diff --git a/hw/i386/pc.c b/hw/i386/pc.c
index 3db0743f31..a532d42cf4 100644
--- a/hw/i386/pc.c
+++ b/hw/i386/pc.c
@@ -907,13 +907,39 @@ static uint64_t pc_get_cxl_range_end(PCMachineState *pcms)
 static hwaddr pc_max_used_gpa(PCMachineState *pcms, uint64_t pci_hole64_size)
 {
     X86CPU *cpu = X86_CPU(first_cpu);
+    PCMachineClass *pcmc = PC_MACHINE_GET_CLASS(pcms);
+    MachineState *ms = MACHINE(pcms);
 
-    /* 32-bit systems don't have hole64 thus return max CPU address */
-    if (cpu->phys_bits <= 32) {
+    if (cpu->env.features[FEAT_8000_0001_EDX] & CPUID_EXT2_LM) {
+        /* 64-bit systems */
+        return pc_pci_hole64_start() + pci_hole64_size - 1;
+    }
+
+    /* 32-bit systems */
+    if (pcmc->broken_32bit_mem_addr_check) {
+        /* old value for compatibility reasons */
         return ((hwaddr)1 << cpu->phys_bits) - 1;
     }
 
-    return pc_pci_hole64_start() + pci_hole64_size - 1;
+    /*
+     * 32-bit systems don't have hole64 but they might have a region for
+     * memory devices. Even if additional hotplugged memory devices might
+     * not be usable by most guest OSes, we need to still consider them for
+     * calculating the highest possible GPA so that we can properly report
+     * if someone configures them on a CPU that cannot possibly address them.
+     */
+    if (pcmc->has_reserved_memory &&
+        (ms->ram_size < ms->maxram_size)) {
+        hwaddr devmem_start;
+        ram_addr_t devmem_size;
+
+        pc_get_device_memory_range(pcms, &devmem_start, &devmem_size);
+        devmem_start += devmem_size;
+        return devmem_start - 1;
+    }
+
+    /* configuration without any memory hotplug */
+    return pc_above_4g_end(pcms) - 1;
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/hw/i386/pc_piix.c b/hw/i386/pc_piix.c
index 8321f36f97..71003759bb 100644
--- a/hw/i386/pc_piix.c
+++ b/hw/i386/pc_piix.c
@@ -517,9 +517,13 @@ DEFINE_I440FX_MACHINE(v8_2, "pc-i440fx-8.2", NULL,
 
 static void pc_i440fx_8_1_machine_options(MachineClass *m)
 {
+    PCMachineClass *pcmc = PC_MACHINE_CLASS(m);
+
     pc_i440fx_8_2_machine_options(m);
     m->alias = NULL;
     m->is_default = false;
+    pcmc->broken_32bit_mem_addr_check = true;
+
     compat_props_add(m->compat_props, hw_compat_8_1, hw_compat_8_1_len);
     compat_props_add(m->compat_props, pc_compat_8_1, pc_compat_8_1_len);
 }
diff --git a/hw/i386/pc_q35.c b/hw/i386/pc_q35.c
index 2dd1158b70..a7386f2ca2 100644
--- a/hw/i386/pc_q35.c
+++ b/hw/i386/pc_q35.c
@@ -394,8 +394,10 @@ DEFINE_Q35_MACHINE(v8_2, "pc-q35-8.2", NULL,
 
 static void pc_q35_8_1_machine_options(MachineClass *m)
 {
+    PCMachineClass *pcmc = PC_MACHINE_CLASS(m);
     pc_q35_8_2_machine_options(m);
     m->alias = NULL;
+    pcmc->broken_32bit_mem_addr_check = true;
     compat_props_add(m->compat_props, hw_compat_8_1, hw_compat_8_1_len);
     compat_props_add(m->compat_props, pc_compat_8_1, pc_compat_8_1_len);
 }
diff --git a/include/hw/i386/pc.h b/include/hw/i386/pc.h
index 0fabece236..bec38cb92c 100644
--- a/include/hw/i386/pc.h
+++ b/include/hw/i386/pc.h
@@ -129,6 +129,12 @@ struct PCMachineClass {
 
     /* resizable acpi blob compat */
     bool resizable_acpi_blob;
+
+    /*
+     * whether the machine type implements broken 32-bit address space bound
+     * check for memory.
+     */
+    bool broken_32bit_mem_addr_check;
 };
 
