About

This repository includes my notes on enabling a true bridge mode setup with AT&T U-Verse and pfSense. This method utilizes netgraph which is a graph based kernel networking subsystem of FreeBSD. This low-level solution was required to account for the unique issues surrounding bridging 802.1X traffic and tagging a VLAN with an id of 0. I've tested and confirmed this setup works with AT&T U-Verse Internet on the ARRIS NVG589, NVG599 and BGW210-700 residential gateways (probably others too). For Pace 5268AC, see issue #5.

There are a few other methods to accomplish true bridge mode, so be sure to see what easiest for you. True Bridge Mode is also possible in a Linux via ebtables or using hardware with a VLAN swap trick. For me, I was not using a Linux-based router and the VLAN swap did not seem to work for me.

While many AT&T residential gateways offer something called IP Passthrough, it does not provide the same advantages of a true bridge mode. For example, the NAT table is still managed by the gateway, which is limited to a measly 8192 sessions (although it becomes unstable at even 60% capacity).

The netgraph method will allow you to fully utilize your own router and fully bypass your residential gateway. It survives reboots, re-authentications, IPv6, and new DHCP leases.

How it Works

Before continuing to the setup, it's important to understand how this method works. This will make configuration and troubleshooting much easier.

Standard Procedure

First, let's talk about what happens in the standard setup (without any bypass). At a high level, the following process happens when the gateway boots up:

1. All traffic on the ONT is protected with 802.1/X. So in order to talk to anything, the Router Gateway must first perform the authentication procedure. This process uses a unique certificate that is hardcoded on your residential gateway.
2. Once the authentication completes, you'll be able to properly "talk" to the outside. But strangely, all of your traffic will need to be tagged with VLAN id 0 before the IP gateway will respond. I believe VLAN0 is an obscure Cisco feature of 802.1Q CoS, but I'm not really sure.
3. Once traffic is tagged with VLAN0, your residential gateway needs to request a public IPv4 address via DHCP. The MAC address in the DHCP request needs to match that of the MAC address that's assigned to your AT&T account. Other than that, there's nothing special about the DCHPv4 handshake.
4. After the DHCP lease is issued, the WAN setup is complete. Your LAN traffic is then NAT'd and routed to the outside.

Bypass Procedure

To bypass the gateway using pfSense, we can emulate the standard procedure. If we connect our Residential Gateway and ONT to our pfSense box, we can bridge the 802.1/X authentication sequence, tag our WAN traffic as VLAN0, and request a public IPv4 via DHCP using a spoofed MAC address.

Unfortunately, there are some challenges with emulating this process. First, it's against RFC to bridge 802.1/X traffic and it is not supported. Second, tagging traffic as VLAN0 is not supported through the standard interfaces.

This is where netgraph comes in. Netgraph allows you to break some rules and build the proper plumbing to make this work. So, our cabling looks like this:

Residential Gateway
[ONT Port]
  |
  |
[nic0] pfSense [nic1] 
                 |
                 |
               [ONT]
              Outside

With netgraph, our procedure looks like this (at a high level):

1. The Residential Gateway initiates a 802.1/X EAPOL-START.
2. The packet then is bridged through netgraph to the ONT interface.
3. If the packet matches an 802.1/X type (which is does), it is passed to the ONT interface. If it does not, the packet is discarded. This prevents our Residential Gateway from initiating DHCP. We want pfSense to handle that.
4. The ONT should then see and respond to the EAPOL-START, which is passed back through our netgraph back to the residential gateway. At this point, the 802.1/X authentication should be complete.
5. netgraph has also created an interface for us called ngeth0. This interface is connected to ng_vlan which is configured to tag all traffic as VLAN0 before sending it on to the ONT interface.
6. pfSense can then be configured to use ngeth0 as the WAN interface.
7. Next, we spoof the MAC address of the residential gateway and request a DHCP lease on ngeth0. The packets get tagged as VLAN0 and exit to the ONT.
8. Now the DHCP handshake should complete and we should be on our way!

