Especially when O_DIRECT is used with image files so that the page cache
indirection can't cause a merge of allocating requests, the file will
fragment on the file system layer, with a potentially very small
fragment size (this depends on the requests the guest sent).
On Linux, fragmentation can be reduced by setting an extent size hint
when creating the file (at least on XFS, it can't be set any more after
the first extent has been allocated), basically giving raw files a
"cluster size" for allocation.
This adds a create option to set the extent size hint, and changes the
default from not setting a hint to setting it to 1 MB. The main reason
why qcow2 defaults to smaller cluster sizes is that COW becomes more
expensive, which is not an issue with raw files, so we can choose a
larger size. The tradeoff here is only potentially wasted disk space.
For qcow2 (or other image formats) over file-posix, the advantage should
even be greater because they grow sequentially without leaving holes, so
there won't be wasted space. Setting even larger extent size hints for
such images may make sense. This can be done with the new option, but
let's keep the default conservative for now.
The effect is very visible with a test that intentionally creates a
badly fragmented file with qemu-img bench (the time difference while
creating the file is already remarkable) and then looks at the number of
extents and the time a simple "qemu-img map" takes.
Without an extent size hint:
$ ./qemu-img create -f raw -o extent_size_hint=0 ~/tmp/test.raw 10G
Formatting '/home/kwolf/tmp/test.raw', fmt=raw size=10737418240 extent_size_hint=0
$ ./qemu-img bench -f raw -t none -n -w ~/tmp/test.raw -c 1000000 -S 8192 -o 0
Sending 1000000 write requests, 4096 bytes each, 64 in parallel (starting at offset 0, step size 8192)
Run completed in 25.848 seconds.
$ ./qemu-img bench -f raw -t none -n -w ~/tmp/test.raw -c 1000000 -S 8192 -o 4096
Sending 1000000 write requests, 4096 bytes each, 64 in parallel (starting at offset 4096, step size 8192)
Run completed in 19.616 seconds.
$ filefrag ~/tmp/test.raw
/home/kwolf/tmp/test.raw: 2000000 extents found
$ time ./qemu-img map ~/tmp/test.raw
Offset Length Mapped to File
0 0x1e8480000 0 /home/kwolf/tmp/test.raw
real 0m1,279s
user 0m0,043s
sys 0m1,226s
With the new default extent size hint of 1 MB:
$ ./qemu-img create -f raw -o extent_size_hint=1M ~/tmp/test.raw 10G
Formatting '/home/kwolf/tmp/test.raw', fmt=raw size=10737418240 extent_size_hint=1048576
$ ./qemu-img bench -f raw -t none -n -w ~/tmp/test.raw -c 1000000 -S 8192 -o 0
Sending 1000000 write requests, 4096 bytes each, 64 in parallel (starting at offset 0, step size 8192)
Run completed in 11.833 seconds.
$ ./qemu-img bench -f raw -t none -n -w ~/tmp/test.raw -c 1000000 -S 8192 -o 4096
Sending 1000000 write requests, 4096 bytes each, 64 in parallel (starting at offset 4096, step size 8192)
Run completed in 10.155 seconds.
$ filefrag ~/tmp/test.raw
/home/kwolf/tmp/test.raw: 178 extents found
$ time ./qemu-img map ~/tmp/test.raw
Offset Length Mapped to File
0 0x1e8480000 0 /home/kwolf/tmp/test.raw
real 0m0,061s
user 0m0,040s
sys 0m0,014s
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Message-Id: <20200707142329.48303-1-kwolf@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Eric Blake <eblake@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Tests should not overwrite all user-supplied image options, but only add
to it (which will effectively overwrite conflicting values). Accomplish
this by passing options to _make_test_img via -o instead of $IMGOPTS.
For some tests, there is no functional change because they already only
appended options to IMGOPTS. For these, this patch is just a
simplification.
For others, this is a change, so they now heed user-specified $IMGOPTS.
Some of those tests do not work with all image options, though, so we
need to disable them accordingly.
Signed-off-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Maxim Levitsky <mlevitsk@redhat.com>
Message-id: 20191107163708.833192-12-mreitz@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
Using block_resize we can test allocate_first_block() with file
descriptor opened with O_DIRECT, ensuring that it works for any size
larger than 4096 bytes.
Testing smaller sizes is tricky as the result depends on the filesystem
used for testing. For example on NFS any size will work since O_DIRECT
does not require any alignment.
Signed-off-by: Nir Soffer <nsoffer@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
Message-id: 20190827010528.8818-3-nsoffer@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
When creating an image with preallocation "off" or "falloc", the first
block of the image is typically not allocated. When using Gluster
storage backed by XFS filesystem, reading this block using direct I/O
succeeds regardless of request length, fooling alignment detection.
