Auto merge of #39633 - steveklabnik:vendor-mdbook, r=alexcrichton
Port books to mdbook Part of https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/39588 blocked on https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/39431 As a first step towards the bookshelf, we ~vendor mdbook in-tree and~ port our books to it. Eventually, both of these books will be moved out-of-tree, but the nightly book will rely on doing the same thing. As such, this intermediate step is useful. r? @alexcrichton @brson /cc @azerupi
This commit is contained in:
bors
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*.rs rust
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src/etc/installer/gfx/* binary
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*.woff binary
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src/vendor/* binary
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src/vendor/** -text
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@ -100,3 +100,4 @@ version.md
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version.ml
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version.texi
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.cargo
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!src/vendor/**
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@ -6,6 +6,14 @@ dependencies = [
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"libc 0.0.0",
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]
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[[package]]
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name = "aho-corasick"
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version = "0.5.3"
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source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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dependencies = [
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"memchr 0.1.11 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
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]
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[[package]]
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name = "alloc"
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version = "0.0.0"
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@ -31,10 +39,25 @@ dependencies = [
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"libc 0.0.0",
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]
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[[package]]
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name = "ansi_term"
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version = "0.9.0"
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source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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[[package]]
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name = "arena"
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version = "0.0.0"
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[[package]]
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name = "bitflags"
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version = "0.5.0"
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source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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[[package]]
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name = "bitflags"
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version = "0.7.0"
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source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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[[package]]
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name = "bootstrap"
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version = "0.0.0"
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@ -69,6 +92,21 @@ dependencies = [
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name = "cargotest"
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version = "0.1.0"
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[[package]]
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[[package]]
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name = "cmake"
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version = "0.1.18"
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@ -114,6 +152,7 @@ version = "0.3.5"
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source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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dependencies = [
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"log 0.3.6 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
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[[package]]
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@ -158,6 +197,33 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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name = "graphviz"
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version = "0.0.0"
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[[package]]
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name = "handlebars"
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version = "0.20.5"
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source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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[[package]]
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name = "kernel32-sys"
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version = "0.2.2"
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source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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[[package]]
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name = "lazy_static"
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version = "0.1.16"
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source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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name = "libc"
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version = "0.0.0"
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version = "0.3.6"
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source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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[[package]]
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name = "mdbook"
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version = "0.0.14"
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source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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dependencies = [
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"clap 2.19.3 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
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"env_logger 0.3.5 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
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"rustc-serialize 0.3.19 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
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]
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[[package]]
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name = "memchr"
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version = "0.1.11"
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source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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dependencies = [
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"libc 0.2.17 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
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]
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[[package]]
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name = "num_cpus"
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version = "0.2.13"
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"unwind 0.0.0",
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]
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[[package]]
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name = "pest"
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version = "0.3.3"
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source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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name = "proc_macro"
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version = "0.0.0"
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"syntax_pos 0.0.0",
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name = "pulldown-cmark"
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version = "0.0.8"
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source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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dependencies = [
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"bitflags 0.5.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
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"getopts 0.2.14 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
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version = "0.1.0"
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name = "qemu-test-server"
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version = "0.1.0"
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[[package]]
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name = "quick-error"
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version = "1.1.0"
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source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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version = "0.0.0"
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"core 0.0.0",
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]
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[[package]]
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name = "regex"
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version = "0.1.80"
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source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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dependencies = [
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"utf8-ranges 0.1.3 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
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]
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[[package]]
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name = "regex-syntax"
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version = "0.3.9"
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source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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[[package]]
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name = "rustbook"
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version = "0.1.0"
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[[package]]
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name = "rustc"
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"core 0.0.0",
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]
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[[package]]
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name = "strsim"
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[[package]]
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name = "syntax"
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version = "0.0.0"
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name = "term"
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version = "0.0.0"
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[[package]]
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name = "term_size"
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version = "0.2.1"
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source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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version = "0.0.0"
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"test 0.0.0",
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]
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|
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|
||||
"checksum thread_local 0.2.7 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "8576dbbfcaef9641452d5cf0df9b0e7eeab7694956dd33bb61515fb8f18cfdd5"
|
||||
"checksum toml 0.1.30 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "0590d72182e50e879c4da3b11c6488dae18fccb1ae0c7a3eda18e16795844796"
|
||||
"checksum unicode-segmentation 0.1.3 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "c3bc443ded17b11305ffffe6b37e2076f328a5a8cb6aa877b1b98f77699e98b5"
|
||||
"checksum unicode-width 0.1.4 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "bf3a113775714a22dcb774d8ea3655c53a32debae63a063acc00a91cc586245f"
|
||||
"checksum utf8-ranges 0.1.3 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "a1ca13c08c41c9c3e04224ed9ff80461d97e121589ff27c753a16cb10830ae0f"
|
||||
"checksum vec_map 0.6.0 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "cac5efe5cb0fa14ec2f84f83c701c562ee63f6dcc680861b21d65c682adfb05f"
|
||||
"checksum winapi 0.2.8 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "167dc9d6949a9b857f3451275e911c3f44255842c1f7a76f33c55103a909087a"
|
||||
"checksum winapi-build 0.1.1 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)" = "2d315eee3b34aca4797b2da6b13ed88266e6d612562a0c46390af8299fc699bc"
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ pub fn rustbook(build: &Build, target: &str, name: &str) {
|
|||
build.run(build.tool_cmd(&compiler, "rustbook")
|
||||
.arg("build")
|
||||
.arg(&src)
|
||||
.arg("-d")
|
||||
.arg(out));
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% The Rust Programming Language
|
||||
# The Rust Programming Language
|
||||
|
||||
Welcome! This book will teach you about the [Rust Programming Language][rust].
