rust/CONTRIBUTING.md

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# Contributing to Rust
Thank you for your interest in contributing to Rust! There are many ways to
contribute, and we appreciate all of them. This document is a bit long, so here's
links to the major sections:
* [Feature Requests](#feature-requests)
* [Bug Reports](#bug-reports)
* [The Build System](#the-build-system)
* [Pull Requests](#pull-requests)
* [Writing Documentation](#writing-documentation)
* [Issue Triage](#issue-triage)
* [Out-of-tree Contributions](#out-of-tree-contributions)
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* [Helpful Links and Information](#helpful-links-and-information)
If you have questions, please make a post on [internals.rust-lang.org][internals] or
hop on [#rust-internals][pound-rust-internals].
As a reminder, all contributors are expected to follow our [Code of Conduct][coc].
[pound-rust-internals]: http://chat.mibbit.com/?server=irc.mozilla.org&channel=%23rust-internals
[internals]: https://internals.rust-lang.org
[coc]: https://www.rust-lang.org/conduct.html
## Feature Requests
To request a change to the way that the Rust language works, please open an
issue in the [RFCs repository](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/issues/new)
rather than this one. New features and other significant language changes
must go through the RFC process.
## Bug Reports
While bugs are unfortunate, they're a reality in software. We can't fix what we
don't know about, so please report liberally. If you're not sure if something
is a bug or not, feel free to file a bug anyway.
**If you believe reporting your bug publicly represents a security risk to Rust users,
please follow our [instructions for reporting security vulnerabilities](https://www.rust-lang.org/security.html)**.
If you have the chance, before reporting a bug, please [search existing
issues](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/search?q=&type=Issues&utf8=%E2%9C%93),
as it's possible that someone else has already reported your error. This doesn't
always work, and sometimes it's hard to know what to search for, so consider this
extra credit. We won't mind if you accidentally file a duplicate report.
Opening an issue is as easy as following [this
link](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/new) and filling out the fields.
Here's a template that you can use to file a bug, though it's not necessary to
use it exactly:
<short summary of the bug>
I tried this code:
<code sample that causes the bug>
I expected to see this happen: <explanation>
Instead, this happened: <explanation>
## Meta
`rustc --version --verbose`:
Backtrace:
All three components are important: what you did, what you expected, what
happened instead. Please include the output of `rustc --version --verbose`,
which includes important information about what platform you're on, what
version of Rust you're using, etc.
Sometimes, a backtrace is helpful, and so including that is nice. To get
allow RUST_BACKTRACE=0 to act as if unset /# This is a combination of 16 commits. /# The first commit's message is: allow RUST_BACKTRACE=disabled to act as if unset When RUST_BACKTRACE is set to "disabled" then this acts as if the env. var is unset. /# This is the 2nd commit message: case insensitive "DiSaBLeD" RUST_BACKTRACE value previously it expected a lowercase "disabled" to treat the env. var as unset /# This is the 3rd commit message: RUST_BACKTRACE=0 acts as if unset previously RUST_BACKTRACE=disabled was doing the same thing /# This is the 4th commit message: RUST_BACKTRACE=0|n|no|off acts as if unset previously only RUST_BACKTRACE=0 acted as if RUST_BACKTRACE was unset Now added more options (case-insensitive): 'n','no' and 'off' eg. RUST_BACKTRACE=oFF /# This is the 5th commit message: DRY on the value of 2 DRY=don't repeat yourself Because having to remember to keep the two places of '2' in sync is not ideal, even though this is a simple enough case. /# This is the 6th commit message: Revert "DRY on the value of 2" This reverts commit 95a0479d5cf72a2b2d9d21ec0bed2823ed213fef. Nevermind this DRY on 2, because we already have a RY on 1, besides the code is less readable this way... /# This is the 7th commit message: attempt to document unsetting RUST_BACKTRACE /# This is the 8th commit message: curb allocations when checking for RUST_BACKTRACE this means we don't check for case-insensitivity anymore /# This is the 9th commit message: as decided, RUST_BACKTRACE=0 turns off backtrace /# This is the 10th commit message: RUST_TEST_NOCAPTURE=0 acts as if unset (that is, capture is on) Any other value acts as if nocapture is enabled (that is, capture is off) /# This is the 11th commit message: update other RUST_TEST_NOCAPTURE occurrences apparently only one place needs updating /# This is the 12th commit message: update RUST_BACKTRACE in man page /# This is the 13th commit message: handle an occurrence of RUST_BACKTRACE /# This is the 14th commit message: ensure consistency with new rules for backtrace /# This is the 15th commit message: a more concise comment for RUST_TEST_NOCAPTURE /# This is the 16th commit message: update RUST_TEST_NOCAPTURE in man page
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a backtrace, set the `RUST_BACKTRACE` environment variable to a value
other than `0`. The easiest way
to do this is to invoke `rustc` like this:
```bash
$ RUST_BACKTRACE=1 rustc ...