In this case we fallback to a safe value (4096) instead of the optimal
value (512), which may lead to unneeded data copying when aligning
requests. Allocating the first block avoids the fallback.
Since we allocate the first block even with preallocation=off, we no
longer create images with zero disk size:
$ ./qemu-img create -f raw test.raw 1g
Formatting 'test.raw', fmt=raw size=1073741824
$ ls -lhs test.raw
4.0K -rw-r--r--. 1 nsoffer nsoffer 1.0G Aug 16 23:48 test.raw
And converting the image requires additional cluster:
$ ./qemu-img measure -f raw -O qcow2 test.raw
required size: 458752
fully allocated size: 1074135040
When using format like vmdk with multiple files per image, we allocate
one block per file:
$ ./qemu-img create -f vmdk -o subformat=twoGbMaxExtentFlat test.vmdk 4g
Formatting 'test.vmdk', fmt=vmdk size=4294967296 compat6=off hwversion=undefined subformat=twoGbMaxExtentFlat
$ ls -lhs test*.vmdk
4.0K -rw-r--r--. 1 nsoffer nsoffer 2.0G Aug 27 03:23 test-f001.vmdk
4.0K -rw-r--r--. 1 nsoffer nsoffer 2.0G Aug 27 03:23 test-f002.vmdk
4.0K -rw-r--r--. 1 nsoffer nsoffer 353 Aug 27 03:23 test.vmdk
I did quick performance test for copying disks with qemu-img convert to
new raw target image to Gluster storage with sector size of 512 bytes:
for i in $(seq 10); do
rm -f dst.raw
sleep 10
time ./qemu-img convert -f raw -O raw -t none -T none src.raw dst.raw
done
Here is a table comparing the total time spent:
Type Before(s) After(s) Diff(%)
---------------------------------------
real 530.028 469.123 -11.4
user 17.204 10.768 -37.4
sys 17.881 7.011 -60.7
We can see very clear improvement in CPU usage.
Signed-off-by: Nir Soffer <nsoffer@redhat.com>
Message-id: 20190827010528.8818-2-nsoffer@redhat.com
Reviewed-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
It is possible for an empty file to take up blocks on a filesystem, for
example:
$ qemu-img create -f raw test.img 1G
Formatting 'test.img', fmt=raw size=1073741824
$ mkfs.ext4 -I 128 -q test.img
$ mkdir test-mount
$ sudo mount -o loop test.img test-mount
$ sudo touch test-mount/test-file
$ stat -c 'blocks=%b' test-mount/test-file
blocks=8
These extra blocks (one cluster) are apparently used for metadata,
because they are always there, on top of blocks used for data:
$ sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=test-mount/test-file bs=1M count=1
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
1048576 bytes (1.0 MB, 1.0 MiB) copied, 0.00135339 s, 775 MB/s
$ stat -c 'blocks=%b' test-mount/test-file
blocks=2056
Make iotest 175 take this into account.
Reported-by: Thomas Huth <thuth@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Eric Blake <eblake@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Nir Soffer <nsoffer@redhat.com>
Message-id: 20190516144319.12570-1-mreitz@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Max Reitz <mreitz@redhat.com>
Bash is not always installed as /bin/bash. In particular on OpenBSD,
the package installs it in /usr/local/bin.
Use the 'env' shebang to search bash in the $PATH.
Patch created mechanically by running:
$ git grep -lE '#! ?/bin/bash' -- tests/qemu-iotests \
| while read f; do \
sed -i 's|^#!.\?/bin/bash$|#!/usr/bin/env bash|' $f; \
done
Reviewed-by: Eric Blake <eblake@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Philippe Mathieu-Daudé <philmd@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
Running
git grep '\$here' tests/qemu-iotests
has 0 hits, which means we are setting a variable that has
no use. It appears that commit e8f8624d removed the last
use. So execute the following cmd to remove all of
the 'here=...' lines as dead code.
sed -i '/^here=/d' $(git grep -l '^here=' tests/qemu-iotests)
Cc: kwolf@redhat.com
Cc: mreitz@redhat.com
Cc: eblake@redhat.com
Suggested-by: Eric Blake <eblake@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Mao Zhongyi <maozhongyi@cmss.chinamobile.com>
Message-Id: <20181024094051.4470-3-maozhongyi@cmss.chinamobile.com>
Reviewed-by: Eric Blake <eblake@redhat.com>
[eblake: touch up commit message, reorder series, rebase to master]
Signed-off-by: Eric Blake <eblake@redhat.com>
Add tests for creating raw image with and without the preallocation
option.
Signed-off-by: Nir Soffer <nirsof@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