Hopefully, that now gives you an idea of what we are trying to accomplish. See the comments and commands bin/pfatt.sh for details about the netgraph setup.

But enough talk. Now for the fun part!

Setup

Prerequisites

• At least three physical network interfaces on your pfSense server
• The MAC address of your Residential Gateway
• Local or console access to pfSense
• pfSense 2.4.4 (confirmed working in 2.4.3 too, other versions should work but YMMV)

If you only have two NICs, you can buy this cheap USB 100Mbps NIC from Amazon as your third. It has the Asix AX88772 chipset, which is supported in FreeBSD with the axe driver. I've confirmed it works in my setup. The driver was already loaded and I didn't have to install or configure anything to get it working. Also, don't worry about the poor performance of USB or 100Mbps NICs. This third NIC will only send/recieve a few packets periodicaly to authenticate your Router Gateway. The rest of your traffic will utilize your other (and much faster) NICs.

Install

1. Copy the bin/ng_etf.ko amd64 kernel module to /boot/kernel on your pfSense box (because it isn't included):

   a) Use the pre-compiled kernel module from me, a random internet stranger:

   scp bin/ng_etf.ko root@pfsense:/boot/kernel/
   ssh root@pfsense chmod 555 /boot/kernel/ng_etf.ko
   

   NOTE: The ng_etf.ko in this repo was compiled for amd64 from the FreeBSD 11.2 release source code. It may also work on other/future versions of pfSense depending if there have been significant changes.

   b) Or you, a responsible sysadmin, can compile the module yourself from another, trusted FreeBSD machine. You cannot build packages directly on pfSense. Your FreeBSD version should match that of your pfSense version. (Example: pfSense 2.4.4 = FreeBSD 11.2)

   # from a FreeBSD machine (not pfSense!)
   fetch ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/amd64/amd64/11.2-RELEASE/src.txz
   tar -C / -zxvf src.txz
   cd /usr/src/sys/modules/netgraph
   make
   scp etf/ng_etf.ko root@pfsense:/boot/kernel/
   ssh root@pfsense chmod 555 /boot/kernel/ng_etf.ko
   

   NOTE: You'll need to tweak your compiler parameters if you need to build for another architecture, like ARM.

2. Edit the following configuration variables in bin/pfatt.sh as noted below. $RG_ETHER_ADDR should match the MAC address of your Residential Gateway. AT&T will only grant a DHCP lease to the MAC they assigned your device. In my environment, it's:

   ONT_IF='bce0' # NIC -> ONT / Outside
   RG_IF='ue0'  # NIC -> Residential Gateway's ONT port
   RG_ETHER_ADDR='xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx' # MAC address of Residential Gateway
   

3. Copy bin/pfatt.sh to /root/bin (or any directory):

   ssh root@pfsense mkdir /root/bin
   scp bin/pfatt.sh root@pfsense:/root/bin/
   ssh root@pfsense chmod +x /root/bin/pfatt.sh
   

   Now edit your /conf/config.xml to include <earlyshellcmd>/root/bin/pfatt.sh</earlyshellcmd> above </system>.

   NOTE: If you have the 5268AC, you'll also need to install pfatt-5268.sh due to issue #5. The script monitors your connection and disables or enables the EAP bridging as needed. It's a hacky workaround, but it enables you to keep your 5268AC connected, avoid EAP-Logoffs and survive reboots. Consider changing the PING_HOST in pfatt-5268AC.sh to a reliable host. Then perform these additional steps to install:

   Copy bin/pfatt-5268AC to /usr/local/etc/rc.d/

   Copy bin/pfatt-5268AC.sh to /root/bin/:

   scp bin/pfatt-5268AC root@pfsense:/usr/local/etc/rc.d/pfatt-5268AC.sh
   scp bin/pfatt-5268AC.sh root@pfsense:/root/bin/
   ssh root@pfsense chmod +x /usr/local/etc/rc.d/pfatt-5268AC.sh /root/bin/pfatt-5268AC.sh
   