```
## The Build System
Rust's build system allows you to bootstrap the compiler, run tests &
benchmarks, generate documentation, install a fresh build of Rust, and more.
It's your best friend when working on Rust, allowing you to compile & test
your contributions before submission.
The build system lives in [the `src/bootstrap` directory][bootstrap] in the
project root. Our build system is itself written in Rust and is based on Cargo
to actually build all the compiler's crates. If you have questions on the build
system internals, try asking in [`#rust-internals`][pound-rust-internals].
[bootstrap]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/bootstrap/
### Configuration
Before you can start building the compiler you need to configure the build for
your system. In most cases, that will just mean using the defaults provided
for Rust. Configuring involves invoking the `configure` script in the project
root.
```
./configure
```
There are large number of options accepted by this script to alter the
configuration used later in the build process. Some options to note:
- `--enable-debug` - Build a debug version of the compiler (disables optimizations,
which speeds up compilation of stage1 rustc)
- `--enable-optimize` - Enable optimizations (can be used with `--enable-debug`
to make a debug build with optimizations)
- `--disable-valgrind-rpass` - Don't run tests with valgrind
- `--enable-clang` - Prefer clang to gcc for building dependencies (e.g., LLVM)
- `--enable-ccache` - Invoke clang/gcc with ccache to re-use object files between builds
- `--enable-compiler-docs` - Build compiler documentation
To see a full list of options, run `./configure --help`.
### Building
Although the `./configure` script will generate a `Makefile`, this is actually
just a thin veneer over the actual build system driver, `x.py`. This file, at
the root of the repository, is used to build, test, and document various parts
of the compiler. You can execute it as:
```sh
python x.py build
```
On some systems you can also use the shorter version:
```sh
./x.py build
```
To learn more about the driver and top-level targets, you can execute:
```sh
python x.py --help
```
The general format for the driver script is:
```sh
python x.py <command> [<directory>]
```
Some example commands are `build`, `test`, and `doc`. These will build, test,
and document the specified directory. The second argument, `<directory>`, is
optional and defaults to working over the entire compiler. If specified,
however, only that specific directory will be built. For example:
```sh
# build the entire compiler
python x.py build
# build all documentation
python x.py doc
# run all test suites
python x.py test
# build only the standard library
python x.py build src/libstd
# test only one particular test suite
python x.py test src/test/rustdoc
# build only the stage0 libcore library
python x.py build src/libcore --stage 0
```
You can explore the build system throught the various `--help` pages for each
subcommand. For example to learn more about a command you can run:
```
python x.py build --help
```
To learn about all possible rules you can execute, run:
```
python x.py build --help --verbose
```
### Useful commands
Some common invocations of `x.py` are:
- `x.py build --help` - show the help message and explain the subcommand
- `x.py build src/libtest --stage 1` - build up to (and including) the first
stage. For most cases we don't need to build the stage2 compiler, so we can
save time by not building it. The stage1 compiler is a fully functioning
compiler and (probably) will be enough to determine if your change works as
expected.
- `x.py build src/rustc --stage 1` - This will build just rustc, without libstd.
