docs: rSTify the "SubmitAPatch" wiki
- The original wiki is here[1]. I copied the wiki source[2] into a .wiki file, and used `pandoc` to convert it to rST: $> pandoc -f Mediawiki -t rst submitting-a-patch.wiki -o submitting-a-patch.rst - The only minor touch-ups I did was to fix URLs. But 99%, it is a 1-1 conversion. (An example of a "touch-up": under the section "Patch emails must include a Signed-off-by: line", I updated the "see SubmittingPatches 1.12" to "1.12) Sign your work") - I have also converted a couple other related wiki pages (included in this patch series) that were hyperlinked within the SubmitAPatch page, or a page that it refers to: - SubmitAPullRequest: https://wiki.qemu.org/Contribute/SubmitAPullRequest - TrivialPatches: https://wiki.qemu.org/Contribute/TrivialPatches - Over time, many people contributed to this wiki page; you can find all the authors in the wiki history[3]. [1] https://wiki.qemu.org/Contribute/SubmitAPatch [2] http://wiki.qemu.org/index.php?title=Contribute/SubmitAPatch&action=edit [3] http://wiki.qemu.org/index.php?title=Contribute/SubmitAPatch&action=history Signed-off-by: Kashyap Chamarthy <kchamart@redhat.com> Message-Id: <20211110144902.388183-4-kchamart@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Philippe Mathieu-Daudé <philmd@redhat.com> [thuth: Cosmetic fixes] Signed-off-by: Thomas Huth <thuth@redhat.com>
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qapi-code-gen
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writing-monitor-commands
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trivial-patches
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submitting-a-patch
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submitting-a-pull-request
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456
docs/devel/submitting-a-patch.rst
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docs/devel/submitting-a-patch.rst
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@ -0,0 +1,456 @@
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Submitting a Patch
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==================
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QEMU welcomes contributions of code (either fixing bugs or adding new
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functionality). However, we get a lot of patches, and so we have some
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guidelines about submitting patches. If you follow these, you'll help
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make our task of code review easier and your patch is likely to be
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committed faster.
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This page seems very long, so if you are only trying to post a quick
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one-shot fix, the bare minimum we ask is that:
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- You **must** provide a Signed-off-by: line (this is a hard
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requirement because it's how you say "I'm legally okay to contribute
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this and happy for it to go into QEMU", modeled after the `Linux kernel
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<http://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Documentation/SubmittingPatches?id=f6f94e2ab1b33f0082ac22d71f66385a60d8157f#n297>`__
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policy.) ``git commit -s`` or ``git format-patch -s`` will add one.
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- All contributions to QEMU must be **sent as patches** to the
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qemu-devel `mailing list <MailingLists>`__. Patch contributions
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should not be posted on the bug tracker, posted on forums, or
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externally hosted and linked to. (We have other mailing lists too,
|
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but all patches must go to qemu-devel, possibly with a Cc: to another
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list.) ``git send-email`` works best for delivering the patch without
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mangling it (`hints for setting it
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up <http://lxr.free-electrons.com/source/Documentation/process/email-clients.rst>`__),
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but attachments can be used as a last resort on a first-time
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submission.
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- You must read replies to your message, and be willing to act on them.
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Note, however, that maintainers are often willing to manually fix up
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first-time contributions, since there is a learning curve involved in
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making an ideal patch submission.
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|
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You do not have to subscribe to post (list policy is to reply-to-all to
|
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preserve CCs and keep non-subscribers in the loop on the threads they
|
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start), although you may find it easier as a subscriber to pick up good
|
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ideas from other posts. If you do subscribe, be prepared for a high
|
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volume of email, often over one thousand messages in a week. The list is
|
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moderated; first-time posts from an email address (whether or not you
|
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subscribed) may be subject to some delay while waiting for a moderator
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to whitelist your address.
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The larger your contribution is, or if you plan on becoming a long-term
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contributor, then the more important the rest of this page becomes.
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Reading the table of contents below should already give you an idea of
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the basic requirements. Use the table of contents as a reference, and
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read the parts that you have doubts about.
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.. _writing_your_patches:
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Writing your Patches
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--------------------
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.. _use_the_qemu_coding_style:
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Use the QEMU coding style
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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You can run run *scripts/checkpatch.pl <patchfile>* before submitting to
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check that you are in compliance with our coding standards. Be aware
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that ``checkpatch.pl`` is not infallible, though, especially where C
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preprocessor macros are involved; use some common sense too. See also:
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- `QEMU Coding Style
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<https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/devel/style.html>`__
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- `Automate a checkpatch run on
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commit <http://blog.vmsplice.net/2011/03/how-to-automatically-run-checkpatchpl.html>`__
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.. _base_patches_against_current_git_master:
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Base patches against current git master
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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|
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There's no point submitting a patch which is based on a released version
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of QEMU because development will have moved on from then and it probably
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won't even apply to master. We only apply selected bugfixes to release
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branches and then only as backports once the code has gone into master.
