx(mmu_idx);
     uint64_t tcr = regime_tcr(env, mmu_idx)->raw_tcr;
     uint64_t sctlr;
diff --git a/target/arm/helper.h b/target/arm/helper.h
index b1334e0c42..07d45faf49 100644
--- a/target/arm/helper.h
+++ b/target/arm/helper.h
@@ -44,9 +44,11 @@ DEF_HELPER_FLAGS_2(usad8, TCG_CALL_NO_RWG_SE, i32, i32, i32)
 
 DEF_HELPER_FLAGS_3(sel_flags, TCG_CALL_NO_RWG_SE,
                    i32, i32, i32, i32)
-DEF_HELPER_2(exception_internal, void, env, i32)
-DEF_HELPER_4(exception_with_syndrome, void, env, i32, i32, i32)
-DEF_HELPER_2(exception_bkpt_insn, void, env, i32)
+DEF_HELPER_2(exception_internal, noreturn, env, i32)
+DEF_HELPER_3(exception_with_syndrome, noreturn, env, i32, i32)
+DEF_HELPER_4(exception_with_syndrome_el, noreturn, env, i32, i32, i32)
+DEF_HELPER_2(exception_bkpt_insn, noreturn, env, i32)
+DEF_HELPER_2(exception_swstep, noreturn, env, i32)
 DEF_HELPER_2(exception_pc_alignment, noreturn, env, tl)
 DEF_HELPER_1(setend, void, env)
 DEF_HELPER_2(wfi, void, env, i32)
diff --git a/target/arm/internals.h b/target/arm/internals.h
index a1bae4588a..6f94f3019d 100644
--- a/target/arm/internals.h
+++ b/target/arm/internals.h
@@ -793,31 +793,6 @@ static inline TCR *regime_tcr(CPUARMState *env, ARMMMUIdx mmu_idx)
     return &env->cp15.tcr_el[regime_el(env, mmu_idx)];
 }
 
-/* Return the FSR value for a debug exception (watchpoint, hardware
- * breakpoint or BKPT insn) targeting the specified exception level.
- */
-static inline uint32_t arm_debug_exception_fsr(CPUARMState *env)
-{
-    ARMMMUFaultInfo fi = { .type = ARMFault_Debug };
-    int target_el = arm_debug_target_el(env);
-    bool using_lpae = false;
-
-    if (target_el == 2 || arm_el_is_aa64(env, target_el)) {
-        using_lpae = true;
-    } else {
-        if (arm_feature(env, ARM_FEATURE_LPAE) &&
-            (env->cp15.tcr_el[target_el].raw_tcr & TTBCR_EAE)) {
-            using_lpae = true;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (using_lpae) {
-        return arm_fi_to_lfsc(&fi);
-    } else {
-        return arm_fi_to_sfsc(&fi);
-    }
-}
-
 /**
  * arm_num_brps: Return number of implemented breakpoints.
  * Note that the ID register BRPS field is "number of bps - 1",
@@ -1098,21 +1073,6 @@ ARMVAParameters aa64_va_parameters(CPUARMState *env, uint64_t va,
 int aa64_va_parameter_tbi(uint64_t tcr, ARMMMUIdx mmu_idx);
 int aa64_va_parameter_tbid(uint64_t tcr, ARMMMUIdx mmu_idx);
 
-static inline int exception_target_el(CPUARMState *env)
-{
-    int target_el = MAX(1, arm_current_el(env));
-
-    /*
-     * No such thing as secure EL1 if EL3 is aarch32,
-     * so update the target EL to EL3 in this case.
-     */
-    if (arm_is_secure(env) && !arm_el_is_aa64(env, 3) && target_el == 1) {
-        target_el = 3;
-    }
-
-    return target_el;
-}
-
 /* Determine if allocation tags are available.  */
 static inline bool allocation_tag_access_enabled(CPUARMState *env, int el,
                                                  uint64_t sctlr)
@@ -1339,6 +1299,9 @@ void define_cortex_a72_a57_a53_cp_reginfo(ARMCPU *cpu);
 bool el_is_in_host(CPUARMState *env, int el);
 
 void aa32_max_features(ARMCPU *cpu);
+int exception_target_el(CPUARMState *env);
+bool arm_singlestep_active(CPUARMState *env);
+bool arm_generate_debug_exceptions(CPUARMState *env);
 