|
||||
Rust is a systems programming language focused on three goals: safety, speed,
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
|
|||
# Summary
|
||||
|
||||
[Introduction](README.md)
|
||||
|
||||
* [Getting Started](getting-started.md)
|
||||
* [Tutorial: Guessing Game](guessing-game.md)
|
||||
* [Syntax and Semantics](syntax-and-semantics.md)
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Advanced Linking
|
||||
# Advanced Linking
|
||||
|
||||
The common cases of linking with Rust have been covered earlier in this book,
|
||||
but supporting the range of linking possibilities made available by other
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Associated Constants
|
||||
# Associated Constants
|
||||
|
||||
With the `associated_consts` feature, you can define constants like this:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Associated Types
|
||||
# Associated Types
|
||||
|
||||
Associated types are a powerful part of Rust’s type system. They’re related to
|
||||
the idea of a ‘type family’, in other words, grouping multiple types together. That
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Attributes
|
||||
# Attributes
|
||||
|
||||
Declarations can be annotated with ‘attributes’ in Rust. They look like this:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Benchmark tests
|
||||
# Benchmark tests
|
||||
|
||||
Rust supports benchmark tests, which can test the performance of your
|
||||
code. Let's make our `src/lib.rs` look like this (comments elided):
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Bibliography
|
||||
# Bibliography
|
||||
|
||||
This is a reading list of material relevant to Rust. It includes prior
|
||||
research that has - at one time or another - influenced the design of
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Borrow and AsRef
|
||||
# Borrow and AsRef
|
||||
|
||||
The [`Borrow`][borrow] and [`AsRef`][asref] traits are very similar, but
|
||||
different. Here’s a quick refresher on what these two traits mean.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Box Syntax and Patterns
|
||||
# Box Syntax and Patterns
|
||||
|
||||
Currently the only stable way to create a `Box` is via the `Box::new` method.
|
||||
Also it is not possible in stable Rust to destructure a `Box` in a match
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Casting Between Types
|
||||
# Casting Between Types
|
||||
|
||||
Rust, with its focus on safety, provides two different ways of casting
|
||||
different types between each other. The first, `as`, is for safe casts.
|
||||
|
|
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ most dangerous features of Rust!
|
|||
# Coercion
|
||||
|
||||
Coercion between types is implicit and has no syntax of its own, but can
|
||||
be spelled out with [`as`](#explicit-coercions).
|
||||
be spelled out with [`as`](#Explicit%20coercions).
|
||||
|
||||
Coercion occurs in `let`, `const`, and `static` statements; in
|
||||
function call arguments; in field values in struct initialization; and in a
|
||||
|
|
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ The most common case of coercion is removing mutability from a reference:
|
|||
* `&mut T` to `&T`
|
||||
|
||||
An analogous conversion is to remove mutability from a
|
||||
[raw pointer](raw-pointers.md):
|
||||
[raw pointer](raw-pointers.html):
|
||||
|
||||
* `*mut T` to `*const T`
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ References can also be coerced to raw pointers:
|
|||
|
||||
* `&mut T` to `*mut T`
|
||||
|
||||
Custom coercions may be defined using [`Deref`](deref-coercions.md).
|
||||
Custom coercions may be defined using [`Deref`](deref-coercions.html).
|
||||
|
||||
Coercion is transitive.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ The semantics of numeric casts are:
|
|||
|
||||
## Pointer casts
|
||||
|
||||
Perhaps surprisingly, it is safe to cast [raw pointers](raw-pointers.md) to and
|
||||
Perhaps surprisingly, it is safe to cast [raw pointers](raw-pointers.html) to and
|
||||
from integers, and to cast between pointers to different types subject to
|
||||
some constraints. It is only unsafe to dereference the pointer:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
|||
# Chapter 1
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Choosing your Guarantees
|
||||
# Choosing your Guarantees
|
||||
|
||||
One important feature of Rust is that it lets us control the costs and guarantees
|
||||
of a program.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Closures
|
||||
# Closures
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes it is useful to wrap up a function and _free variables_ for better
|
||||
clarity and reuse. The free variables that can be used come from the
|
||||
|
|
@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ fn factory() -> &(Fn(i32) -> i32) {
|
|||
|
||||
Right. Because we have a reference, we need to give it a lifetime. But
|
||||
our `factory()` function takes no arguments, so
|
||||
[elision](lifetimes.html#lifetime-elision) doesn’t kick in here. Then what
|
||||
[elision](lifetimes.html#Lifetime%20Elision) doesn’t kick in here. Then what
|
||||
choices do we have? Try `'static`:
|
||||
|
||||
```rust,ignore
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Comments
|
||||
# Comments
|
||||
|
||||
Now that we have some functions, it’s a good idea to learn about comments.
|
||||
Comments are notes that you leave to other programmers to help explain things
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
% Compiler Plugins
|
||||
# Compiler Plugins
|
||||
|
||||
# Introduction
|
||||
## Introduction
|
||||
|
||||
`rustc` can load compiler plugins, which are user-provided libraries that
|
||||
extend the compiler's behavior with new syntax extensions, lint checks, etc.
|
||||
|
|
@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ enum. For a more involved macro example, see
|
|||
|
||||
## Tips and tricks
|
||||
|
||||
Some of the [macro debugging tips](macros.html#debugging-macro-code) are applicable.
|
||||
Some of the [macro debugging tips](macros.html#Debugging%20macro%20code) are applicable.
|
||||
|
||||
You can use `syntax::parse` to turn token trees into
|
||||
higher-level syntax elements like expressions:
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Concurrency
|
||||
# Concurrency
|
||||
|
||||
Concurrency and parallelism are incredibly important topics in computer
|
||||
science, and are also a hot topic in industry today. Computers are gaining more
|
||||
|
|
@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ For sharing references across threads, Rust provides a wrapper type called
|
|||
`Arc<T>`. `Arc<T>` implements `Send` and `Sync` if and only if `T` implements
|
||||
both `Send` and `Sync`. For example, an object of type `Arc<RefCell<U>>` cannot
|
||||
be transferred across threads because
|
||||
[`RefCell`](choosing-your-guarantees.html#refcellt) does not implement
|
||||
[`RefCell`](choosing-your-guarantees.html#RefCell%3CT%3E) does not implement
|
||||
`Sync`, consequently `Arc<RefCell<U>>` would not implement `Send`.
|
||||
|
||||
These two traits allow you to use the type system to make strong guarantees
|
||||
|
|
@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ closure only captures a _reference to `x`_. This is a problem, because the
|
|||
thread may outlive the scope of `x`, leading to a dangling pointer.
|
||||
|
||||
To fix this, we use a `move` closure as mentioned in the error message. `move`
|
||||
closures are explained in depth [here](closures.html#move-closures); basically
|
||||
closures are explained in depth [here](closures.html#move%20closures); basically
|
||||
they move variables from their environment into themselves.