This is the fastest way to recompile after you changed only rustc source code.
Note however that the resulting rustc binary won't have a stdlib to link
against by default. You can build libstd once with `x.py build src/libstd`,
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but it is only guaranteed to work if recompiled, so if there are any issues
recompile it.
- `x.py test` - build the full compiler & run all tests (takes a while). This
is what gets run by the continuous integration system against your pull
request. You should run this before submitting to make sure your tests pass
& everything builds in the correct manner.
- `x.py test src/libstd --stage 1` - test the standard library without
recompiling stage 2.
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- `x.py test src/test/run-pass --test-args TESTNAME` - Run a matching set of
tests.
- `TESTNAME` should be a substring of the tests to match against e.g. it could
be the fully qualified test name, or just a part of it.
`TESTNAME=collections::hash::map::test_map::test_capacity_not_less_than_len`
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or `TESTNAME=test_capacity_not_less_than_len`.
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- `x.py test src/test/run-pass --stage 1 --test-args <substring-of-test-name>` -
Run a single rpass test with the stage1 compiler (this will be quicker than
running the command above as we only build the stage1 compiler, not the entire
thing). You can also leave off the directory argument to run all stage1 test
types.
- `x.py test src/libcore --stage 1` - Run stage1 tests in `libcore`.
- `x.py test src/tools/tidy` - Check that the source code is in compliance with
Rust's style guidelines. There is no official document describing Rust's full
guidelines as of yet, but basic rules like 4 spaces for indentation and no
more than 99 characters in a single line should be kept in mind when writing
code.
## Pull Requests
Pull requests are the primary mechanism we use to change Rust. GitHub itself
has some [great documentation][pull-requests] on using the Pull Request
feature. We use the 'fork and pull' model described there.
[pull-requests]: https://help.github.com/articles/using-pull-requests/
Please make pull requests against the `master` branch.
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Compiling all of `make check` can take a while. When testing your pull request,
consider using one of the more specialized `make` targets to cut down on the
amount of time you have to wait. You need to have built the compiler at least
once before running these will work, but thats only one full build rather than
one each time.
$ python x.py test --stage 1
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is one such example, which builds just `rustc`, and then runs the tests. If
youre adding something to the standard library, try
$ python x.py test src/libstd --stage 1
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Please make sure your pull request is in compliance with Rust's style
guidelines by running
$ python x.py test src/tools/tidy
Make this check before every pull request (and every new commit in a pull
request) ; you can add [git hooks](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Customizing-Git-Git-Hooks)
before every push to make sure you never forget to make this check.
All pull requests are reviewed by another person. We have a bot,
@rust-highfive, that will automatically assign a random person to review your
request.
If you want to request that a specific person reviews your pull request,
you can add an `r?` to the message. For example, Steve usually reviews
documentation changes. So if you were to make a documentation change, add
r? @steveklabnik
to the end of the message, and @rust-highfive will assign @steveklabnik instead
of a random person. This is entirely optional.
After someone has reviewed your pull request, they will leave an annotation
on the pull request with an `r+`. It will look something like this:
@bors: r+ 38fe8d2
This tells @bors, our lovable integration bot, that your pull request has
been approved. The PR then enters the [merge queue][merge-queue], where @bors
will run all the tests on every platform we support. If it all works out,
@bors will merge your code into `master` and close the pull request.
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[merge-queue]: https://buildbot.rust-lang.org/homu/queue/rust
Speaking of tests, Rust has a comprehensive test suite. More information about
it can be found
[here](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-wiki-backup/blob/master/Note-testsuite.md).
## Writing Documentation
Documentation improvements are very welcome. The source of `doc.rust-lang.org`
is located in `src/doc` in the tree, and standard API documentation is generated
from the source code itself.
Documentation pull requests function in the same way as other pull requests,
though you may see a slightly different form of `r+`:
@bors: r+ 38fe8d2 rollup
That additional `rollup` tells @bors that this change is eligible for a 'rollup'.