 /* Powers of 2 for sve_vq_map et al. */
 #define SVE_VQ_POW2_MAP                                 \
diff --git a/target/arm/op_helper.c b/target/arm/op_helper.c
index c4bd668870..c5bde1cfcc 100644
--- a/target/arm/op_helper.c
+++ b/target/arm/op_helper.c
@@ -28,6 +28,21 @@
 #define SIGNBIT (uint32_t)0x80000000
 #define SIGNBIT64 ((uint64_t)1 << 63)
 
+int exception_target_el(CPUARMState *env)
+{
+    int target_el = MAX(1, arm_current_el(env));
+
+    /*
+     * No such thing as secure EL1 if EL3 is aarch32,
+     * so update the target EL to EL3 in this case.
+     */
+    if (arm_is_secure(env) && !arm_el_is_aa64(env, 3) && target_el == 1) {
+        target_el = 3;
+    }
+
+    return target_el;
+}
+
 void raise_exception(CPUARMState *env, uint32_t excp,
                      uint32_t syndrome, uint32_t target_el)
 {
@@ -366,7 +381,7 @@ void HELPER(yield)(CPUARMState *env)
  * those EXCP values which are special cases for QEMU to interrupt
  * execution and not to be used for exceptions which are passed to
  * the guest (those must all have syndrome information and thus should
- * use exception_with_syndrome).
+ * use exception_with_syndrome*).
  */
 void HELPER(exception_internal)(CPUARMState *env, uint32_t excp)
 {
@@ -378,39 +393,20 @@ void HELPER(exception_internal)(CPUARMState *env, uint32_t excp)
 }
 
 /* Raise an exception with the specified syndrome register value */
-void HELPER(exception_with_syndrome)(CPUARMState *env, uint32_t excp,
-                                     uint32_t syndrome, uint32_t target_el)
+void HELPER(exception_with_syndrome_el)(CPUARMState *env, uint32_t excp,
+                                        uint32_t syndrome, uint32_t target_el)
 {
     raise_exception(env, excp, syndrome, target_el);
 }
 
-/* Raise an EXCP_BKPT with the specified syndrome register value,
- * targeting the correct exception level for debug exceptions.
+/*
+ * Raise an exception with the specified syndrome register value
+ * to the default target el.
  */
-void HELPER(exception_bkpt_insn)(CPUARMState *env, uint32_t syndrome)
+void HELPER(exception_with_syndrome)(CPUARMState *env, uint32_t excp,
+                                     uint32_t syndrome)
 {
-    int debug_el = arm_debug_target_el(env);
-    int cur_el = arm_current_el(env);
-
-    /* FSR will only be used if the debug target EL is AArch32. */
-    env->exception.fsr = arm_debug_exception_fsr(env);
-    /* FAR is UNKNOWN: clear vaddress to avoid potentially exposing
-     * values to the guest that it shouldn't be able to see at its
-     * exception/security level.
-     */
-    env->exception.vaddress = 0;
-    /*
-     * Other kinds of architectural debug exception are ignored if
-     * they target an exception level below the current one (in QEMU
-     * this is checked by arm_generate_debug_exceptions()). Breakpoint
-     * instructions are special because they always generate an exception
-     * to somewhere: if they can't go to the configured debug exception
-     * level they are taken to the current exception level.
-     */
-    if (debug_el < cur_el) {
-        debug_el = cur_el;
-    }
-    raise_exception(env, EXCP_BKPT, syndrome, debug_el);
+    raise_exception(env, excp, syndrome, exception_target_el(env));
 }
 
 uint32_t HELPER(cpsr_read)(CPUARMState *env)
diff --git a/target/arm/syndrome.h b/target/arm/syndrome.h
index 0cb26dde7d..c105f9e6ba 100644
--- a/target/arm/syndrome.h
+++ b/target/arm/syndrome.h
@@ -185,12 +185,13 @@ static inline uint32_t syn_cp15_rrt_trap(int cv, int cond, int opc1, int crm,
         | (rt2 << 10) | (rt << 5) | (crm << 1) | isread;
 }
 