4. Connect cables:

   • $RG_IF to Residential Gateway on the ONT port (not the LAN ports!)
   • $ONT_IF to ONT (outside)
   • LAN NIC to local switch (as normal)

5. Prepare for console access.

6. Reboot.

7. pfSense will detect new interfaces on bootup. Follow the prompts on the console to configure ngeth0 as your pfSense WAN. Your LAN interface should not normally change. However, if you moved or re-purposed your LAN interface for this setup, you'll need to re-apply any existing configuration (like your VLANs) to your new LAN interface. pfSense does not need to manage $RG_IF or $ONT_IF. I would advise not enabling those interfaces in pfSense as it can cause problems with the netgraph.

8. In the webConfigurator, configure the WAN interface (ngeth0) to DHCP using the MAC address of your Residential Gateway.

If everything is setup correctly, netgraph should be bridging EAP traffic between the ONT and RG, tagging the WAN traffic with VLAN0, and your WAN interface configured with an IPv4 address via DHCP.

IPv6 Setup

Once your netgraph setup is in place and working, there aren't any netgraph changes required to the setup to get IPv6 working. These instructions can also be followed with a different bypass method other than the netgraph method. Big thanks to @pyrodex1980's post on DSLReports for sharing your notes.

This setup assumes you have a fairly recent version of pfSense. I'm using 2.4.4.

DUID Setup

1. Go to System > Advanced > Networking
2. Configure DHCP6 DUID to DUID-EN
3. Configure DUID-EN to 3561
4. Configure your IANA Private Enterprise Number. This number is unique for each customer and (I believe) based off your Residential Gateway serial number. You can generate your DUID using gen-duid.sh, which just takes a few inputs. Or, you can take a pcap of the Residential Gateway with some DHCPv6 traffic. Then fire up Wireshark and look for the value in DHCPv6 > Client Identifier > Identifier. Add the value as colon separated hex values 00:00:00.
5. Save

WAN Setup

1. Go to Interfaces > WAN
2. Enable IPv6 Configuration Type as DHCP6
3. Scroll to DCHP6 Client Configuration
4. Enable DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation size as 60
5. Enable Send IPv6 prefix hint
6. Enable Do not wait for a RA
7. Save

LAN Setup

1. Go to Interfaces > LAN
2. Change the IPv6 Configuration Type to Track Interface
3. Under Track IPv6 Interface, assign IPv6 Interface to your WAN interface.
4. Configure IPv6 Prefix ID to 1. We start at 1 and not 0 because pfSense will use prefix/address ID 0 for itself and it seems AT&T is flakey about assigning IPv6 prefixes when a request is made with a prefix ID that matches the prefix/address ID of the router.
5. Save

If you have additional LAN interfaces repeat these steps for each interface except be sure to provide an IPv6 Prefix ID that is not 0 and is unique among the interfaces you've configured so far.

DHCPv6 Server & RA

1. Go to Services > DHCPv6 Server & RA
2. Enable DHCPv6 server on interface LAN
3. Configure a range of ::0001 to ::ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe
4. Configure a Prefix Delegation Range to 64
5. Save
6. Go to the Router Advertisements tab
7. Configure Router mode as Stateless DHCP
8. Save

That's it! Now your clients should be receiving public IPv6 addresses via DHCP6.

Troubleshooting

Logging

Output from pfatt.sh and pfatt-5268AC.sh can be found in /var/log/pfatt.log.

tcpdump

Use tcpdump to watch the authentication, vlan and dhcp bypass process (see above). Run tcpdumps on the $ONT_IF interface and the $RG_IF interface:

tcpdump -ei $ONT_IF
tcpdump -ei $RG_IF

Restart your Residential Gateway. From the $RG_IF interface, you should see some EAPOL starts like this:

MAC (oui Unknown) > MAC (oui Unknown), ethertype EAPOL (0x888e), length 60: POL start

If you don't see these, make sure you're connected to the ONT port.

These packets come every so often. I think the RG does some backoff / delay if doesn't immediately auth correctly. You can always reboot your RG to initiate the authentication again.

