Add 3 command-line options to align branches within a fixed boundary
with segment prefixes or NOPs:
1. -malign-branch-boundary=NUM aligns branches within NUM byte boundary.
2. -malign-branch=TYPE[+TYPE...] specifies types of branches to align.
The supported branches are:
a. Conditional jump.
b. Fused conditional jump.
c. Unconditional jump.
d. Call.
e. Ret.
f. Indirect jump and call.
3. -malign-branch-prefix-size=NUM aligns branches with NUM segment
prefixes per instruction.
3 new rs_machine_dependent frag types are added:
1. BRANCH_PADDING. The variable size frag to insert NOP before branch.
2. BRANCH_PREFIX. The variable size frag to insert segment prefixes to
an instruction. The choices of prefixes are:
a. Use the existing segment prefix if there is one.
b. Use CS segment prefix in 64-bit mode.
c. In 32-bit mode, use SS segment prefix with ESP/EBP base register
and use DS segment prefix without ESP/EBP base register.
3. FUSED_JCC_PADDING. The variable size frag to insert NOP before fused
conditional jump.
The new rs_machine_dependent frags aren't inserted if the previous item
is a prefix or a constant directive, which may be used to hardcode an
instruction, since there is no clear instruction boundary. Segment
prefixes and NOP padding are disabled before relaxable TLS relocations
and tls_get_addr calls to keep TLS instruction sequence unchanged.
md_estimate_size_before_relax() and i386_generic_table_relax_frag() are
used to handled BRANCH_PADDING, BRANCH_PREFIX and FUSED_JCC_PADDING frags.
i386_generic_table_relax_frag() grows or shrinks sizes of segment prefix
and NOP to align the next branch frag:
1. First try to add segment prefixes to instructions before a branch.
2. If there is no sufficient room to add segment prefixes, NOP will be
inserted before a branch.
* config/tc-i386.c (_i386_insn): Add has_gotpc_tls_reloc.
(tls_get_addr): New.
(last_insn): New.
(align_branch_power): New.
(align_branch_kind): New.
(align_branch_bit): New.
(align_branch): New.
(MAX_FUSED_JCC_PADDING_SIZE): New.
(align_branch_prefix_size): New.
(BRANCH_PADDING): New.
(BRANCH_PREFIX): New.
(FUSED_JCC_PADDING): New.
(i386_generate_nops): Support BRANCH_PADDING and FUSED_JCC_PADDING.
(md_begin): Abort if align_branch_prefix_size <
MAX_FUSED_JCC_PADDING_SIZE.
(md_assemble): Set last_insn.
(maybe_fused_with_jcc_p): New.
(add_fused_jcc_padding_frag_p): New.
(add_branch_prefix_frag_p): New.
(add_branch_padding_frag_p): New.
(output_insn): Generate a BRANCH_PADDING, FUSED_JCC_PADDING or
BRANCH_PREFIX frag and terminate each frag to align branches.
(output_disp): Set i.has_gotpc_tls_reloc to TRUE for GOTPC and
relaxable TLS relocations.
(output_imm): Likewise.
(i386_next_non_empty_frag): New.
(i386_next_jcc_frag): New.
(i386_classify_machine_dependent_frag): New.
(i386_branch_padding_size): New.
(i386_generic_table_relax_frag): New.
(md_estimate_size_before_relax): Handle COND_JUMP_PADDING,
FUSED_JCC_PADDING and COND_JUMP_PREFIX frags.
(md_convert_frag): Handle BRANCH_PADDING, BRANCH_PREFIX and
FUSED_JCC_PADDING frags.
(OPTION_MALIGN_BRANCH_BOUNDARY): New.
(OPTION_MALIGN_BRANCH_PREFIX_SIZE): New.
(OPTION_MALIGN_BRANCH): New.
(md_longopts): Add -malign-branch-boundary=,
-malign-branch-prefix-size= and -malign-branch=.
(md_parse_option): Handle -malign-branch-boundary=,
-malign-branch-prefix-size= and -malign-branch=.
(md_show_usage): Display -malign-branch-boundary=,
-malign-branch-prefix-size= and -malign-branch=.
(i386_target_format): Set tls_get_addr.
(i386_cons_align): New.
* config/tc-i386.h (i386_cons_align): New.
(md_cons_align): New.
(i386_generic_table_relax_frag): New.
(md_generic_table_relax_frag): New.
(i386_tc_frag_data): Add u, padding_address, length,
max_prefix_length, prefix_length, default_prefix, cmp_size,
classified and branch_type.
(TC_FRAG_INIT): Initialize u, padding_address, length,
max_prefix_length, prefix_length, default_prefix, cmp_size,
classified and branch_type.
* doc/c-i386.texi: Document -malign-branch-boundary=,
-malign-branch= and -malign-branch-prefix-size=.