-static inline uint32_t syn_fp_access_trap(int cv, int cond, bool is_16bit)
+static inline uint32_t syn_fp_access_trap(int cv, int cond, bool is_16bit,
+                                          int coproc)
 {
-    /* AArch32 FP trap or any AArch64 FP/SIMD trap: TA == 0 coproc == 0xa */
+    /* AArch32 FP trap or any AArch64 FP/SIMD trap: TA == 0 */
     return (EC_ADVSIMDFPACCESSTRAP << ARM_EL_EC_SHIFT)
         | (is_16bit ? 0 : ARM_EL_IL)
-        | (cv << 24) | (cond << 20) | 0xa;
+        | (cv << 24) | (cond << 20) | coproc;
 }
 
 static inline uint32_t syn_simd_access_trap(int cv, int cond, bool is_16bit)
diff --git a/target/arm/translate-a64.c b/target/arm/translate-a64.c
index d438fb89e7..4c64546090 100644
--- a/target/arm/translate-a64.c
+++ b/target/arm/translate-a64.c
@@ -1161,8 +1161,9 @@ static bool fp_access_check(DisasContext *s)
         assert(!s->fp_access_checked);
         s->fp_access_checked = true;
 
-        gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_UDEF,
-                           syn_fp_access_trap(1, 0xe, false), s->fp_excp_el);
+        gen_exception_insn_el(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_UDEF,
+                              syn_fp_access_trap(1, 0xe, false, 0),
+                              s->fp_excp_el);
         return false;
     }
     s->fp_access_checked = true;
@@ -1178,8 +1179,8 @@ bool sve_access_check(DisasContext *s)
         assert(!s->sve_access_checked);
         s->sve_access_checked = true;
 
-        gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_UDEF,
-                           syn_sve_access_trap(), s->sve_excp_el);
+        gen_exception_insn_el(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_UDEF,
+                              syn_sve_access_trap(), s->sve_excp_el);
         return false;
     }
     s->sve_access_checked = true;
@@ -1815,8 +1816,7 @@ static void gen_sysreg_undef(DisasContext *s, bool isread,
     } else {
         syndrome = syn_uncategorized();
     }
-    gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_UDEF, syndrome,
-                       default_exception_el(s));
+    gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_UDEF, syndrome);
 }
 
 /* MRS - move from system register
@@ -2069,7 +2069,7 @@ static void disas_exc(DisasContext *s, uint32_t insn)
         case 1:                                                     /* SVC */
             gen_ss_advance(s);
             gen_exception_insn(s, s->base.pc_next, EXCP_SWI,
-                               syn_aa64_svc(imm16), default_exception_el(s));
+                               syn_aa64_svc(imm16));
             break;
         case 2:                                                     /* HVC */
             if (s->current_el == 0) {
@@ -2082,8 +2082,8 @@ static void disas_exc(DisasContext *s, uint32_t insn)
             gen_a64_set_pc_im(s->pc_curr);
             gen_helper_pre_hvc(cpu_env);
             gen_ss_advance(s);
-            gen_exception_insn(s, s->base.pc_next, EXCP_HVC,
-                               syn_aa64_hvc(imm16), 2);
+            gen_exception_insn_el(s, s->base.pc_next, EXCP_HVC,
+                                  syn_aa64_hvc(imm16), 2);
             break;
         case 3:                                                     /* SMC */
             if (s->current_el == 0) {
@@ -2093,8 +2093,8 @@ static void disas_exc(DisasContext *s, uint32_t insn)
             gen_a64_set_pc_im(s->pc_curr);
             gen_helper_pre_smc(cpu_env, tcg_constant_i32(syn_aa64_smc(imm16)));
             gen_ss_advance(s);
-            gen_exception_insn(s, s->base.pc_next, EXCP_SMC,
-                               syn_aa64_smc(imm16), 3);
+            gen_exception_insn_el(s, s->base.pc_next, EXCP_SMC,
+                                  syn_aa64_smc(imm16), 3);
             break;
         default:
             unallocated_encoding(s);
@@ -14585,11 +14585,6 @@ static void aarch64_tr_init_disas_context(DisasContextBase *dcbase,
     dc->condjmp = 0;
 
     dc->aarch64 = true;
-    /* If we are coming from secure EL0 in a system with a 32-bit EL3, then
-     * there is no secure EL1, so we route exceptions to EL3.
-     */
-    dc->secure_routed_to_el3 = arm_feature(env, ARM_FEATURE_EL3) &&
-                               !arm_el_is_aa64(env, 3);
     dc->thumb = false;
     dc->sctlr_b = 0;
     dc->be_data = EX_TBFLAG_ANY(tb_flags, BE_DATA) ? MO_BE : MO_LE;
@@ -14645,7 +14640,6 @@ static void aarch64_tr_init_disas_context(DisasContextBase *dcbase,
     dc->ss_active = EX_TBFLAG_ANY(tb_flags, SS_ACTIVE);
     dc->pstate_ss = EX_TBFLAG_ANY(tb_flags, PSTATE__SS);
     dc->is_ldex = false;
-    dc->debug_target_el = EX_TBFLAG_ANY(tb_flags, DEBUG_TARGET_EL);
 
