Rollup merge of #68700 - withoutboats:wake-trait, r=withoutboats

Add Wake trait for safe construction of Wakers.

Currently, constructing a waker requires calling the unsafe `Waker::from_raw` API. This API requires the user to manually construct a vtable for the waker themself - which is both cumbersome and very error prone. This API would provide an ergonomic, straightforward and guaranteed memory-safe way of constructing a waker.

It has been our longstanding intention that the `Waker` type essentially function as an `Arc<dyn Wake>`, with a `Wake` trait as defined here. Two considerations prevented the original API from being shipped as simply an `Arc<dyn Wake>`:

- We want to support futures on embedded systems, which may not have an allocator, and in optimized executors for which this API may not be best-suited. Therefore, we have always explicitly supported the maximally-flexible (but also memory-unsafe) `RawWaker` API, and `Waker` has always lived in libcore.
- Because `Waker` lives in libcore and `Arc` lives in liballoc, it has not been feasible to provide a constructor for `Waker` from `Arc<dyn Wake>`.

Therefore, the Wake trait was left out of the initial version of the task waker API.

However, as Rust 1.41, it is possible under the more flexible orphan rules to implement `From<Arc<W>> for Waker where W: Wake` in liballoc. Therefore, we can now define this constructor even though `Waker` lives in libcore.

This PR adds these APIs:

- A `Wake` trait, which contains two methods
    - A required method `wake`, which is called by `Waker::wake`
    - A provided method `wake_by_ref`, which is called by `Waker::wake_by_ref` and which implementors can override if they can optimize this use case.
- An implementation of `From<Arc<W>> for Waker where W: Wake + Send + Sync + 'static`
- A similar implementation of `From<Arc<W>> for RawWaker`.

src/liballoc/lib.rs

@@ -161,6 +161,8 @@ pub mod str;
 pub mod string;
 #[cfg(target_has_atomic = "ptr")]
 pub mod sync;
+#[cfg(target_has_atomic = "ptr")]
+pub mod task;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
 pub mod vec;

src/liballoc/task.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+#![unstable(feature = "wake_trait", issue = "69912")]
+//! Types and Traits for working with asynchronous tasks.
+use core::mem::{self, ManuallyDrop};
+use core::task::{RawWaker, RawWakerVTable, Waker};
+
+use crate::sync::Arc;
+
+/// The implementation of waking a task on an executor.
+///
+/// This trait can be used to create a [`Waker`]. An executor can define an
+/// implementation of this trait, and use that to construct a Waker to pass
+/// to the tasks that are executed on that executor.
+///
+/// This trait is a memory-safe and ergonomic alternative to constructing a
+/// [`RawWaker`]. It supports the common executor design in which the data
+/// used to wake up a task is stored in an [`Arc`]. Some executors (especially
+/// those for embedded systems) cannot use this API, which is why [`RawWaker`]
+/// exists as an alternative for those systems.
+#[unstable(feature = "wake_trait", issue = "69912")]
+pub trait Wake {
+    /// Wake this task.
+    #[unstable(feature = "wake_trait", issue = "69912")]
+    fn wake(self: Arc<Self>);
+
+    /// Wake this task without consuming the waker.
+    ///
+    /// If an executor supports a cheaper way to wake without consuming the
+    /// waker, it should override this method. By default, it clones the
+    /// [`Arc`] and calls `wake` on the clone.
+    #[unstable(feature = "wake_trait", issue = "69912")]
+    fn wake_by_ref(self: &Arc<Self>) {
+        self.clone().wake();
+    }
+}
+
+#[unstable(feature = "wake_trait", issue = "69912")]
+impl<W: Wake + Send + Sync + 'static> From<Arc<W>> for Waker {
+    fn from(waker: Arc<W>) -> Waker {
+        // SAFETY: This is safe because raw_waker safely constructs
+        // a RawWaker from Arc<W>.
+        unsafe { Waker::from_raw(raw_waker(waker)) }
+    }
+}
+
+#[unstable(feature = "wake_trait", issue = "69912")]
+impl<W: Wake + Send + Sync + 'static> From<Arc<W>> for RawWaker {
+    fn from(waker: Arc<W>) -> RawWaker {
+        raw_waker(waker)
+    }
+}
+
+// NB: This private function for constructing a RawWaker is used, rather than
+// inlining this into the `From<Arc<W>> for RawWaker` impl, to ensure that
+// the safety of `From<Arc<W>> for Waker` does not depend on the correct
+// trait dispatch - instead both impls call this function directly and
+// explicitly.
+#[inline(always)]
+fn raw_waker<W: Wake + Send + Sync + 'static>(waker: Arc<W>) -> RawWaker {
+    // Increment the reference count of the arc to clone it.
+    unsafe fn clone_waker<W: Wake + Send + Sync + 'static>(waker: *const ()) -> RawWaker {
+        let waker: Arc<W> = Arc::from_raw(waker as *const W);
+        mem::forget(Arc::clone(&waker));
+        raw_waker(waker)
+    }
+
+    // Wake by value, moving the Arc into the Wake::wake function
+    unsafe fn wake<W: Wake + Send + Sync + 'static>(waker: *const ()) {
+        let waker: Arc<W> = Arc::from_raw(waker as *const W);
+        <W as Wake>::wake(waker);
+    }
+
+    // Wake by reference, wrap the waker in ManuallyDrop to avoid dropping it
+    unsafe fn wake_by_ref<W: Wake + Send + Sync + 'static>(waker: *const ()) {
+        let waker: ManuallyDrop<Arc<W>> = ManuallyDrop::new(Arc::from_raw(waker as *const W));
+        <W as Wake>::wake_by_ref(&waker);
+    }
+
+    // Decrement the reference count of the Arc on drop
+    unsafe fn drop_waker<W: Wake + Send + Sync + 'static>(waker: *const ()) {
+        mem::drop(Arc::from_raw(waker as *const W));
+    }
+
+    RawWaker::new(
+        Arc::into_raw(waker) as *const (),
+        &RawWakerVTable::new(clone_waker::<W>, wake::<W>, wake_by_ref::<W>, drop_waker::<W>),
+    )
+}

src/libstd/lib.rs

@@ -310,6 +310,7 @@
 #![feature(untagged_unions)]
 #![feature(unwind_attributes)]
 #![feature(vec_into_raw_parts)]
+#![feature(wake_trait)]
 // NB: the above list is sorted to minimize merge conflicts.
 #![default_lib_allocator]
 
@@ -463,9 +464,14 @@ pub mod time;
 #[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
 pub mod task {
     //! Types and Traits for working with asynchronous tasks.
+
     #[doc(inline)]
     #[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]
     pub use core::task::*;
+
+    #[doc(inline)]
+    #[unstable(feature = "wake_trait", issue = "69912")]
+    pub use alloc::task::*;
 }
 
 #[stable(feature = "futures_api", since = "1.36.0")]