|
||||
|
||||
```rust
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Conditional Compilation
|
||||
# Conditional Compilation
|
||||
|
||||
Rust has a special attribute, `#[cfg]`, which allows you to compile code
|
||||
based on a flag passed to the compiler. It has two forms:
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% const and static
|
||||
# const and static
|
||||
|
||||
Rust has a way of defining constants with the `const` keyword:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Crates and Modules
|
||||
# Crates and Modules
|
||||
|
||||
When a project starts getting large, it’s considered good software
|
||||
engineering practice to split it up into a bunch of smaller pieces, and then
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Custom Allocators
|
||||
# Custom Allocators
|
||||
|
||||
Allocating memory isn't always the easiest thing to do, and while Rust generally
|
||||
takes care of this by default it often becomes necessary to customize how
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% `Deref` coercions
|
||||
# `Deref` coercions
|
||||
|
||||
The standard library provides a special trait, [`Deref`][deref]. It’s normally
|
||||
used to overload `*`, the dereference operator:
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Documentation
|
||||
# Documentation
|
||||
|
||||
Documentation is an important part of any software project, and it's
|
||||
first-class in Rust. Let's talk about the tooling Rust gives you to
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Drop
|
||||
# Drop
|
||||
|
||||
Now that we’ve discussed traits, let’s talk about a particular trait provided
|
||||
by the Rust standard library, [`Drop`][drop]. The `Drop` trait provides a way
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Effective Rust
|
||||
# Effective Rust
|
||||
|
||||
So you’ve learned how to write some Rust code. But there’s a difference between
|
||||
writing *any* Rust code and writing *good* Rust code.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Enums
|
||||
# Enums
|
||||
|
||||
An `enum` in Rust is a type that represents data that is one of
|
||||
several possible variants. Each variant in the `enum` can optionally
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Error Handling
|
||||
# Error Handling
|
||||
|
||||
Like most programming languages, Rust encourages the programmer to handle
|
||||
errors in a particular way. Generally speaking, error handling is divided into
|
||||
|
|
@ -21,35 +21,35 @@ sum types and combinators, and try to motivate the way Rust does error handling
|
|||
incrementally. As such, programmers with experience in other expressive type
|
||||
systems may want to jump around.
|
||||
|
||||
* [The Basics](#the-basics)
|
||||
* [Unwrapping explained](#unwrapping-explained)
|
||||
* [The `Option` type](#the-option-type)
|
||||
* [Composing `Option<T>` values](#composing-optiont-values)
|
||||
* [The `Result` type](#the-result-type)
|
||||
* [Parsing integers](#parsing-integers)
|
||||
* [The `Result` type alias idiom](#the-result-type-alias-idiom)
|
||||
* [A brief interlude: unwrapping isn't evil](#a-brief-interlude-unwrapping-isnt-evil)
|
||||
* [Working with multiple error types](#working-with-multiple-error-types)
|
||||
* [Composing `Option` and `Result`](#composing-option-and-result)
|
||||
* [The limits of combinators](#the-limits-of-combinators)
|
||||
* [Early returns](#early-returns)
|
||||
* [The `try!` macro](#the-try-macro)
|
||||
* [Defining your own error type](#defining-your-own-error-type)
|
||||
* [Standard library traits used for error handling](#standard-library-traits-used-for-error-handling)
|
||||
* [The `Error` trait](#the-error-trait)
|
||||
* [The `From` trait](#the-from-trait)
|
||||
* [The real `try!` macro](#the-real-try-macro)
|
||||
* [Composing custom error types](#composing-custom-error-types)
|
||||
* [Advice for library writers](#advice-for-library-writers)
|
||||
* [Case study: A program to read population data](#case-study-a-program-to-read-population-data)
|
||||
* [Initial setup](#initial-setup)
|
||||
* [Argument parsing](#argument-parsing)
|
||||
* [Writing the logic](#writing-the-logic)
|
||||
* [Error handling with `Box<Error>`](#error-handling-with-boxerror)
|
||||
* [Reading from stdin](#reading-from-stdin)
|
||||
* [Error handling with a custom type](#error-handling-with-a-custom-type)
|
||||
* [Adding functionality](#adding-functionality)
|
||||
* [The short story](#the-short-story)
|
||||
* [The Basics](#The%20Basics)
|
||||
* [Unwrapping explained](#Unwrapping%20explained)
|
||||
* [The `Option` type](#The%20Option%20type)
|
||||
* [Composing `Option<T>` values](#Composing%20Option%3CT%3E%20values)
|
||||
* [The `Result` type](#The%20Result%20type)
|
||||
* [Parsing integers](#Parsing%20integers)
|
||||
* [The `Result` type alias idiom](#The%20Result%20type%20alias%20idiom)
|
||||
* [A brief interlude: unwrapping isn't evil](#A%20brief%20interlude:%20unwrapping%20isnt%20evil)
|
||||
* [Working with multiple error types](#Working%20with%20multiple%20error%20types)
|
||||
* [Composing `Option` and `Result`](#Composing%20Option%20and%20Result)
|
||||
* [The limits of combinators](#The%20limits%20of%20combinators)
|
||||
* [Early returns](#Early%20returns)
|
||||
* [The `try!` macro](#The%20try%20macro)
|
||||
* [Defining your own error type](#Defining%20your%20own%20error%20type)
|
||||
* [Standard library traits used for error handling](#Standard%20library%20traits%20used%20for%20error%20handling)
|
||||
* [The `Error` trait](#The%20Error%20trait)
|
||||
* [The `From` trait](#The%20From%20trait)
|
||||
* [The real `try!` macro](#The%20real%20try%20macro)
|
||||
* [Composing custom error types](#Composing%20custom%20error%20types)
|
||||
* [Advice for library writers](#Advice%20for%20library%20writers)
|
||||
* [Case study: A program to read population data](#Case%20study:%20A%20program%20to%20read%20population%20data)
|
||||
* [Initial setup](#Initial%20setup)
|
||||
* [Argument parsing](#Argument%20parsing)
|
||||
* [Writing the logic](#Writing%20the%20logic)
|
||||
* [Error handling with `Box<Error>`](#Error%20handling%20with%20Box%3CError%3E)
|
||||
* [Reading from stdin](#Reading%20from%20stdin)
|
||||
* [Error handling with a custom type](#Error%20handling%20with%20a%20custom%20type)
|
||||
* [Adding functionality](#Adding%20functionality)
|
||||
* [The short story](#The%20short%20story)
|
||||
|
||||
# The Basics
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -796,7 +796,7 @@ because of the return types of
|
|||
[`std::fs::File::open`](../std/fs/struct.File.html#method.open) and
|
||||
[`std::io::Read::read_to_string`](../std/io/trait.Read.html#method.read_to_string).