     /* Bound the number of insns to execute to those left on the page.  */
     bound = -(dc->base.pc_first | TARGET_PAGE_MASK) / 4;
@@ -14724,8 +14718,7 @@ static void aarch64_tr_translate_insn(DisasContextBase *dcbase, CPUState *cpu)
          * Illegal execution state. This has priority over BTI
          * exceptions, but comes after instruction abort exceptions.
          */
-        gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_UDEF,
-                           syn_illegalstate(), default_exception_el(s));
+        gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_UDEF, syn_illegalstate());
         return;
     }
 
@@ -14757,8 +14750,7 @@ static void aarch64_tr_translate_insn(DisasContextBase *dcbase, CPUState *cpu)
                 && s->guarded_page
                 && !btype_destination_ok(insn, s->bt, s->btype)) {
                 gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_UDEF,
-                                   syn_btitrap(s->btype),
-                                   default_exception_el(s));
+                                   syn_btitrap(s->btype));
                 return;
             }
         } else {
diff --git a/target/arm/translate-m-nocp.c b/target/arm/translate-m-nocp.c
index 27363a7b4e..4029d7fdd4 100644
--- a/target/arm/translate-m-nocp.c
+++ b/target/arm/translate-m-nocp.c
@@ -143,8 +143,8 @@ static bool trans_VSCCLRM(DisasContext *s, arg_VSCCLRM *a)
     tcg_gen_brcondi_i32(TCG_COND_EQ, sfpa, 0, s->condlabel);
 
     if (s->fp_excp_el != 0) {
-        gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_NOCP,
-                           syn_uncategorized(), s->fp_excp_el);
+        gen_exception_insn_el(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_NOCP,
+                              syn_uncategorized(), s->fp_excp_el);
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ static bool gen_M_fp_sysreg_write(DisasContext *s, int regno,
         if (!vfp_access_check_m(s, true)) {
             /*
              * This was only a conditional exception, so override
-             * gen_exception_insn()'s default to DISAS_NORETURN
+             * gen_exception_insn_el()'s default to DISAS_NORETURN
              */
             s->base.is_jmp = DISAS_NEXT;
             break;
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ static bool gen_M_fp_sysreg_read(DisasContext *s, int regno,
         if (!vfp_access_check_m(s, true)) {
             /*
              * This was only a conditional exception, so override
-             * gen_exception_insn()'s default to DISAS_NORETURN
+             * gen_exception_insn_el()'s default to DISAS_NORETURN
              */
             s->base.is_jmp = DISAS_NEXT;
             break;
@@ -765,14 +765,13 @@ static bool trans_NOCP(DisasContext *s, arg_nocp *a)
     }
 
     if (a->cp != 10) {
-        gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_NOCP,
-                           syn_uncategorized(), default_exception_el(s));
+        gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_NOCP, syn_uncategorized());
         return true;
     }
 
     if (s->fp_excp_el != 0) {
-        gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_NOCP,
-                           syn_uncategorized(), s->fp_excp_el);
+        gen_exception_insn_el(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_NOCP,
+                              syn_uncategorized(), s->fp_excp_el);
         return true;
     }
 