If your netgraph is setup correctly, the EAP start packet from the $RG_IF will be bridged onto your $ONT_IF interface. Then you should see some more EAP packets from the $ONT_IF interface and $RG_IF interface as they negotiate 802.1/X EAP authentication.

Once that completes, watch $ONT_IF and ngeth0 for DHCP traffic.

tcpdump -ei $ONT_IF port 67 or port 68
tcpdump -ei ngeth0 port 67 or port 68

Verify you are seeing 802.1Q (tagged as vlan0) traffic on your $ONT_IF interface and untagged traffic on ngeth0.

Verify the DHCP request is firing using the MAC address of your Residential Gateway.

If the VLAN0 traffic is being properly handled, next pfSense will need to request an IP. ngeth0 needs to DHCP using the authorized MAC address. You should see an untagged DCHP request on ngeth0 carry over to the $ONT_IF interface tagged as VLAN0. Then you should get a DHCP response and you're in business.

If you don't see traffic being bridged between ngeth0 and $ONT_IF, then netgraph is not setup correctly.

Promiscuous Mode

pfatt.sh will put $RG_IF in promiscuous mode via /sbin/ifconfig $RG_IF promisc. Otherwise, the EAP packets would not bridge. I think this is necessary for everyone but I'm not sure. Turn it off if it's causing issues.

netgraph

The netgraph system provides a uniform and modular system for the implementation of kernel objects which perform various networking functions. If you're unfamiliar with netgraph, this tutorial is a great introduction.

Your netgraph should look something like this:

In this setup, the ue0 interface is my $RG_IF and the bce0 interface is my $ONT_IF. You can generate your own graphviz via ngctl dot. Copy the output and paste it at webgraphviz.com.

Try these commands to inspect whether netgraph is configured properly.

1. Confirm kernel modules are loaded with kldstat -v. The following modules are required:

   • netgraph
   • ng_ether
   • ng_eiface
   • ng_one2many
   • ng_vlan
   • ng_etf

2. Issue ngctl list to list netgraph nodes. Inspect pfatt.sh to verify the netgraph output matches the configuration in the script. It should look similar to this:

$ ngctl list
There are 9 total nodes:
  Name: o2m             Type: one2many        ID: 000000a0   Num hooks: 3
  Name: vlan0           Type: vlan            ID: 000000a3   Num hooks: 2
  Name: ngeth0          Type: eiface          ID: 000000a6   Num hooks: 1
  Name: <unnamed>       Type: socket          ID: 00000006   Num hooks: 0
  Name: ngctl28740      Type: socket          ID: 000000ca   Num hooks: 0
  Name: waneapfilter    Type: etf             ID: 000000aa   Num hooks: 2
  Name: laneapfilter    Type: etf             ID: 000000ae   Num hooks: 3
  Name: bce0            Type: ether           ID: 0000006e   Num hooks: 1
  Name: ue0             Type: ether           ID: 00000016   Num hooks: 2

3. Inspect the various nodes and hooks. Example for ue0:

$ ngctl show ue0:
  Name: ue0             Type: ether           ID: 00000016   Num hooks: 2
  Local hook      Peer name       Peer type    Peer ID         Peer hook
  ----------      ---------       ---------    -------         ---------
  upper           laneapfilter    etf          000000ae        nomatch
  lower           laneapfilter    etf          000000ae        downstream

Reset netgraph

pfatt.sh expects a clean netgraph before it can be ran. To reset a broken netgraph state, try this:

/usr/sbin/ngctl shutdown waneapfilter:
/usr/sbin/ngctl shutdown laneapfilter:
/usr/sbin/ngctl shutdown $ONT_IF:
/usr/sbin/ngctl shutdown $RG_IF:
/usr/sbin/ngctl shutdown o2m:
/usr/sbin/ngctl shutdown vlan0:
/usr/sbin/ngctl shutdown ngeth0:

pfSense

In some circumstances, pfSense may alter your netgraph. This is especially true if pfSense manages either your $RG_IF or $ONT_IF. If you make some interface changes and your connection breaks, check to see if your netgraph was changed.