|
||||
(Note that they both use the [`Result` type alias
|
||||
idiom](#the-result-type-alias-idiom) described previously. If you
|
||||
idiom](#The%20Result%20type%20alias%20idiom) described previously. If you
|
||||
click on the `Result` type, you'll [see the type
|
||||
alias](../std/io/type.Result.html), and consequently, the underlying
|
||||
`io::Error` type.) The third problem is described by the
|
||||
|
|
@ -1120,7 +1120,7 @@ returns an `&Error`, which is itself a trait object. We'll revisit the
|
|||
|
||||
For now, it suffices to show an example implementing the `Error` trait. Let's
|
||||
use the error type we defined in the
|
||||
[previous section](#defining-your-own-error-type):
|
||||
[previous section](#Defining%20your%20own%20error%20type):
|
||||
|
||||
```rust
|
||||
use std::io;
|
||||
|
|
@ -1493,19 +1493,19 @@ representation. But certainly, this will vary depending on use cases.
|
|||
At a minimum, you should probably implement the
|
||||
[`Error`](../std/error/trait.Error.html)
|
||||
trait. This will give users of your library some minimum flexibility for
|
||||
[composing errors](#the-real-try-macro). Implementing the `Error` trait also
|
||||
[composing errors](#The%20real%20try%20macro). Implementing the `Error` trait also
|
||||
means that users are guaranteed the ability to obtain a string representation
|
||||
of an error (because it requires impls for both `fmt::Debug` and
|
||||
`fmt::Display`).
|
||||
|
||||
Beyond that, it can also be useful to provide implementations of `From` on your
|
||||
error types. This allows you (the library author) and your users to
|
||||
[compose more detailed errors](#composing-custom-error-types). For example,
|
||||
[compose more detailed errors](#Composing%20custom%20error%20types). For example,
|
||||
[`csv::Error`](http://burntsushi.net/rustdoc/csv/enum.Error.html)
|
||||
provides `From` impls for both `io::Error` and `byteorder::Error`.
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, depending on your tastes, you may also want to define a
|
||||
[`Result` type alias](#the-result-type-alias-idiom), particularly if your
|
||||
[`Result` type alias](#The%20Result%20type%20alias%20idiom), particularly if your
|
||||
library defines a single error type. This is used in the standard library
|
||||
for [`io::Result`](../std/io/type.Result.html)
|
||||
and [`fmt::Result`](../std/fmt/type.Result.html).
|
||||
|
|
@ -1538,7 +1538,7 @@ and [`rustc-serialize`](https://crates.io/crates/rustc-serialize) crates.
|
|||
|
||||
We're not going to spend a lot of time on setting up a project with
|
||||
Cargo because it is already covered well in [the Cargo
|
||||
section](getting-started.html#hello-cargo) and [Cargo's documentation][14].
|
||||
section](getting-started.html#Hello%20Cargo) and [Cargo's documentation][14].
|
||||
|
||||
To get started from scratch, run `cargo new --bin city-pop` and make sure your
|
||||
`Cargo.toml` looks something like this:
|
||||
|
|
@ -1729,7 +1729,7 @@ error types and you don't need any `From` implementations. The downside is that
|
|||
since `Box<Error>` is a trait object, it *erases the type*, which means the
|
||||
compiler can no longer reason about its underlying type.
|
||||
|
||||
[Previously](#the-limits-of-combinators) we started refactoring our code by
|
||||
[Previously](#The%20limits%20of%20combinators) we started refactoring our code by
|
||||
changing the type of our function from `T` to `Result<T, OurErrorType>`. In
|
||||
this case, `OurErrorType` is only `Box<Error>`. But what's `T`? And can we add
|
||||
a return type to `main`?
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Foreign Function Interface
|
||||
# Foreign Function Interface
|
||||
|
||||
# Introduction
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ pub extern fn hello_rust() -> *const u8 {
|
|||
|
||||
The `extern` makes this function adhere to the C calling convention, as
|
||||
discussed above in "[Foreign Calling
|
||||
Conventions](ffi.html#foreign-calling-conventions)". The `no_mangle`
|
||||
Conventions](ffi.html#Foreign%20calling%20conventions)". The `no_mangle`
|
||||
attribute turns off Rust's name mangling, so that it is easier to link to.
|
||||
|
||||
# FFI and panics
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Functions
|
||||
# Functions
|
||||
|
||||
Every Rust program has at least one function, the `main` function:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Generics
|
||||
# Generics
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes, when writing a function or data type, we may want it to work for
|
||||
multiple types of arguments. In Rust, we can do this with generics.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Getting Started
|
||||
# Getting Started
|
||||
|
||||
This first chapter of the book will get us going with Rust and its tooling.
|
||||
First, we’ll install Rust. Then, the classic ‘Hello World’ program. Finally,
|
||||
|
|
@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ language]*, which means that most things are expressions, rather than
|
|||
statements. The `;` indicates that this expression is over, and the next one is
|
||||
ready to begin. Most lines of Rust code end with a `;`.
|
||||
|
||||
[expression-oriented language]: glossary.html#expression-oriented-language
|
||||
[expression-oriented language]: glossary.html#Expression-Oriented%20Language
|
||||
|
||||
## Compiling and Running Are Separate Steps
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Glossary
|
||||
# Glossary
|
||||
|
||||
Not every Rustacean has a background in systems programming, nor in computer
|
||||
science, so we've added explanations of terms that might be unfamiliar.
|
||||
|
|
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ They can be used to manage control flow in a modular fashion.
|
|||
|
||||
A type without a statically known size or alignment. ([more info][link])
|
||||
|
||||
[link]: ../nomicon/exotic-sizes.html#dynamically-sized-types-dsts
|
||||
[link]: ../nomicon/exotic-sizes.html#Dynamically%20Sized%20Types%20(DSTs)
|
||||
|
||||
### Expression
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ In an expression-oriented language, (nearly) every statement is an expression
|
|||
and therefore returns a value. Consequently, these expression statements can
|
||||
themselves form part of larger expressions.