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.. _split_up_long_patches:
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Split up long patches
|
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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|
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Split up longer patches into a patch series of logical code changes.
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Each change should compile and execute successfully. For instance, don't
|
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add a file to the makefile in patch one and then add the file itself in
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patch two. (This rule is here so that people can later use tools like
|
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`git bisect <http://git-scm.com/docs/git-bisect>`__ without hitting
|
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points in the commit history where QEMU doesn't work for reasons
|
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unrelated to the bug they're chasing.) Put documentation first, not
|
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last, so that someone reading the series can do a clean-room evaluation
|
||||
of the documentation, then validate that the code matched the
|
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documentation. A commit message that mentions "Also, ..." is often a
|
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good candidate for splitting into multiple patches. For more thoughts on
|
||||
properly splitting patches and writing good commit messages, see `this
|
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advice from
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OpenStack <https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/GitCommitMessages>`__.
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|
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.. _make_code_motion_patches_easy_to_review:
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|
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Make code motion patches easy to review
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
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|
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If a series requires large blocks of code motion, there are tricks for
|
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making the refactoring easier to review. Split up the series so that
|
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semantic changes (or even function renames) are done in a separate patch
|
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from the raw code motion. Use a one-time setup of
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``git config diff.renames true; git config diff.algorithm patience``
|
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(Refer to `git-config <http://git-scm.com/docs/git-config>`__.) The
|
||||
``diff.renames`` property ensures file rename patches will be given in a
|
||||
more compact representation that focuses only on the differences across
|
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the file rename, instead of showing the entire old file as a deletion
|
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and the new file as an insertion. Meanwhile, the 'diff.algorithm'
|
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property ensures that extracting a non-contiguous subset of one file
|
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into a new file, but where all extracted parts occur in the same order
|
||||
both before and after the patch, will reduce churn in trying to treat
|
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unrelated ``}`` lines in the original file as separating hunks of
|
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changes.
|
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|
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Ideally, a code motion patch can be reviewed by doing::
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git format-patch --stdout -1 > patch;
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diff -u <(sed -n 's/^-//p' patch) <(sed -n 's/^\+//p' patch)
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|
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to focus on the few changes that weren't wholesale code motion.
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|
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.. _dont_include_irrelevant_changes:
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|
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Don't include irrelevant changes
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
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In particular, don't include formatting, coding style or whitespace
|
||||
changes to bits of code that would otherwise not be touched by the
|
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patch. (It's OK to fix coding style issues in the immediate area (few
|
||||
lines) of the lines you're changing.) If you think a section of code
|
||||
really does need a reindent or other large-scale style fix, submit this
|
||||
as a separate patch which makes no semantic changes; don't put it in the
|
||||
same patch as your bug fix.
|
||||
|
||||
For smaller patches in less frequently changed areas of QEMU, consider
|
||||
using the `trivial patches process
|
||||
<https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/devel/style.html>`__.
|
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|
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.. _write_a_meaningful_commit_message:
|
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|
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Write a meaningful commit message
|
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
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|
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Commit messages should be meaningful and should stand on their own as a
|
||||
historical record of why the changes you applied were necessary or
|
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useful.
|
||||
|
||||
QEMU follows the usual standard for git commit messages: the first line
|
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(which becomes the email subject line) is "subsystem: single line
|
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summary of change". Whether the "single line summary of change" starts
|
||||
with a capital is a matter of taste, but we prefer that the summary does
|
||||
not end in ".". Look at ``git shortlog -30`` for an idea of sample
|
||||
subject lines. Then there is a blank line and a more detailed
|
||||
description of the patch, another blank and your Signed-off-by: line.
|
||||
Please do not use lines that are longer than 76 characters in your
|
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commit message (so that the text still shows up nicely with "git show"
|
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in a 80-columns terminal window).
|
||||
|
||||
The body of the commit message is a good place to document why your
|
||||
change is important. Don't include comments like "This is a suggestion
|
||||
for fixing this bug" (they can go below the ``---`` line in the email so
|
||||
they don't go into the final commit message). Make sure the body of the
|
||||
commit message can be read in isolation even if the reader's mailer
|
||||
displays the subject line some distance apart (that is, a body that
|
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starts with "... so that" as a continuation of the subject line is
|
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harder to follow).