diff --git a/target/arm/translate-mve.c b/target/arm/translate-mve.c
index 4267d43cc7..0cf1b5ea4f 100644
--- a/target/arm/translate-mve.c
+++ b/target/arm/translate-mve.c
@@ -100,8 +100,7 @@ bool mve_eci_check(DisasContext *s)
         return true;
     default:
         /* Reserved value: INVSTATE UsageFault */
-        gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_INVSTATE, syn_uncategorized(),
-                           default_exception_el(s));
+        gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_INVSTATE, syn_uncategorized());
         return false;
     }
 }
diff --git a/target/arm/translate-vfp.c b/target/arm/translate-vfp.c
index 40a513b822..82fdbcae53 100644
--- a/target/arm/translate-vfp.c
+++ b/target/arm/translate-vfp.c
@@ -219,8 +219,18 @@ static void gen_update_fp_context(DisasContext *s)
 static bool vfp_access_check_a(DisasContext *s, bool ignore_vfp_enabled)
 {
     if (s->fp_excp_el) {
-        gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_UDEF,
-                           syn_fp_access_trap(1, 0xe, false), s->fp_excp_el);
+        /*
+         * The full syndrome is only used for HSR when HCPTR traps:
+         * For v8, when TA==0, coproc is RES0.
+         * For v7, any use of a Floating-point instruction or access
+         * to a Floating-point Extension register that is trapped to
+         * Hyp mode because of a trap configured in the HCPTR sets
+         * this field to 0xA.
+         */
+        int coproc = arm_dc_feature(s, ARM_FEATURE_V8) ? 0 : 0xa;
+        uint32_t syn = syn_fp_access_trap(1, 0xe, false, coproc);
+
+        gen_exception_insn_el(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_UDEF, syn, s->fp_excp_el);
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -250,8 +260,8 @@ bool vfp_access_check_m(DisasContext *s, bool skip_context_update)
          * the encoding space handled by the patterns in m-nocp.decode,
          * and for them we may need to raise NOCP here.
          */
-        gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_NOCP,
-                           syn_uncategorized(), s->fp_excp_el);
+        gen_exception_insn_el(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_NOCP,
+                              syn_uncategorized(), s->fp_excp_el);
         return false;
     }
 
diff --git a/target/arm/translate.c b/target/arm/translate.c
index 87a899d638..6617de775f 100644
--- a/target/arm/translate.c
+++ b/target/arm/translate.c
@@ -1086,8 +1086,25 @@ static void gen_exception_internal_insn(DisasContext *s, uint32_t pc, int excp)
     s->base.is_jmp = DISAS_NORETURN;
 }
 
-void gen_exception_insn(DisasContext *s, uint64_t pc, int excp,
-                        uint32_t syn, uint32_t target_el)
+static void gen_exception_el_v(int excp, uint32_t syndrome, TCGv_i32 tcg_el)
+{
+    gen_helper_exception_with_syndrome_el(cpu_env, tcg_constant_i32(excp),
+                                          tcg_constant_i32(syndrome), tcg_el);
+}
+
+static void gen_exception_el(int excp, uint32_t syndrome, uint32_t target_el)
+{
+    gen_exception_el_v(excp, syndrome, tcg_constant_i32(target_el));
+}
+
+static void gen_exception(int excp, uint32_t syndrome)
+{
+    gen_helper_exception_with_syndrome(cpu_env, tcg_constant_i32(excp),
+                                       tcg_constant_i32(syndrome));
+}
+
+static void gen_exception_insn_el_v(DisasContext *s, uint64_t pc, int excp,
+                                    uint32_t syn, TCGv_i32 tcg_el)
 {
     if (s->aarch64) {
         gen_a64_set_pc_im(pc);
@@ -1095,7 +1112,25 @@ void gen_exception_insn(DisasContext *s, uint64_t pc, int excp,
         gen_set_condexec(s);
         gen_set_pc_im(s, pc);
     }
-    gen_exception(excp, syn, target_el);
+    gen_exception_el_v(excp, syn, tcg_el);
+    s->base.is_jmp = DISAS_NORETURN;
+}
+
+void gen_exception_insn_el(DisasContext *s, uint64_t pc, int excp,
+                           uint32_t syn, uint32_t target_el)
+{
+    gen_exception_insn_el_v(s, pc, excp, syn, tcg_constant_i32(target_el));
+}
+
+void gen_exception_insn(DisasContext *s, uint64_t pc, int excp, uint32_t syn)
+{
+    if (s->aarch64) {
+        gen_a64_set_pc_im(pc);
+    } else {
+        gen_set_condexec(s);
+        gen_set_pc_im(s, pc);
+    }
+    gen_exception(excp, syn);
     s->base.is_jmp = DISAS_NORETURN;
 }
 
@@ -1110,19 +1145,7 @@ static void gen_exception_bkpt_insn(DisasContext *s, uint32_t syn)
 void unallocated_encoding(DisasContext *s)
 {
     /* Unallocated and reserved encodings are uncategorized */
-    gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_UDEF, syn_uncategorized(),
-                       default_exception_el(s));
-}
-
-static void gen_exception_el(DisasContext *s, int excp, uint32_t syn,
-                             TCGv_i32 tcg_el)
-{
-    gen_set_condexec(s);
-    gen_set_pc_im(s, s->pc_curr);
-    gen_helper_exception_with_syndrome(cpu_env,
-                                       tcg_constant_i32(excp),
-                                       tcg_constant_i32(syn), tcg_el);
-    s->base.is_jmp = DISAS_NORETURN;
+    gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_UDEF, syn_uncategorized());
 }
 
