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1.0.0-alpha release notes

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Version 1.0.0-alpha (January 2015)
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* ~2300 changes, numerous bugfixes
* Highlights
* The language itself is considered feature complete for 1.0,
though there is a significant amount of cleanup and bugfixes
remaining.
* Nearly 50% of the public API surface of the standard library has
been declared 'stable'. Those interfaces will not change.
* Most crates that are not `std` have been moved out of the Rust
distribution into the Cargo ecosystem so they can evolve
separately and don't need to be stabilized as quickly, including
'time', 'getopts', 'num', 'regex', and 'term'.
* Documentation continues to be expanded with more guides, more
API coverage and more examples.
* All official Rust binary installers now come with [Cargo], the
Rust package manager.
* Language
* Closures have been [completely redesigned][unboxed] to be
implemented in terms of traits, can now be used as generic type
bounds and thus monomorphized and inlined, or via an opaque
pointer (boxed) as in the old system. The new system is often
referred to as 'unboxed' closures.
* Enum variants are [namespaced by their type names][enum].
* [`where` clauses][where] provide a more versatile and attractive
syntax for specifying generic bounds, though the previous syntax
remains valid.
* Rust again picks a [fallback] (either i32 or f64) for uninferred
numeric types.
* Rust [no longer has a runtime][rt] of any description, and only
supports OS threads, not green threads.
* At long last, Rust has been overhauled for 'dynamically-sized
types' ([DST]), which integrates 'fat pointers' (object types,
arrays, and `str`) more deeply into the type system, making it
more consistent.
* Rust now has a general [range syntax][range], `i..j`, `i..`, and
`..j` that produce range types and which, when combined with the
`Index` operator and multitispatch, leads to a convenient slice
notation, `[i..j]`.
* The new range syntax revealed an ambiguity in the fixed-length
array syntax, so now fixed length arrays [are written `[T;
N]`][arrays].
* The `Copy` trait is no longer implemented automatically. Unsafe
pointers no longer implement `Sync` and `Send` so types
containing them don't automatically either. `Sync` and `Send`
are now 'unsafe traits' so one can "forcibly" implement them via
`unsafe impl` if a type confirms to the requirements for them
even though the internals do not (e.g. structs containing unsafe
pointers like `Arc`). These changes are intended to prevent some
footguns and are collectively known as [opt-in built-in
traits][oibit] (though `Sync` and `Share` will soon become pure
library types unknown to the compiler).
* Operator traits now take their operands [by value][ops], and
comparison traits can use multidispatch to compare one type
against multiple other types, allowing e.g. `String` to be
compared with `&str`.
* `if let` and `while let` are no longer feature-gated.
* Rust has adopted a more [uniform syntax for escaping unicode
characters][unicode].
* `macro_rules!` [has been declared stable][mac]. Though it is a
flawed system it is sufficiently popular that it must be usable
for 1.0. Effort has gone into future-proofing it in ways that
will allow other macro systems to be developed in parallel, and
won't otherwise impact the evolution of the language.
* The prelude has been [pared back significantly][prelude] such
that it is the minimum necessary to support the most pervasive
code patterns, and through [generalized where clauses][where]
many of the prelude extension traits have been consolidated.
* Rust's rudimentary reflection [has been removed][refl], as it
incurred too much code generation for little benefit.
* [Struct variants][structvars] are no longer feature-gated.
* Trait bounds can be [polymorphic over lifetimes][hrtb]. Also
known as 'higher-ranked trait bounds', this crucially allows
unboxed closures to work.
* Macros invocations surrounded by parens or square brackets and
not terminated by a semicolon are [parsed as
expressions][macros], which makes expressions like `vec![1i32,
2, 3].len()` work as expected.
* Trait objects now implement their traits automatically.
* Automatically deriving traits is now done with `#[derive(...)]`
not `#[deriving(...)]` for [consistency with other naming
conventions][derive].
* Importing the containing module at the same time as items it
contains is [now done with `self` instead of `mod`][self], as in
use `foo::{self, bar}`
* Libraries
* A [series][coll1] of [efforts][coll2] to establish
[conventions][coll3] for collections types has resulted in API
improvements throughout the standard library.
* New [APIs for error handling][err] provide ergonomic interop
between error types, and [new conventions][err-conv] describe
more clearly the recommended error handling strategies in Rust.
* The `fail!` macro has been renamed to [`panic!`][panic] so that
it is easier to discuss failure in the context of error handling
without making clarifications as to whether you are referring to
the 'fail' macro or failure more generally.
* On Linux, `OsRng` prefers the new, more reliable `getrandom'
syscall when available.
* The 'serialize' crate has been renamed 'rustc-serialize' and
moved out of the distribution to Cargo. Although it is widely
used now, it is expected to be superceded in the near future.
* The `Show` formatter, typically implemented with
`#[derive(Show)]` is [now requested with the `{:?}`
specifier][show] and is intended for use by all types, for uses
such as `println!` debugging. The new `String` formatter must be
implemented by hand, uses the `{}` specifier, and is intended
for full-fidelity conversions of things that can logically be
represented as strings.
* Tooling
* [Flexible target specification][flex] allows rustc's code
generation to be configured to support otherwise-unsupported
platforms.
* Rust comes with rust-gdb and rust-lldb scripts that launch their
respective debuggers with Rust-appropriate pretty-printing.
* The Windows installation of Rust is distributed with the the
MinGW components currently required to link binaries on that
platform.
* Misc
* Nullable enum optimizations have been extended to more types so
that e.g. `Option<Vec<T>>` and `Option<String>` take up no more
space than the inner types themselves.
* Work has begun on supporting AArch64.
[Cargo]: https://crates.io
[unboxed]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0114-closures.md
[enum]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0390-enum-namespacing.md
[flex]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0131-target-specification.md
[err]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0201-error-chaining.md
[err-conv]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0236-error-conventions.md
[rt]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0230-remove-runtime.md
[mac]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0453-macro-reform.md
[DST]: http://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/blog/2014/01/05/dst-take-5/
[coll1]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0235-collections-conventions.md
[coll2]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0509-collections-reform-part-2.md
[coll3]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0216-collection-views.md
[ops]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0439-cmp-ops-reform.md
[prelude]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0503-prelude-stabilization.md
[where]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0135-where.md
[refl]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0379-remove-reflection.md
[panic]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0221-panic.md
[structvars]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0418-struct-variants.md
[hrtb]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0387-higher-ranked-trait-bounds.md
[unicode]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0446-es6-unicode-escapes.md
[oibit]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0019-opt-in-builtin-traits.md
[macros]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0378-expr-macros.md
[range]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0439-cmp-ops-reform.md#indexing-and-slicing
[arrays]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0520-new-array-repeat-syntax.md
[show]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0504-show-stabilization.md
[derive]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0534-deriving2derive.md
[self]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0532-self-in-use.md
[fallback]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0212-restore-int-fallback.md
Version 0.12.0 (October 2014)
-----------------------------