Virtualization Notes

This setup has been tested on physical servers and virtual machines. Virtualization adds another layer of complexity for this setup, and will take extra consideration.

QEMU / KVM / Proxmox

Proxmox uses a bridged networking model, and thus utilizes Linux's native bridge capability. To use this netgraph method, you do a PCI passthrough for the $RG_IF and $ONT_IF NICs. The bypass procedure should then be the same.

You can also solve the EAP/802.1X and VLAN0/802.1Q problem by setting the group_fwd_mask and creating a vlan0 interface to bridge to your VM. See Other Methods below.

ESXi

I haven't tried to do this with ESXi. Feel free to submit a PR with notes on your experience. PCI passthrough is probably the best approach here though.

Other Methods

Linux

If you're looking how to do this on a Linux-based router, please refer to this method which utilizes ebtables and some kernel features. The method is well-documented there and I won't try to duplicate it. This method is generally more straight forward than doing this on BSD. However, please submit a PR for any additional notes for running on Linux routers.

VLAN Swap

There is a whole thread on this at DSLreports. The gist of this method is that you connect your ONT, RG and WAN to a switch. Create two VLANs. Assign the ONT and RG to VLAN1 and the WAN to VLAN2. Let the RG authenticate, then change the ONT VLAN to VLAN2. The WAN the DHCPs and your in business.

However, I don't think this works for everyone. I had to explicitly tag my WAN traffic to VLAN0 which wasn't supported on my switch.

OPNSense / FreeBSD

For OPNSense (tested and working on 19.1): follow the pfSense instructions, EXCEPT:

1. modify pfatt.sh to set OPNSENSE='yes'
2. do NOT install the ng_etf.ko, as OPNSense is based on HardenedBSD 11.2, which is in turn based on FreeBSD 11.2 and has the module already installed.
3. put the pfatt.sh script into /usr/local/etc/rc.syshook.d/early as 99-pfatt.sh
4. do NOT modify config.xml, nor do any of the duid stuff
5. note: You CAN use IPv6 Prefix id 0, as OPNSense does NOT assign a routeable IPv6 address to ngeth0
6. For OPNSense 20.1 Only: OPNSense no longer loads the netgraph kernel modules by default. To load them, run this command and restart your device.

cat << EOF > /boot/loader.conf.local
netgraph_load="YES"
ng_ether_load="YES"
ng_eiface_load="YES"
ng_one2many_load="YES"
ng_vlan_load="YES"
ng_etf_load="YES"
EOF

I haven't tried this with native FreeBSD, but I imagine the process is ultimately the same with netgraph. Feel free to submit a PR with notes on your experience.

U-verse TV

See U-VERSE_TV.md

References

• http://blog.0xpebbles.org/Bypassing-At-t-U-verse-hardware-NAT-table-limits
• https://forum.netgate.com/topic/99190/att-uverse-rg-bypass-0-2-btc/
• http://www.dslreports.com/forum/r29903721-AT-T-Residential-Gateway-Bypass-True-bridge-mode
• https://www.dslreports.com/forum/r32127305-True-Bridge-mode-on-pfSense-with-netgraph
• https://www.dslreports.com/forum/r32116977-AT-T-Fiber-RG-Bypass-pfSense-IPv6
• http://www.netbsd.org/gallery/presentations/ast/2012_AsiaBSDCon/Tutorial_NETGRAPH.pdf

Credits

This took a lot of testing and a lot of hours to figure out. A unique solution was required for this to work in pfSense. If this helped you out, please buy us a coffee.

• rajl - for the netgraph idea - 1H8CaLNXembfzYGDNq1NykWU3gaKAjm8K5
• pyrodex - for IPv6 - ?
• aus - 31m9ujhbsRRZs4S64njEkw8ksFSTTDcsRU
• /u/MisterBazz - for the initial setup guide on U-verse TV documentation that formed the basis for U-VERSE_TV.md
• 0xC0ncord - for the U-Verse TV Documentation