diff --git a/hw/net/virtio-net.c b/hw/net/virtio-net.c
index 5a79bc3a3a..75f4e8664d 100644
--- a/hw/net/virtio-net.c
+++ b/hw/net/virtio-net.c
@@ -3534,11 +3534,13 @@ static void virtio_net_handle_migration_primary(VirtIONet *n, MigrationState *s)
     }
 }
 
-static void virtio_net_migration_state_notifier(Notifier *notifier, void *data)
+static int virtio_net_migration_state_notifier(NotifierWithReturn *notifier,
+                                               void *data, Error **errp)
 {
     MigrationState *s = data;
     VirtIONet *n = container_of(notifier, VirtIONet, migration_state);
     virtio_net_handle_migration_primary(n, s);
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static bool failover_hide_primary_device(DeviceListener *listener,
diff --git a/hw/vfio/migration.c b/hw/vfio/migration.c
index 70e6b1a709..6b6acc4140 100644
--- a/hw/vfio/migration.c
+++ b/hw/vfio/migration.c
@@ -754,7 +754,8 @@ static void vfio_vmstate_change(void *opaque, bool running, RunState state)
                               mig_state_to_str(new_state));
 }
 
-static void vfio_migration_state_notifier(Notifier *notifier, void *data)
+static int vfio_migration_state_notifier(NotifierWithReturn *notifier,
+                                         void *data, Error **errp)
 {
     MigrationState *s = data;
     VFIOMigration *migration = container_of(notifier, VFIOMigration,
@@ -770,6 +771,7 @@ static void vfio_migration_state_notifier(Notifier *notifier, void *data)
     case MIGRATION_STATUS_FAILED:
         vfio_migration_set_state_or_reset(vbasedev, VFIO_DEVICE_STATE_RUNNING);
     }
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static void vfio_migration_free(VFIODevice *vbasedev)
diff --git a/include/hw/vfio/vfio-common.h b/include/hw/vfio/vfio-common.h
index 9b7ef7d02b..4a6c262f77 100644
--- a/include/hw/vfio/vfio-common.h
+++ b/include/hw/vfio/vfio-common.h
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ typedef struct VFIORegion {
 typedef struct VFIOMigration {
     struct VFIODevice *vbasedev;
     VMChangeStateEntry *vm_state;
-    Notifier migration_state;
+    NotifierWithReturn migration_state;
     uint32_t device_state;
     int data_fd;
     void *data_buffer;
diff --git a/include/hw/virtio/virtio-net.h b/include/hw/virtio/virtio-net.h
index 55977f01f0..eaee8f4243 100644
--- a/include/hw/virtio/virtio-net.h
+++ b/include/hw/virtio/virtio-net.h
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ struct VirtIONet {
     DeviceListener primary_listener;
     QDict *primary_opts;
     bool primary_opts_from_json;
-    Notifier migration_state;
+    NotifierWithReturn migration_state;
     VirtioNetRssData rss_data;
     struct NetRxPkt *rx_pkt;
     struct EBPFRSSContext ebpf_rss;
diff --git a/include/migration/misc.h b/include/migration/misc.h
index 5e65c18f1a..b62e351d96 100644
--- a/include/migration/misc.h
+++ b/include/migration/misc.h
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ void migration_object_init(void);
 void migration_shutdown(void);
 bool migration_is_idle(void);
 bool migration_is_active(MigrationState *);
-void migration_add_notifier(Notifier *notify,
-                            void (*func)(Notifier *notifier, void *data));
-void migration_remove_notifier(Notifier *notify);
+void migration_add_notifier(NotifierWithReturn *notify,
+                            NotifierWithReturnFunc func);
+void migration_remove_notifier(NotifierWithReturn *notify);
 void migration_call_notifiers(MigrationState *s);
 bool migration_in_setup(MigrationState *);
 bool migration_has_finished(MigrationState *);
diff --git a/include/qemu/notify.h b/include/qemu/notify.h
index 9a85631864..abf18dbf59 100644
--- a/include/qemu/notify.h
+++ b/include/qemu/notify.h
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ bool notifier_list_empty(NotifierList *list);
 /* Same as Notifier but allows .notify() to return errors */
 typedef struct NotifierWithReturn NotifierWithReturn;
 