|
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|
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.. _submitting_your_patches:
|
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|
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Submitting your Patches
|
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-----------------------
|
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|
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.. _cc_the_relevant_maintainer:
|
||||
|
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CC the relevant maintainer
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
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|
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Send patches both to the mailing list and CC the maintainer(s) of the
|
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files you are modifying. look in the MAINTAINERS file to find out who
|
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that is. Also try using scripts/get_maintainer.pl from the repository
|
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for learning the most common committers for the files you touched.
|
||||
|
||||
Example::
|
||||
|
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~/src/qemu/scripts/get_maintainer.pl -f hw/ide/core.c
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|
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In fact, you can automate this, via a one-time setup of ``git config
|
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sendemail.cccmd 'scripts/get_maintainer.pl --nogit-fallback'`` (Refer to
|
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`git-config <http://git-scm.com/docs/git-config>`__.)
|
||||
|
||||
.. _do_not_send_as_an_attachment:
|
||||
|
||||
Do not send as an attachment
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
Send patches inline so they are easy to reply to with review comments.
|
||||
Do not put patches in attachments.
|
||||
|
||||
.. _use_git_format_patch:
|
||||
|
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Use ``git format-patch``
|
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
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|
||||
Use the right diff format.
|
||||
`git format-patch <http://git-scm.com/docs/git-format-patch>`__ will
|
||||
produce patch emails in the right format (check the documentation to
|
||||
find out how to drive it). You can then edit the cover letter before
|
||||
using ``git send-email`` to mail the files to the mailing list. (We
|
||||
recommend `git send-email <http://git-scm.com/docs/git-send-email>`__
|
||||
because mail clients often mangle patches by wrapping long lines or
|
||||
messing up whitespace. Some distributions do not include send-email in a
|
||||
default install of git; you may need to download additional packages,
|
||||
such as 'git-email' on Fedora-based systems.) Patch series need a cover
|
||||
letter, with shallow threading (all patches in the series are
|
||||
in-reply-to the cover letter, but not to each other); single unrelated
|
||||
patches do not need a cover letter (but if you do send a cover letter,
|
||||
use --numbered so the cover and the patch have distinct subject lines).
|
||||
Patches are easier to find if they start a new top-level thread, rather
|
||||
than being buried in-reply-to another existing thread.
|
||||
|
||||
.. _patch_emails_must_include_a_signed_off_by_line:
|
||||
|
||||
Patch emails must include a ``Signed-off-by:`` line
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
For more information see `1.12) Sign your work
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||||
<http://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Documentation/SubmittingPatches?id=f6f94e2ab1b33f0082ac22d71f66385a60d8157f#n296>`__.
|
||||
This is vital or we will not be able to apply your patch! Please use
|
||||
your real name to sign a patch (not an alias or acronym).
|
||||
|
||||
If you wrote the patch, make sure your "From:" and "Signed-off-by:"
|
||||
lines use the same spelling. It's okay if you subscribe or contribute to
|
||||
the list via more than one address, but using multiple addresses in one
|
||||
commit just confuses things. If someone else wrote the patch, git will
|
||||
include a "From:" line in the body of the email (different from your
|
||||
envelope From:) that will give credit to the correct author; but again,
|
||||
that author's Signed-off-by: line is mandatory, with the same spelling.
|
||||
|
||||
.. _include_a_meaningful_cover_letter:
|
||||
|
||||
Include a meaningful cover letter
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
This usually applies only to a series that includes multiple patches;
|
||||
the cover letter explains the overall goal of such a series.
|
||||
|
||||
When reviewers don't know your goal at the start of their review, they
|
||||
may object to early changes that don't make sense until the end of the
|
||||
series, because they do not have enough context yet at that point of
|
||||
their review. A series where the goal is unclear also risks a higher
|
||||
number of review-fix cycles because the reviewers haven't bought into
|
||||
the idea yet. If the cover letter can explain these points to the
|
||||
reviewer, the process will be smoother patches will get merged faster.
|
||||
Make sure your cover letter includes a diffstat of changes made over the
|
||||
entire series; potential reviewers know what files they are interested
|
||||
in, and they need an easy way determine if your series touches them.
|
||||
|
||||
.. _use_the_rfc_tag_if_needed:
|
||||
|
||||
Use the RFC tag if needed
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
For example, "[PATCH RFC v2]". ``git format-patch --subject-prefix=RFC``
|
||||
can help.