 /* Force a TB lookup after an instruction that changes the CPU state.  */
@@ -2735,8 +2758,6 @@ static bool msr_banked_access_decode(DisasContext *s, int r, int sysm, int rn,
      * an exception and return false. Otherwise it will return true,
      * and set *tgtmode and *regno appropriately.
      */
-    int exc_target = default_exception_el(s);
-
     /* These instructions are present only in ARMv8, or in ARMv7 with the
      * Virtualization Extensions.
      */
@@ -2847,7 +2868,8 @@ static bool msr_banked_access_decode(DisasContext *s, int r, int sysm, int rn,
                 tcg_el = tcg_constant_i32(3);
             }
 
-            gen_exception_el(s, EXCP_UDEF, syn_uncategorized(), tcg_el);
+            gen_exception_insn_el_v(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_UDEF,
+                                    syn_uncategorized(), tcg_el);
             tcg_temp_free_i32(tcg_el);
             return false;
         }
@@ -2872,8 +2894,7 @@ static bool msr_banked_access_decode(DisasContext *s, int r, int sysm, int rn,
 
 undef:
     /* If we get here then some access check did not pass */
-    gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_UDEF,
-                       syn_uncategorized(), exc_target);
+    gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_UDEF, syn_uncategorized());
     return false;
 }
 
@@ -5097,7 +5118,8 @@ static void gen_srs(DisasContext *s,
      * For the UNPREDICTABLE cases we choose to UNDEF.
      */
     if (s->current_el == 1 && !s->ns && mode == ARM_CPU_MODE_MON) {
-        gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_UDEF, syn_uncategorized(), 3);
+        gen_exception_insn_el(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_UDEF,
+                              syn_uncategorized(), 3);
         return;
     }
 
@@ -8482,8 +8504,8 @@ static bool trans_WLS(DisasContext *s, arg_WLS *a)
          * Do the check-and-raise-exception by hand.
          */
         if (s->fp_excp_el) {
-            gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_NOCP,
-                               syn_uncategorized(), s->fp_excp_el);
+            gen_exception_insn_el(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_NOCP,
+                                  syn_uncategorized(), s->fp_excp_el);
             return true;
         }
     }
@@ -8585,8 +8607,7 @@ static bool trans_LE(DisasContext *s, arg_LE *a)
         tmp = load_cpu_field(v7m.ltpsize);
         tcg_gen_brcondi_i32(TCG_COND_EQ, tmp, 4, skipexc);
         tcg_temp_free_i32(tmp);
-        gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_INVSTATE, syn_uncategorized(),
-                           default_exception_el(s));
+        gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_INVSTATE, syn_uncategorized());
         gen_set_label(skipexc);
     }
 
@@ -9056,8 +9077,7 @@ static void disas_arm_insn(DisasContext *s, unsigned int insn)
      * UsageFault exception.
      */
     if (arm_dc_feature(s, ARM_FEATURE_M)) {
-        gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_INVSTATE, syn_uncategorized(),
-                           default_exception_el(s));
+        gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_INVSTATE, syn_uncategorized());
         return;
     }
 
@@ -9066,8 +9086,7 @@ static void disas_arm_insn(DisasContext *s, unsigned int insn)
          * Illegal execution state. This has priority over BTI
          * exceptions, but comes after instruction abort exceptions.
          */
-        gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_UDEF,
-                           syn_illegalstate(), default_exception_el(s));
+        gen_exception_insn(s, s->pc_curr, EXCP_UDEF, syn_illegalstate());
         return;
     }
 