To save @bors some work, and to get small changes through more quickly, when
@bors attempts to merge a commit that's rollup-eligible, it will also merge
the other rollup-eligible patches too, and they'll get tested and merged at
the same time.
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To find documentation-related issues, sort by the [A-docs label][adocs].
[adocs]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3AA-docs
In many cases, you don't need a full `make doc`. You can use `rustdoc` directly
to check small fixes. For example, `rustdoc src/doc/reference.md` will render
reference to `doc/reference.html`. The CSS might be messed up, but you can
verify that the HTML is right.
## Issue Triage
Sometimes, an issue will stay open, even though the bug has been fixed. And
sometimes, the original bug may go stale because something has changed in the
meantime.
It can be helpful to go through older bug reports and make sure that they are
still valid. Load up an older issue, double check that it's still true, and
leave a comment letting us know if it is or is not. The [least recently
updated sort][lru] is good for finding issues like this.
Contributors with sufficient permissions on the Rust repo can help by adding
labels to triage issues:
* Yellow, **A**-prefixed labels state which **area** of the project an issue
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relates to.
* Magenta, **B**-prefixed labels identify bugs which are **blockers**.
* Green, **E**-prefixed labels explain the level of **experience** necessary
to fix the issue.
* Red, **I**-prefixed labels indicate the **importance** of the issue. The
[I-nominated][inom] label indicates that an issue has been nominated for
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prioritizing at the next triage meeting.
* Orange, **P**-prefixed labels indicate a bug's **priority**. These labels
are only assigned during triage meetings, and replace the [I-nominated][inom]
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label.
* Blue, **T**-prefixed bugs denote which **team** the issue belongs to.
* Dark blue, **beta-** labels track changes which need to be backported into
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the beta branches.
* The purple **metabug** label marks lists of bugs collected by other
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categories.
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If you're looking for somewhere to start, check out the [E-easy][eeasy] tag.
[inom]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3AI-nominated
[eeasy]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3AE-easy
[lru]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+sort%3Aupdated-asc
## Out-of-tree Contributions
There are a number of other ways to contribute to Rust that don't deal with
this repository.
Answer questions in [#rust][pound-rust], or on [users.rust-lang.org][users],
or on [StackOverflow][so].
Participate in the [RFC process](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs).
Find a [requested community library][community-library], build it, and publish
it to [Crates.io](http://crates.io). Easier said than done, but very, very
valuable!
[pound-rust]: http://chat.mibbit.com/?server=irc.mozilla.org&channel=%23rust
[users]: https://users.rust-lang.org/
[so]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/rust
[community-library]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/labels/A-community-library
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## Helpful Links and Information
For people new to Rust, and just starting to contribute, or even for
more seasoned developers, some useful places to look for information
are:
* The [Rust Internals forum][rif], a place to ask questions and
discuss Rust's internals
* The [generated documentation for rust's compiler][gdfrustc]
* The [rust reference][rr], even though it doesn't specifically talk about Rust's internals, it's a great resource nonetheless
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* Although out of date, [Tom Lee's great blog article][tlgba] is very helpful
* [rustaceans.org][ro] is helpful, but mostly dedicated to IRC
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* The [Rust Compiler Testing Docs][rctd]
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* For @bors, [this cheat sheet][cheatsheet] is helpful (Remember to replace `@homu` with `@bors` in the commands that you use.)
* **Google!** ([search only in Rust Documentation][gsearchdocs] to find types, traits, etc. quickly)
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* Don't be afraid to ask! The Rust community is friendly and helpful.
[gdfrustc]: http://manishearth.github.io/rust-internals-docs/rustc/
[gsearchdocs]: https://www.google.com/search?q=site:doc.rust-lang.org+your+query+here
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[rif]: http://internals.rust-lang.org
[rr]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/README.html
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[tlgba]: http://tomlee.co/2014/04/a-more-detailed-tour-of-the-rust-compiler/
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[ro]: http://www.rustaceans.org/
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[rctd]: ./COMPILER_TESTS.md
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[cheatsheet]: https://buildbot.rust-lang.org/homu/