|
||||
|
||||
[expression]: glossary.html#expression
|
||||
[statement]: glossary.html#statement
|
||||
[expression]: glossary.html#Expression
|
||||
[statement]: glossary.html#Statement
|
||||
|
||||
### Statement
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Guessing Game
|
||||
# Guessing Game
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s learn some Rust! For our first project, we’ll implement a classic
|
||||
beginner programming problem: the guessing game. Here’s how it works: Our
|
||||
|
|
@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ there are no arguments, and `{` starts the body of the function. Because
|
|||
we didn’t include a return type, it’s assumed to be `()`, an empty
|
||||
[tuple][tuples].
|
||||
|
||||
[tuples]: primitive-types.html#tuples
|
||||
[tuples]: primitive-types.html#Tuples
|
||||
|
||||
```rust,ignore
|
||||
println!("Guess the number!");
|
||||
|
|
@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ thirty-two bit integer. Rust has [a number of built-in number types][number],
|
|||
but we’ve chosen `u32`. It’s a good default choice for a small positive number.
|
||||
|
||||
[parse]: ../std/primitive.str.html#method.parse
|
||||
[number]: primitive-types.html#numeric-types
|
||||
[number]: primitive-types.html#Numeric%20types
|
||||
|
||||
Just like `read_line()`, our call to `parse()` could cause an error. What if
|
||||
our string contained `A👍%`? There’d be no way to convert that to a number. As
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% if let
|
||||
# if let
|
||||
|
||||
`if let` permits [patterns][pattern] matching within the condition of an [if][if] statement.
|
||||
This allows us to reduce the overhead of certain kinds of [pattern][patterns] matches
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% if
|
||||
# if
|
||||
|
||||
Rust’s take on `if` is not particularly complex, but it’s much more like the
|
||||
`if` you’ll find in a dynamically typed language than in a more traditional
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Inline Assembly
|
||||
# Inline Assembly
|
||||
|
||||
For extremely low-level manipulations and performance reasons, one
|
||||
might wish to control the CPU directly. Rust supports using inline
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Intrinsics
|
||||
# Intrinsics
|
||||
|
||||
> **Note**: intrinsics will forever have an unstable interface, it is
|
||||
> recommended to use the stable interfaces of libcore rather than intrinsics
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Iterators
|
||||
# Iterators
|
||||
|
||||
Let's talk about loops.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Lang items
|
||||
# Lang items
|
||||
|
||||
> **Note**: lang items are often provided by crates in the Rust distribution,
|
||||
> and lang items themselves have an unstable interface. It is recommended to use
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Lifetimes
|
||||
# Lifetimes
|
||||
|
||||
This is the last of three sections presenting Rust’s ownership system. This is one of
|
||||
Rust’s most distinct and compelling features, with which Rust developers should
|
||||
|
|
@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ associated with it, but the compiler lets you elide (i.e. omit, see
|
|||
["Lifetime Elision"][lifetime-elision] below) them in common cases. Before we
|
||||
get to that, though, let’s look at a short example with explicit lifetimes:
|
||||
|
||||
[lifetime-elision]: #lifetime-elision
|
||||
[lifetime-elision]: #Lifetime%20Elision
|
||||
|
||||
```rust,ignore
|
||||
fn bar<'a>(...)
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Loops
|
||||
# Loops
|
||||
|
||||
Rust currently provides three approaches to performing some kind of iterative activity. They are: `loop`, `while` and `for`. Each approach has its own set of uses.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Macros
|
||||
# Macros
|
||||
|
||||
By now you’ve learned about many of the tools Rust provides for abstracting and
|
||||
reusing code. These units of code reuse have a rich semantic structure. For
|
||||
|
|
@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ Even when Rust code contains un-expanded macros, it can be parsed as a full
|
|||
tools that process code. It also has a few consequences for the design of
|
||||
Rust’s macro system.
|
||||
|
||||
[ast]: glossary.html#abstract-syntax-tree
|
||||
[ast]: glossary.html#Abstract%20Syntax%20Tree
|
||||
|
||||
One consequence is that Rust must determine, when it parses a macro invocation,
|
||||
whether the macro stands in for
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Match
|
||||
# Match
|
||||
|
||||
Often, a simple [`if`][if]/`else` isn’t enough, because you have more than two
|
||||
possible options. Also, conditions can get quite complex. Rust
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Method Syntax
|
||||
# Method Syntax
|
||||
|
||||
Functions are great, but if you want to call a bunch of them on some data, it
|
||||
can be awkward. Consider this code:
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Mutability
|
||||
# Mutability
|
||||
|
||||
Mutability, the ability to change something, works a bit differently in Rust
|
||||
than in other languages. The first aspect of mutability is its non-default
|
||||
|
|
@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ philosophy, memory safety, and the mechanism by which Rust guarantees it, the
|
|||
> * exactly one mutable reference (`&mut T`).
|
||||
|
||||
[ownership]: ownership.html
|
||||
[borrowing]: references-and-borrowing.html#borrowing
|
||||
[borrowing]: references-and-borrowing.html#Borrowing
|
||||
|
||||
So, that’s the real definition of ‘immutability’: is this safe to have two
|
||||
pointers to? In `Arc<T>`’s case, yes: the mutation is entirely contained inside
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
|||
% Nightly Rust
|
||||
# Nightly Rust
|
||||
|
||||
Rust provides three distribution channels for Rust: nightly, beta, and stable.
|
||||
Unstable features are only available on nightly Rust. For more details on this
|
||||
process, see ‘[Stability as a deliverable][stability]’.
|
||||
process, see [Stability as a deliverable][stability].
|
||||
|
||||
[stability]: http://blog.rust-lang.org/2014/10/30/Stability.html
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -91,9 +91,10 @@ If not, there are a number of places where you can get help. The easiest is
|
|||
[the #rust IRC channel on irc.mozilla.org][irc], which you can access through
|
||||
[Mibbit][mibbit]. Click that link, and you'll be chatting with other Rustaceans
|
||||
(a silly nickname we call ourselves), and we can help you out. Other great
|
||||
resources include [the user’s forum][users], and [Stack Overflow][stackoverflow].
|
||||
resources include [the users forum][users], and [Stack Overflow][stackoverflow].
|
||||
|
||||
[irc]: irc://irc.mozilla.org/#rust
|
||||
[mibbit]: http://chat.mibbit.com/?server=irc.mozilla.org&channel=%23rust
|
||||
[users]: https://users.rust-lang.org/
|
||||
[stackoverflow]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/rust
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% No stdlib
|
||||
# No stdlib
|
||||
|
||||
Rust’s standard library provides a lot of useful functionality, but assumes
|
||||
support for various features of its host system: threads, networking, heap
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Operators and Overloading
|
||||
# Operators and Overloading
|
||||
|
||||
Rust allows for a limited form of operator overloading. There are certain
|
||||
operators that are able to be overloaded. To support a particular operator
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Ownership
|
||||
# Ownership
|
||||
|
||||
This is the first of three sections presenting Rust’s ownership system. This is one of
|
||||
Rust’s most distinct and compelling features, with which Rust developers should
|
||||
|
|
@ -65,10 +65,10 @@ elements onto them.