@@ -9300,11 +9319,6 @@ static void arm_tr_init_disas_context(DisasContextBase *dcbase, CPUState *cs)
     dc->condjmp = 0;
 
     dc->aarch64 = false;
-    /* If we are coming from secure EL0 in a system with a 32-bit EL3, then
-     * there is no secure EL1, so we route exceptions to EL3.
-     */
-    dc->secure_routed_to_el3 = arm_feature(env, ARM_FEATURE_EL3) &&
-                               !arm_el_is_aa64(env, 3);
     dc->thumb = EX_TBFLAG_AM32(tb_flags, THUMB);
     dc->be_data = EX_TBFLAG_ANY(tb_flags, BE_DATA) ? MO_BE : MO_LE;
     condexec = EX_TBFLAG_AM32(tb_flags, CONDEXEC);
@@ -9354,7 +9368,6 @@ static void arm_tr_init_disas_context(DisasContextBase *dcbase, CPUState *cs)
         dc->v7m_lspact = EX_TBFLAG_M32(tb_flags, LSPACT);
         dc->mve_no_pred = EX_TBFLAG_M32(tb_flags, MVE_NO_PRED);
     } else {
-        dc->debug_target_el = EX_TBFLAG_ANY(tb_flags, DEBUG_TARGET_EL);
         dc->sctlr_b = EX_TBFLAG_A32(tb_flags, SCTLR__B);
         dc->hstr_active = EX_TBFLAG_A32(tb_flags, HSTR_ACTIVE);
         dc->ns = EX_TBFLAG_A32(tb_flags, NS);
@@ -9636,8 +9649,7 @@ static void thumb_tr_translate_insn(DisasContextBase *dcbase, CPUState *cpu)
          * Illegal execution state. This has priority over BTI
          * exceptions, but comes after instruction abort exceptions.
          */
-        gen_exception_insn(dc, dc->pc_curr, EXCP_UDEF,
-                           syn_illegalstate(), default_exception_el(dc));
+        gen_exception_insn(dc, dc->pc_curr, EXCP_UDEF, syn_illegalstate());
         return;
     }
 
@@ -9710,8 +9722,8 @@ static void thumb_tr_translate_insn(DisasContextBase *dcbase, CPUState *cpu)
          */
         tcg_remove_ops_after(dc->insn_eci_rewind);
         dc->condjmp = 0;
-        gen_exception_insn(dc, dc->pc_curr, EXCP_INVSTATE, syn_uncategorized(),
-                           default_exception_el(dc));
+        gen_exception_insn(dc, dc->pc_curr, EXCP_INVSTATE,
+                           syn_uncategorized());
     }
 
     arm_post_translate_insn(dc);
@@ -9757,16 +9769,15 @@ static void arm_tr_tb_stop(DisasContextBase *dcbase, CPUState *cpu)
         switch (dc->base.is_jmp) {
         case DISAS_SWI:
             gen_ss_advance(dc);
-            gen_exception(EXCP_SWI, syn_aa32_svc(dc->svc_imm, dc->thumb),
-                          default_exception_el(dc));
+            gen_exception(EXCP_SWI, syn_aa32_svc(dc->svc_imm, dc->thumb));
             break;
         case DISAS_HVC:
             gen_ss_advance(dc);
-            gen_exception(EXCP_HVC, syn_aa32_hvc(dc->svc_imm), 2);
+            gen_exception_el(EXCP_HVC, syn_aa32_hvc(dc->svc_imm), 2);
             break;
         case DISAS_SMC:
             gen_ss_advance(dc);
-            gen_exception(EXCP_SMC, syn_aa32_smc(), 3);
+            gen_exception_el(EXCP_SMC, syn_aa32_smc(), 3);
             break;
         case DISAS_NEXT:
         case DISAS_TOO_MANY:
@@ -9827,14 +9838,13 @@ static void arm_tr_tb_stop(DisasContextBase *dcbase, CPUState *cpu)
             gen_helper_yield(cpu_env);
             break;
         case DISAS_SWI:
-            gen_exception(EXCP_SWI, syn_aa32_svc(dc->svc_imm, dc->thumb),
-                          default_exception_el(dc));
+            gen_exception(EXCP_SWI, syn_aa32_svc(dc->svc_imm, dc->thumb));
             break;
         case DISAS_HVC:
-            gen_exception(EXCP_HVC, syn_aa32_hvc(dc->svc_imm), 2);
+            gen_exception_el(EXCP_HVC, syn_aa32_hvc(dc->svc_imm), 2);
             break;
         case DISAS_SMC:
-            gen_exception(EXCP_SMC, syn_aa32_smc(), 3);
+            gen_exception_el(EXCP_SMC, syn_aa32_smc(), 3);
             break;
         }
     }
diff --git a/target/arm/translate.h b/target/arm/translate.h
index f473a21ed4..88dc18a034 100644
--- a/target/arm/translate.h
+++ b/target/arm/translate.h
@@ -43,8 +43,6 @@ typedef struct DisasContext {
     int fp_excp_el; /* FP exception EL or 0 if enabled */
     int sve_excp_el; /* SVE exception EL or 0 if enabled */
     int vl;          /* current vector length in bytes */
-    /* Flag indicating that exceptions from secure mode are routed to EL3. */
-    bool secure_routed_to_el3;
     bool vfp_enabled; /* FP enabled via FPSCR.EN */
     int vec_len;
     int vec_stride;
@@ -59,8 +57,6 @@ typedef struct DisasContext {
      */
     uint32_t svc_imm;
     int current_el;
-    /* Debug target exception level for single-step exceptions */
-    int debug_target_el;
     GHashTable *cp_regs;
     uint64_t features; /* CPU features bits */
     bool aarch64;
@@ -201,20 +197,6 @@ static inline int get_mem_index(DisasContext *s)
     return arm_to_core_mmu_idx(s->mmu_idx);
 }
 