|
||||
|
||||
"RFC" means "Request For Comments" and is a statement that you don't
|
||||
intend for your patchset to be applied to master, but would like some
|
||||
review on it anyway. Reasons for doing this include:
|
||||
|
||||
- the patch depends on some pending kernel changes which haven't yet
|
||||
been accepted, so the QEMU patch series is blocked until that
|
||||
dependency has been dealt with, but is worth reviewing anyway
|
||||
- the patch set is not finished yet (perhaps it doesn't cover all use
|
||||
cases or work with all targets) but you want early review of a major
|
||||
API change or design structure before continuing
|
||||
|
||||
In general, since it's asking other people to do review work on a
|
||||
patchset that the submitter themselves is saying shouldn't be applied,
|
||||
it's best to:
|
||||
|
||||
- use it sparingly
|
||||
- in the cover letter, be clear about why a patch is an RFC, what areas
|
||||
of the patchset you're looking for review on, and why reviewers
|
||||
should care
|
||||
|
||||
.. _participating_in_code_review:
|
||||
|
||||
Participating in Code Review
|
||||
----------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
All patches submitted to the QEMU project go through a code review
|
||||
process before they are accepted. Some areas of code that are well
|
||||
maintained may review patches quickly, lesser-loved areas of code may
|
||||
have a longer delay.
|
||||
|
||||
.. _stay_around_to_fix_problems_raised_in_code_review:
|
||||
|
||||
Stay around to fix problems raised in code review
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
Not many patches get into QEMU straight away -- it is quite common that
|
||||
developers will identify bugs, or suggest a cleaner approach, or even
|
||||
just point out code style issues or commit message typos. You'll need to
|
||||
respond to these, and then send a second version of your patches with
|
||||
the issues fixed. This takes a little time and effort on your part, but
|
||||
if you don't do it then your changes will never get into QEMU. It's also
|
||||
just polite -- it is quite disheartening for a developer to spend time
|
||||
reviewing your code and suggesting improvements, only to find that
|
||||
you're not going to do anything further and it was all wasted effort.
|
||||
|
||||
When replying to comments on your patches **reply to all and not just
|
||||
the sender** -- keeping discussion on the mailing list means everybody
|
||||
can follow it.
|
||||
|
||||
.. _pay_attention_to_review_comments:
|
||||
|
||||
Pay attention to review comments
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
Someone took their time to review your work, and it pays to respect that
|
||||
effort; repeatedly submitting a series without addressing all comments
|
||||
from the previous round tends to alienate reviewers and stall your
|
||||
patch. Reviewers aren't always perfect, so it is okay if you want to
|
||||
argue that your code was correct in the first place instead of blindly
|
||||
doing everything the reviewer asked. On the other hand, if someone
|
||||
pointed out a potential issue during review, then even if your code
|
||||
turns out to be correct, it's probably a sign that you should improve
|
||||
your commit message and/or comments in the code explaining why the code
|
||||
is correct.
|
||||
|
||||
If you fix issues that are raised during review **resend the entire
|
||||
patch series** not just the one patch that was changed. This allows
|
||||
maintainers to easily apply the fixed series without having to manually
|
||||
identify which patches are relevant. Send the new version as a complete
|
||||
fresh email or series of emails -- don't try to make it a followup to
|
||||
version 1. (This helps automatic patch email handling tools distinguish
|
||||
between v1 and v2 emails.)
|
||||
|
||||
.. _when_resending_patches_add_a_version_tag:
|
||||
|
||||
When resending patches add a version tag
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
All patches beyond the first version should include a version tag -- for
|
||||
example, "[PATCH v2]". This means people can easily identify whether
|
||||
they're looking at the most recent version. (The first version of a
|
||||
patch need not say "v1", just [PATCH] is sufficient.) For patch series,
|
||||
the version applies to the whole series -- even if you only change one
|
||||
patch, you resend the entire series and mark it as "v2". Don't try to
|
||||
track versions of different patches in the series separately. `git
|
||||
format-patch <http://git-scm.com/docs/git-format-patch>`__ and `git
|
||||
send-email <http://git-scm.com/docs/git-send-email>`__ both understand
|
||||
the ``-v2`` option to make this easier. Send each new revision as a new
|
||||
top-level thread, rather than burying it in-reply-to an earlier
|
||||
revision, as many reviewers are not looking inside deep threads for new
|
||||
patches.