|
|||
Vectors have a [generic type][generics] `Vec<T>`, so in this example `v` will have type
|
||||
`Vec<i32>`. We'll cover [generics] in detail in a later chapter.
|
||||
|
||||
[arrays]: primitive-types.html#arrays
|
||||
[arrays]: primitive-types.html#Arrays
|
||||
[vectors]: vectors.html
|
||||
[heap]: the-stack-and-the-heap.html#the-heap
|
||||
[stack]: the-stack-and-the-heap.html#the-stack
|
||||
[heap]: the-stack-and-the-heap.html#The%20Heap
|
||||
[stack]: the-stack-and-the-heap.html#The%20Stack
|
||||
[bindings]: variable-bindings.html
|
||||
[generics]: generics.html
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ Rust allocates memory for an integer [i32] on the [stack][sh], copies the bit
|
|||
pattern representing the value of 10 to the allocated memory and binds the
|
||||
variable name x to this memory region for future reference.
|
||||
|
||||
[i32]: primitive-types.html#numeric-types
|
||||
[i32]: primitive-types.html#Numeric%20types
|
||||
|
||||
Now consider the following code fragment:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Patterns
|
||||
# Patterns
|
||||
|
||||
Patterns are quite common in Rust. We use them in [variable
|
||||
bindings][bindings], [match expressions][match], and other places, too. Let’s go
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Primitive Types
|
||||
# Primitive Types
|
||||
|
||||
The Rust language has a number of types that are considered ‘primitive’. This
|
||||
means that they’re built-in to the language. Rust is structured in such a way
|
||||
|
|
@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ soon.
|
|||
You can assign one tuple into another, if they have the same contained types
|
||||
and [arity]. Tuples have the same arity when they have the same length.
|
||||
|
||||
[arity]: glossary.html#arity
|
||||
[arity]: glossary.html#Arity
|
||||
|
||||
```rust
|
||||
let mut x = (1, 2); // x: (i32, i32)
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Procedural Macros (and custom Derive)
|
||||
# Procedural Macros (and custom Derive)
|
||||
|
||||
As you've seen throughout the rest of the book, Rust provides a mechanism
|
||||
called "derive" that lets you implement traits easily. For example,
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Raw Pointers
|
||||
# Raw Pointers
|
||||
|
||||
Rust has a number of different smart pointer types in its standard library, but
|
||||
there are two types that are extra-special. Much of Rust’s safety comes from
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% References and Borrowing
|
||||
# References and Borrowing
|
||||
|
||||
This is the second of three sections presenting Rust’s ownership system. This is one of
|
||||
Rust’s most distinct and compelling features, with which Rust developers should
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Release Channels
|
||||
# Release Channels
|
||||
|
||||
The Rust project uses a concept called ‘release channels’ to manage releases.
|
||||
It’s important to understand this process to choose which version of Rust
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Slice patterns
|
||||
# Slice patterns
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to match against a slice or array, you can use `&` with the
|
||||
`slice_patterns` feature:
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Strings
|
||||
# Strings
|
||||
|
||||
Strings are an important concept for any programmer to master. Rust’s string
|
||||
handling system is a bit different from other languages, due to its systems
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Structs
|
||||
# Structs
|
||||
|
||||
`struct`s are a way of creating more complex data types. For example, if we were
|
||||
doing calculations involving coordinates in 2D space, we would need both an `x`
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Syntax and Semantics
|
||||
# Syntax and Semantics
|
||||
|
||||
This chapter breaks Rust down into small chunks, one for each concept.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Syntax Index
|
||||
# Syntax Index
|
||||
|
||||
## Keywords
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -196,18 +196,18 @@
|
|||
[Associated Types]: associated-types.html
|
||||
[Attributes]: attributes.html
|
||||
[Casting Between Types (`as`)]: casting-between-types.html#as
|
||||
[Closures (`move` closures)]: closures.html#move-closures
|
||||
[Closures (`move` closures)]: closures.html#move%20closures
|
||||
[Closures]: closures.html
|
||||
[Comments]: comments.html
|
||||
[Crates and Modules (Defining Modules)]: crates-and-modules.html#defining-modules
|
||||
[Crates and Modules (Exporting a Public Interface)]: crates-and-modules.html#exporting-a-public-interface
|
||||
[Crates and Modules (Importing External Crates)]: crates-and-modules.html#importing-external-crates
|
||||
[Crates and Modules (Importing Modules with `use`)]: crates-and-modules.html#importing-modules-with-use
|
||||
[Crates and Modules (Re-exporting with `pub use`)]: crates-and-modules.html#re-exporting-with-pub-use
|
||||
[Diverging Functions]: functions.html#diverging-functions
|
||||
[Crates and Modules (Defining Modules)]: crates-and-modules.html#Defining%20modules
|
||||
[Crates and Modules (Exporting a Public Interface)]: crates-and-modules.html#Exporting%20a%20public%20interface
|
||||
[Crates and Modules (Importing External Crates)]: crates-and-modules.html#Importing%20external%20crates
|
||||
[Crates and Modules (Importing Modules with `use`)]: crates-and-modules.html#Importing%20modules%20with%20use
|
||||
[Crates and Modules (Re-exporting with `pub use`)]: crates-and-modules.html#Re-exporting%20with%20pub%20use
|
||||
[Diverging Functions]: functions.html#Diverging%20functions
|
||||
[Enums]: enums.html
|
||||
[Foreign Function Interface]: ffi.html
|
||||
[Functions (Early Returns)]: functions.html#early-returns
|
||||
[Functions (Early Returns)]: functions.html#Early%20returns
|
||||
[Functions]: functions.html
|
||||
[Generics]: generics.html