-/* Function used to determine the target exception EL when otherwise not known
- * or default.
- */
-static inline int default_exception_el(DisasContext *s)
-{
-    /* If we are coming from secure EL0 in a system with a 32-bit EL3, then
-     * there is no secure EL1, so we route exceptions to EL3.  Otherwise,
-     * exceptions can only be routed to ELs above 1, so we target the higher of
-     * 1 or the current EL.
-     */
-    return (s->mmu_idx == ARMMMUIdx_SE10_0 && s->secure_routed_to_el3)
-            ? 3 : MAX(1, s->current_el);
-}
-
 static inline void disas_set_insn_syndrome(DisasContext *s, uint32_t syn)
 {
     /* We don't need to save all of the syndrome so we mask and shift
@@ -279,8 +261,9 @@ void arm_jump_cc(DisasCompare *cmp, TCGLabel *label);
 void arm_gen_test_cc(int cc, TCGLabel *label);
 MemOp pow2_align(unsigned i);
 void unallocated_encoding(DisasContext *s);
-void gen_exception_insn(DisasContext *s, uint64_t pc, int excp,
-                        uint32_t syn, uint32_t target_el);
+void gen_exception_insn_el(DisasContext *s, uint64_t pc, int excp,
+                           uint32_t syn, uint32_t target_el);
+void gen_exception_insn(DisasContext *s, uint64_t pc, int excp, uint32_t syn);
 
 /* Return state of Alternate Half-precision flag, caller frees result */
 static inline TCGv_i32 get_ahp_flag(void)
@@ -329,26 +312,12 @@ static inline void gen_ss_advance(DisasContext *s)
     }
 }
 
-static inline void gen_exception(int excp, uint32_t syndrome,
-                                 uint32_t target_el)
-{
-    gen_helper_exception_with_syndrome(cpu_env, tcg_constant_i32(excp),
-                                       tcg_constant_i32(syndrome),
-                                       tcg_constant_i32(target_el));
-}
-
 /* Generate an architectural singlestep exception */
 static inline void gen_swstep_exception(DisasContext *s, int isv, int ex)
 {
-    bool same_el = (s->debug_target_el == s->current_el);
-
-    /*
-     * If singlestep is targeting a lower EL than the current one,
-     * then s->ss_active must be false and we can never get here.
-     */
-    assert(s->debug_target_el >= s->current_el);
-
-    gen_exception(EXCP_UDEF, syn_swstep(same_el, isv, ex), s->debug_target_el);
+    /* Fill in the same_el field of the syndrome in the helper. */
+    uint32_t syn = syn_swstep(false, isv, ex);
+    gen_helper_exception_swstep(cpu_env, tcg_constant_i32(syn));
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/tests/qtest/npcm7xx_sdhci-test.c b/tests/qtest/npcm7xx_sdhci-test.c
index aa35a77e8d..5d68540e52 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/npcm7xx_sdhci-test.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/npcm7xx_sdhci-test.c
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #define NPCM7XX_REG_SIZE 0x100
 #define NPCM7XX_MMC_BA 0xF0842000
 #define NPCM7XX_BLK_SIZE 512
-#define NPCM7XX_TEST_IMAGE_SIZE (1 << 30)
+#define NPCM7XX_TEST_IMAGE_SIZE (1 << 20)
 
 char *sd_path;