 #define TYPE_PC_MACHINE "generic-pc-machine"
diff --git a/tests/qtest/bios-tables-test.c b/tests/qtest/bios-tables-test.c
index d1b80149f2..f8e03dfd46 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/bios-tables-test.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/bios-tables-test.c
@@ -2080,7 +2080,6 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
                            test_acpi_piix4_no_acpi_pci_hotplug);
             qtest_add_func("acpi/piix4/ipmi", test_acpi_piix4_tcg_ipmi);
             qtest_add_func("acpi/piix4/cpuhp", test_acpi_piix4_tcg_cphp);
-            qtest_add_func("acpi/piix4/memhp", test_acpi_piix4_tcg_memhp);
             qtest_add_func("acpi/piix4/numamem", test_acpi_piix4_tcg_numamem);
             qtest_add_func("acpi/piix4/nosmm", test_acpi_piix4_tcg_nosmm);
             qtest_add_func("acpi/piix4/smm-compat",
@@ -2088,9 +2087,15 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
             qtest_add_func("acpi/piix4/smm-compat-nosmm",
                            test_acpi_piix4_tcg_smm_compat_nosmm);
             qtest_add_func("acpi/piix4/nohpet", test_acpi_piix4_tcg_nohpet);
-            qtest_add_func("acpi/piix4/dimmpxm", test_acpi_piix4_tcg_dimm_pxm);
-            qtest_add_func("acpi/piix4/acpihmat",
-                           test_acpi_piix4_tcg_acpi_hmat);
+
+            /* i386 does not support memory hotplug */
+            if (strcmp(arch, "i386")) {
+                qtest_add_func("acpi/piix4/memhp", test_acpi_piix4_tcg_memhp);
+                qtest_add_func("acpi/piix4/dimmpxm",
+                               test_acpi_piix4_tcg_dimm_pxm);
+                qtest_add_func("acpi/piix4/acpihmat",
+                               test_acpi_piix4_tcg_acpi_hmat);
+            }
 #ifdef CONFIG_POSIX
             qtest_add_func("acpi/piix4/acpierst", test_acpi_piix4_acpi_erst);
 #endif
@@ -2108,11 +2113,9 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
                            test_acpi_q35_tcg_no_acpi_hotplug);
             qtest_add_func("acpi/q35/multif-bridge",
                            test_acpi_q35_multif_bridge);
-            qtest_add_func("acpi/q35/mmio64", test_acpi_q35_tcg_mmio64);
             qtest_add_func("acpi/q35/ipmi", test_acpi_q35_tcg_ipmi);
             qtest_add_func("acpi/q35/smbus/ipmi", test_acpi_q35_tcg_smbus_ipmi);
             qtest_add_func("acpi/q35/cpuhp", test_acpi_q35_tcg_cphp);
-            qtest_add_func("acpi/q35/memhp", test_acpi_q35_tcg_memhp);
             qtest_add_func("acpi/q35/numamem", test_acpi_q35_tcg_numamem);
             qtest_add_func("acpi/q35/nosmm", test_acpi_q35_tcg_nosmm);
             qtest_add_func("acpi/q35/smm-compat",
@@ -2120,10 +2123,17 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
             qtest_add_func("acpi/q35/smm-compat-nosmm",
                            test_acpi_q35_tcg_smm_compat_nosmm);
             qtest_add_func("acpi/q35/nohpet", test_acpi_q35_tcg_nohpet);
-            qtest_add_func("acpi/q35/dimmpxm", test_acpi_q35_tcg_dimm_pxm);
-            qtest_add_func("acpi/q35/acpihmat", test_acpi_q35_tcg_acpi_hmat);
             qtest_add_func("acpi/q35/acpihmat-noinitiator",
                            test_acpi_q35_tcg_acpi_hmat_noinitiator);
+
+            /* i386 does not support memory hotplug */
+            if (strcmp(arch, "i386")) {
+                qtest_add_func("acpi/q35/memhp", test_acpi_q35_tcg_memhp);
+                qtest_add_func("acpi/q35/dimmpxm", test_acpi_q35_tcg_dimm_pxm);
+                qtest_add_func("acpi/q35/acpihmat",
+                               test_acpi_q35_tcg_acpi_hmat);
+                qtest_add_func("acpi/q35/mmio64", test_acpi_q35_tcg_mmio64);
+            }
 #ifdef CONFIG_POSIX
             qtest_add_func("acpi/q35/acpierst", test_acpi_q35_acpi_erst);
 #endif
diff --git a/tests/qtest/numa-test.c b/tests/qtest/numa-test.c
index c5eb13f349..4f4404a4b1 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/numa-test.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/numa-test.c
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     qtest_add_data_func("/numa/mon/cpus/partial", args, test_mon_partial);
     qtest_add_data_func("/numa/qmp/cpus/query-cpus", args, test_query_cpus);
 
-    if (!strcmp(arch, "i386") || !strcmp(arch, "x86_64")) {
+    if (!strcmp(arch, "x86_64")) {
         qtest_add_data_func("/numa/pc/cpu/explicit", args, pc_numa_cpu);
         qtest_add_data_func("/numa/pc/dynamic/cpu", args, pc_dynamic_cpu_cfg);
         qtest_add_data_func("/numa/pc/hmat/build", args, pc_hmat_build_cfg);
@@ -576,6 +576,11 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
         qtest_add_data_func("/numa/pc/hmat/erange", args, pc_hmat_erange_cfg);
     }
 
+    if (!strcmp(arch, "i386")) {
+        qtest_add_data_func("/numa/pc/cpu/explicit", args, pc_numa_cpu);
+        qtest_add_data_func("/numa/pc/dynamic/cpu", args, pc_dynamic_cpu_cfg);
+    }
+
     if (!strcmp(arch, "ppc64")) {
         qtest_add_data_func("/numa/spapr/cpu/explicit", args, spapr_numa_cpu);
     }