|
||||
[Iterators]: iterators.html
|
||||
|
|
@ -216,24 +216,24 @@
|
|||
[Loops (`for`)]: loops.html#for
|
||||
[Loops (`loop`)]: loops.html#loop
|
||||
[Loops (`while`)]: loops.html#while
|
||||
[Loops (Ending Iteration Early)]: loops.html#ending-iteration-early
|
||||
[Loops (Loops Labels)]: loops.html#loop-labels
|
||||
[Loops (Ending Iteration Early)]: loops.html#Ending%20iteration%20early
|
||||
[Loops (Loops Labels)]: loops.html#Loop%20labels
|
||||
[Macros]: macros.html
|
||||
[Match]: match.html
|
||||
[Method Syntax (Method Calls)]: method-syntax.html#method-calls
|
||||
[Method Syntax (Method Calls)]: method-syntax.html#Method%20calls
|
||||
[Method Syntax]: method-syntax.html
|
||||
[Mutability]: mutability.html
|
||||
[Operators and Overloading]: operators-and-overloading.html
|
||||
[Patterns (`ref` and `ref mut`)]: patterns.html#ref-and-ref-mut
|
||||
[Patterns (Bindings)]: patterns.html#bindings
|
||||
[Patterns (Ignoring bindings)]: patterns.html#ignoring-bindings
|
||||
[Patterns (Multiple patterns)]: patterns.html#multiple-patterns
|
||||
[Patterns (Ranges)]: patterns.html#ranges
|
||||
[Patterns (`ref` and `ref mut`)]: patterns.html#ref%20and%20ref%20mut
|
||||
[Patterns (Bindings)]: patterns.html#Bindings
|
||||
[Patterns (Ignoring bindings)]: patterns.html#Ignoring%20bindings
|
||||
[Patterns (Multiple patterns)]: patterns.html#Multiple%20patterns
|
||||
[Patterns (Ranges)]: patterns.html#Ranges
|
||||
[Primitive Types (`char`)]: primitive-types.html#char
|
||||
[Primitive Types (Arrays)]: primitive-types.html#arrays
|
||||
[Primitive Types (Booleans)]: primitive-types.html#booleans
|
||||
[Primitive Types (Tuple Indexing)]: primitive-types.html#tuple-indexing
|
||||
[Primitive Types (Tuples)]: primitive-types.html#tuples
|
||||
[Primitive Types (Arrays)]: primitive-types.html#Arrays
|
||||
[Primitive Types (Booleans)]: primitive-types.html#Booleans
|
||||
[Primitive Types (Tuple Indexing)]: primitive-types.html#Tuple%20indexing
|
||||
[Primitive Types (Tuples)]: primitive-types.html#Tuples
|
||||
[Raw Pointers]: raw-pointers.html
|
||||
[Reference (Byte String Literals)]: ../reference.html#byte-string-literals
|
||||
[Reference (Integer literals)]: ../reference.html#integer-literals
|
||||
|
|
@ -241,13 +241,13 @@
|
|||
[Reference (Raw String Literals)]: ../reference.html#raw-string-literals
|
||||
[References and Borrowing]: references-and-borrowing.html
|
||||
[Strings]: strings.html
|
||||
[Structs (Update syntax)]: structs.html#update-syntax
|
||||
[Structs (Update syntax)]: structs.html#Update%20syntax
|
||||
[Structs]: structs.html
|
||||
[Traits (`where` clause)]: traits.html#where-clause
|
||||
[Traits (Multiple Trait Bounds)]: traits.html#multiple-trait-bounds
|
||||
[Traits (`where` clause)]: traits.html#Where%20clause
|
||||
[Traits (Multiple Trait Bounds)]: traits.html#Multiple%20trait%20bounds
|
||||
[Traits]: traits.html
|
||||
[Universal Function Call Syntax]: ufcs.html
|
||||
[Universal Function Call Syntax (Angle-bracket Form)]: ufcs.html#angle-bracket-form
|
||||
[Universal Function Call Syntax (Angle-bracket Form)]: ufcs.html#Angle-bracket%20Form
|
||||
[Unsafe]: unsafe.html
|
||||
[Unsized Types (`?Sized`)]: unsized-types.html#sized
|
||||
[Unsized Types (`?Sized`)]: unsized-types.html#Sized
|
||||
[Variable Bindings]: variable-bindings.html
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Testing
|
||||
# Testing
|
||||
|
||||
> Program testing can be a very effective way to show the presence of bugs, but
|
||||
> it is hopelessly inadequate for showing their absence.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% The Stack and the Heap
|
||||
# The Stack and the Heap
|
||||
|
||||
As a systems language, Rust operates at a low level. If you’re coming from a
|
||||
high-level language, there are some aspects of systems programming that you may
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Trait Objects
|
||||
# Trait Objects
|
||||
|
||||
When code involves polymorphism, there needs to be a mechanism to determine
|
||||
which specific version is actually run. This is called ‘dispatch’. There are
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Traits
|
||||
# Traits
|
||||
|
||||
A trait is a language feature that tells the Rust compiler about
|
||||
functionality a type must provide.
|
||||
|
|
@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ Traits are useful because they allow a type to make certain promises about its
|
|||
behavior. Generic functions can exploit this to constrain, or [bound][bounds], the types they
|
||||
accept. Consider this function, which does not compile:
|
||||
|
||||
[bounds]: glossary.html#bounds
|
||||
[bounds]: glossary.html#Bounds
|
||||
|
||||
```rust,ignore
|
||||
fn print_area<T>(shape: T) {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Type Aliases
|
||||
# Type Aliases
|
||||
|
||||
The `type` keyword lets you declare an alias of another type:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ if x == y {
|
|||
This compiles without error. Values of a `Num` type are the same as a value of
|
||||
type `i32`, in every way. You can use [tuple struct] to really get a new type.
|
||||
|
||||
[tuple struct]: structs.html#tuple-structs
|
||||
[tuple struct]: structs.html#Tuple%20structs
|
||||
|
||||
You can also use type aliases with generics:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Universal Function Call Syntax
|
||||
# Universal Function Call Syntax
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes, functions can have the same names. Consider this code:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Unsafe
|
||||
# Unsafe
|
||||
|
||||
Rust’s main draw is its powerful static guarantees about behavior. But safety
|
||||
checks are conservative by nature: there are some programs that are actually
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Unsized Types
|
||||
# Unsized Types
|
||||
|
||||
Most types have a particular size, in bytes, that is knowable at compile time.