+/* Return int to allow for different failure modes and recovery actions */
 typedef int (*NotifierWithReturnFunc)(NotifierWithReturn *notifier, void *data,
                                       Error **errp);
 
diff --git a/migration/migration.c b/migration/migration.c
index ab21de2cad..6d4072e8e9 100644
--- a/migration/migration.c
+++ b/migration/migration.c
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@
 #include "qemu/sockets.h"
 #include "sysemu/kvm.h"
 
-static NotifierList migration_state_notifiers =
-    NOTIFIER_LIST_INITIALIZER(migration_state_notifiers);
+static NotifierWithReturnList migration_state_notifiers =
+    NOTIFIER_WITH_RETURN_LIST_INITIALIZER(migration_state_notifiers);
 
 /* Messages sent on the return path from destination to source */
 enum mig_rp_message_type {
@@ -1459,24 +1459,24 @@ static void migrate_fd_cancel(MigrationState *s)
     }
 }
 
-void migration_add_notifier(Notifier *notify,
-                            void (*func)(Notifier *notifier, void *data))
+void migration_add_notifier(NotifierWithReturn *notify,
+                            NotifierWithReturnFunc func)
 {
     notify->notify = func;
-    notifier_list_add(&migration_state_notifiers, notify);
+    notifier_with_return_list_add(&migration_state_notifiers, notify);
 }
 
-void migration_remove_notifier(Notifier *notify)
+void migration_remove_notifier(NotifierWithReturn *notify)
 {
     if (notify->notify) {
-        notifier_remove(notify);
+        notifier_with_return_remove(notify);
         notify->notify = NULL;
     }
 }
 
 void migration_call_notifiers(MigrationState *s)
 {
-    notifier_list_notify(&migration_state_notifiers, s);
+    notifier_with_return_list_notify(&migration_state_notifiers, s, 0);
 }
 
 bool migration_in_setup(MigrationState *s)
diff --git a/net/vhost-vdpa.c b/net/vhost-vdpa.c
index 3726ee5d67..1c00519f10 100644
--- a/net/vhost-vdpa.c
+++ b/net/vhost-vdpa.c
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 typedef struct VhostVDPAState {
     NetClientState nc;
     struct vhost_vdpa vhost_vdpa;
-    Notifier migration_state;
+    NotifierWithReturn migration_state;
     VHostNetState *vhost_net;
 
     /* Control commands shadow buffers */
@@ -322,7 +322,8 @@ static void vhost_vdpa_net_log_global_enable(VhostVDPAState *s, bool enable)
     }
 }
 
-static void vdpa_net_migration_state_notifier(Notifier *notifier, void *data)
+static int vdpa_net_migration_state_notifier(NotifierWithReturn *notifier,
+                                             void *data, Error **errp)
 {
     MigrationState *migration = data;
     VhostVDPAState *s = container_of(notifier, VhostVDPAState,
@@ -333,6 +334,7 @@ static void vdpa_net_migration_state_notifier(Notifier *notifier, void *data)
     } else if (migration_has_failed(migration)) {
         vhost_vdpa_net_log_global_enable(s, false);
     }
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static void vhost_vdpa_net_data_start_first(VhostVDPAState *s)
diff --git a/ui/spice-core.c b/ui/spice-core.c
index 37b277fd09..b3cd229023 100644
--- a/ui/spice-core.c
+++ b/ui/spice-core.c
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
 /* core bits */
 
 static SpiceServer *spice_server;
-static Notifier migration_state;
+static NotifierWithReturn migration_state;
 static const char *auth = "spice";
 static char *auth_passwd;
 static time_t auth_expires = TIME_MAX;
@@ -568,12 +568,13 @@ static SpiceInfo *qmp_query_spice_real(Error **errp)
     return info;
 }
 
-static void migration_state_notifier(Notifier *notifier, void *data)
+static int migration_state_notifier(NotifierWithReturn *notifier,
+                                    void *data, Error **errp)
 {
     MigrationState *s = data;
 
     if (!spice_have_target_host) {
-        return;
+        return 0;
     }
 
     if (migration_in_setup(s)) {
@@ -586,6 +587,7 @@ static void migration_state_notifier(Notifier *notifier, void *data)
         spice_server_migrate_end(spice_server, false);
         spice_have_target_host = false;
     }
+    return 0;
 }
 
 int qemu_spice_migrate_info(const char *hostname, int port, int tls_port,