|
||||
|
||||
.. _include_version_history_in_patchset_revisions:
|
||||
|
||||
Include version history in patchset revisions
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
For later versions of patches, include a summary of changes from
|
||||
previous versions, but not in the commit message itself. In an email
|
||||
formatted as a git patch, the commit message is the part above the "---"
|
||||
line, and this will go into the git changelog when the patch is
|
||||
committed. This part should be a self-contained description of what this
|
||||
version of the patch does, written to make sense to anybody who comes
|
||||
back to look at this commit in git in six months' time. The part below
|
||||
the "---" line and above the patch proper (git format-patch puts the
|
||||
diffstat here) is a good place to put remarks for people reading the
|
||||
patch email, and this is where the "changes since previous version"
|
||||
summary belongs. The
|
||||
`git-publish <https://github.com/stefanha/git-publish>`__ script can
|
||||
help with tracking a good summary across versions. Also, the
|
||||
`git-backport-diff <https://github.com/codyprime/git-scripts>`__ script
|
||||
can help focus reviewers on what changed between revisions.
|
||||
|
||||
.. _tips_and_tricks:
|
||||
|
||||
Tips and Tricks
|
||||
---------------
|
||||
|
||||
.. _proper_use_of_reviewed_by_tags_can_aid_review:
|
||||
|
||||
Proper use of Reviewed-by: tags can aid review
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
When reviewing a large series, a reviewer can reply to some of the
|
||||
patches with a Reviewed-by tag, stating that they are happy with that
|
||||
patch in isolation (sometimes conditional on minor cleanup, like fixing
|
||||
whitespace, that doesn't affect code content). You should then update
|
||||
those commit messages by hand to include the Reviewed-by tag, so that in
|
||||
the next revision, reviewers can spot which patches were already clean
|
||||
from the previous round. Conversely, if you significantly modify a patch
|
||||
that was previously reviewed, remove the reviewed-by tag out of the
|
||||
commit message, as well as listing the changes from the previous
|
||||
version, to make it easier to focus a reviewer's attention to your
|
||||
changes.
|
||||
|
||||
.. _if_your_patch_seems_to_have_been_ignored:
|
||||
|
||||
If your patch seems to have been ignored
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
If your patchset has received no replies you should "ping" it after a
|
||||
week or two, by sending an email as a reply-to-all to the patch mail,
|
||||
including the word "ping" and ideally also a link to the page for the
|
||||
patch on
|
||||
`patchwork <http://patchwork.ozlabs.org/project/qemu-devel/list/>`__ or
|
||||
GMANE. It's worth double-checking for reasons why your patch might have
|
||||
been ignored (forgot to CC the maintainer? annoyed people by failing to
|
||||
respond to review comments on an earlier version?), but often for
|
||||
less-maintained areas of QEMU patches do just slip through the cracks.
|
||||
If your ping is also ignored, ping again after another week or so. As
|
||||
the submitter, you are the person with the most motivation to get your
|
||||
patch applied, so you have to be persistent.
|
||||
|
||||
.. _is_my_patch_in:
|
||||
|
||||
Is my patch in?
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
Once your patch has had enough review on list, the maintainer for that
|
||||
area of code will send notification to the list that they are including
|
||||
your patch in a particular staging branch. Periodically, the maintainer
|
||||
then sends a `pull request
|
||||
<https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/devel/submitting-a-pull-request.html>`__
|
||||
for aggregating topic branches into mainline qemu. Generally, you do not
|
||||
need to send a pull request unless you have contributed enough patches
|
||||
to become a maintainer over a particular section of code. Maintainers
|
||||
may further modify your commit, by resolving simple merge conflicts or
|
||||
fixing minor typos pointed out during review, but will always add a
|
||||
Signed-off-by line in addition to yours, indicating that it went through
|
||||
their tree. Occasionally, the maintainer's pull request may hit more
|
||||
difficult merge conflicts, where you may be requested to help rebase and
|
||||
resolve the problems. It may take a couple of weeks between when your
|
||||
patch first had a positive review to when it finally lands in qemu.git;
|
||||
release cycle freezes may extend that time even longer.
|
||||
|
||||
.. _return_the_favor:
|
||||
|
||||
Return the favor
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
Peer review only works if everyone chips in a bit of review time. If
|
||||
everyone submitted more patches than they reviewed, we would have a
|
||||
patch backlog. A good goal is to try to review at least as many patches
|
||||
from others as what you submit. Don't worry if you don't know the code
|
||||
base as well as a maintainer; it's perfectly fine to admit when your
|
||||
review is weak because you are unfamiliar with the code.
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user