|
||||
For example, an `i32` is thirty-two bits big, or four bytes. However, there are
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Using Rust Without the Standard Library
|
||||
# Using Rust Without the Standard Library
|
||||
|
||||
Rust’s standard library provides a lot of useful functionality, but assumes
|
||||
support for various features of its host system: threads, networking, heap
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Variable Bindings
|
||||
# Variable Bindings
|
||||
|
||||
Virtually every non-'Hello World’ Rust program uses *variable bindings*. They
|
||||
bind some value to a name, so it can be used later. `let` is
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Vectors
|
||||
# Vectors
|
||||
|
||||
A ‘vector’ is a dynamic or ‘growable’ array, implemented as the standard
|
||||
library type [`Vec<T>`][vec]. The `T` means that we can have vectors
|
||||
|
|
@ -151,6 +151,6 @@ API documentation][vec].
|
|||
[vec]: ../std/vec/index.html
|
||||
[box]: ../std/boxed/index.html
|
||||
[generic]: generics.html
|
||||
[panic]: concurrency.html#panics
|
||||
[panic]: concurrency.html#Panics
|
||||
[get]: ../std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.get
|
||||
[get_mut]: ../std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.get_mut
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% The Rustonomicon
|
||||
# The Rustonomicon
|
||||
|
||||
#### The Dark Arts of Advanced and Unsafe Rust Programming
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
|
|||
# Summary
|
||||
|
||||
[Introduction](README.md)
|
||||
|
||||
* [Meet Safe and Unsafe](meet-safe-and-unsafe.md)
|
||||
* [How Safe and Unsafe Interact](safe-unsafe-meaning.md)
|
||||
* [Working with Unsafe](working-with-unsafe.md)
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Implementing Arc and Mutex
|
||||
# Implementing Arc and Mutex
|
||||
|
||||
Knowing the theory is all fine and good, but the *best* way to understand
|
||||
something is to use it. To better understand atomics and interior mutability,
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Atomics
|
||||
# Atomics
|
||||
|
||||
Rust pretty blatantly just inherits C11's memory model for atomics. This is not
|
||||
due to this model being particularly excellent or easy to understand. Indeed,
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Splitting Borrows
|
||||
# Splitting Borrows
|
||||
|
||||
The mutual exclusion property of mutable references can be very limiting when
|
||||
working with a composite structure. The borrow checker understands some basic
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Casts
|
||||
# Casts
|
||||
|
||||
Casts are a superset of coercions: every coercion can be explicitly
|
||||
invoked via a cast. However some conversions require a cast.
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
|||
# Chapter 1
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Checked Uninitialized Memory
|
||||
# Checked Uninitialized Memory
|
||||
|
||||
Like C, all stack variables in Rust are uninitialized until a value is
|
||||
explicitly assigned to them. Unlike C, Rust statically prevents you from ever
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Coercions
|
||||
# Coercions
|
||||
|
||||
Types can implicitly be coerced to change in certain contexts. These changes are
|
||||
generally just *weakening* of types, largely focused around pointers and
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Concurrency and Parallelism
|
||||
# Concurrency and Parallelism
|
||||
|
||||
Rust as a language doesn't *really* have an opinion on how to do concurrency or
|
||||
parallelism. The standard library exposes OS threads and blocking sys-calls
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Constructors
|
||||
# Constructors
|
||||
|
||||
There is exactly one way to create an instance of a user-defined type: name it,
|
||||
and initialize all its fields at once:
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Type Conversions
|
||||
# Type Conversions
|
||||
|
||||
At the end of the day, everything is just a pile of bits somewhere, and type
|
||||
systems are just there to help us use those bits right. There are two common
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Data Representation in Rust
|
||||
# Data Representation in Rust
|
||||
|
||||
Low-level programming cares a lot about data layout. It's a big deal. It also
|
||||
pervasively influences the rest of the language, so we're going to start by
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Destructors
|
||||
# Destructors
|
||||
|
||||
What the language *does* provide is full-blown automatic destructors through the
|
||||
`Drop` trait, which provides the following method:
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% The Dot Operator
|
||||
# The Dot Operator
|
||||
|
||||
The dot operator will perform a lot of magic to convert types. It will perform
|
||||
auto-referencing, auto-dereferencing, and coercion until types match.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Drop Flags
|
||||
# Drop Flags
|
||||
|
||||
The examples in the previous section introduce an interesting problem for Rust.
|
||||
We have seen that it's possible to conditionally initialize, deinitialize, and
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Drop Check
|
||||
# Drop Check
|
||||
|
||||
We have seen how lifetimes provide us some fairly simple rules for ensuring
|
||||
that we never read dangling references. However up to this point we have only ever
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Exception Safety
|
||||
# Exception Safety
|
||||
|
||||
Although programs should use unwinding sparingly, there's a lot of code that
|
||||
*can* panic. If you unwrap a None, index out of bounds, or divide by 0, your
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Exotically Sized Types
|
||||
# Exotically Sized Types
|
||||
|
||||
Most of the time, we think in terms of types with a fixed, positive size. This
|
||||
is not always the case, however.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Higher-Rank Trait Bounds (HRTBs)
|
||||
# Higher-Rank Trait Bounds (HRTBs)
|
||||
|
||||
Rust's `Fn` traits are a little bit magic. For instance, we can write the
|
||||
following code:
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Leaking
|
||||
# Leaking
|
||||
|
||||
Ownership-based resource management is intended to simplify composition. You
|
||||
acquire resources when you create the object, and you release the resources when
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Lifetime Elision
|
||||
# Lifetime Elision
|
||||
|
||||
In order to make common patterns more ergonomic, Rust allows lifetimes to be
|
||||
*elided* in function signatures.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Limits of Lifetimes
|
||||
# Limits of Lifetimes
|
||||
|
||||
Given the following code:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -78,4 +78,4 @@ TODO: other common problems? SEME regions stuff, mostly?
|
|||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[ex2]: lifetimes.html#example-aliasing-a-mutable-reference
|
||||
[ex2]: lifetimes.html#Example%3A%20aliasing%20a%20mutable%20reference
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Lifetimes
|
||||
# Lifetimes
|
||||
|
||||
Rust enforces these rules through *lifetimes*. Lifetimes are effectively
|
||||
just names for scopes somewhere in the program. Each reference,
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||
% Meet Safe and Unsafe
|
||||
# Meet Safe and Unsafe
|
||||
|
||||
Programmers in safe "high-level" languages face a fundamental dilemma. On one
|
||||
hand, it would be *really* great to just say what you want and not worry about
|
||||
Some files were not shown because too many files have changed in this diff Show More
Loading…
Reference in New Issue