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README for GAS
A number of things have changed since version 1 and the wonderful
world of gas looks very different. There's still a lot of irrelevant
garbage lying around that will be cleaned up in time. Documentation
is scarce, as are logs of the changes made since the last gas release.
My apologies, and I'll try to get something useful.
Unpacking and Installation - Summary
====================================
See ../binutils/README.
To build just the assembler, make the target all-gas.
Documentation
=============
The GAS release includes texinfo source for its manual, which can be processed
into `info' or `dvi' forms.
The DVI form is suitable for printing or displaying; the commands for doing
this vary from system to system. On many systems, `lpr -d' will print a DVI
file. On others, you may need to run a program such as `dvips' to convert the
DVI file into a form your system can print.
If you wish to build the DVI file, you will need to have TeX installed on your
system. You can rebuild it by typing:
cd gas/doc
make as.dvi
The Info form is viewable with the GNU Emacs `info' subsystem, or the
stand-alone `info' program, available as part of the GNU Texinfo distribution.
To build the info files, you will need the `makeinfo' program. Type:
cd gas/doc
make info
Specifying names for hosts and targets
======================================
The specifications used for hosts and targets in the `configure'
script are based on a three-part naming scheme, but some short
predefined aliases are also supported. The full naming scheme encodes
three pieces of information in the following pattern:
ARCHITECTURE-VENDOR-OS
For example, you can use the alias `sun4' as a HOST argument or in a
`--target=TARGET' option. The equivalent full name is
`sparc-sun-sunos4'.
The `configure' script accompanying GAS does not provide any query
facility to list all supported host and target names or aliases.
`configure' calls the Bourne shell script `config.sub' to map
abbreviations to full names; you can read the script, if you wish, or
you can use it to test your guesses on abbreviations--for example:
% sh config.sub i386v
i386-unknown-sysv
% sh config.sub i786v
Invalid configuration `i786v': machine `i786v' not recognized
`configure' options
===================
Here is a summary of the `configure' options and arguments that are
most often useful for building GAS. `configure' also has several other
options not listed here.
configure [--help]
[--prefix=DIR]
[--srcdir=PATH]
[--host=HOST]
[--target=TARGET]
[--with-OPTION]
[--enable-OPTION]
You may introduce options with a single `-' rather than `--' if you
prefer; but you may abbreviate option names if you use `--'.
`--help'
Print a summary of the options to `configure', and exit.
`-prefix=DIR'
Configure the source to install programs and files under directory
`DIR'.
`--srcdir=PATH'
Look for the package's source code in directory DIR. Usually
`configure' can determine that directory automatically.
`--host=HOST'
Configure GAS to run on the specified HOST. Normally the
configure script can figure this out automatically.
There is no convenient way to generate a list of all available
hosts.
`--target=TARGET'
Configure GAS for cross-assembling programs for the specified
TARGET. Without this option, GAS is configured to assemble .o files
that run on the same machine (HOST) as GAS itself.
There is no convenient way to generate a list of all available
targets.
`--enable-OPTION'
These flags tell the program or library being configured to
configure itself differently from the default for the specified
host/target combination. See below for a list of `--enable'
options recognized in the gas distribution.
`configure' accepts other options, for compatibility with configuring
other GNU tools recursively; but these are the only options that affect
GAS or its supporting libraries.
The `--enable' options recognized by software in the gas distribution are:
`--enable-targets=...'
This causes one or more specified configurations to be added to those for
which BFD support is compiled. Currently gas cannot use any format other
than its compiled-in default, so this option is not very useful.
`--enable-bfd-assembler'
This causes the assembler to use the new code being merged into it to use
BFD data structures internally, and use BFD for writing object files.
For most targets, this isn't supported yet. For most targets where it has
been done, it's already the default. So generally you won't need to use
this option.
Compiler Support Hacks
======================
On a few targets, the assembler has been modified to support a feature
that is potentially useful when assembling compiler output, but which
may confuse assembly language programmers. If assembler encounters a
.word pseudo-op of the form symbol1-symbol2 (the difference of two
symbols), and the difference of those two symbols will not fit in 16
bits, the assembler will create a branch around a long jump to
symbol1, and insert this into the output directly before the next
label: The .word will (instead of containing garbage, or giving an
error message) contain (the address of the long jump)-symbol2. This
allows the assembler to assemble jump tables that jump to locations
very far away into code that works properly. If the next label is
more than 32K away from the .word, you lose (silently); RMS claims
this will never happen. If the -K option is given, you will get a
warning message when this happens.
REPORTING BUGS IN GAS
=====================
Bugs in gas should be reported to:
bug-binutils@gnu.org.
They may be cross-posted to gcc-bugs@gnu.org if they affect the use of
gas with gcc. They should not be reported just to gcc-bugs, since not
all of the maintainers read that list.
See ../binutils/README for what we need in a bug report.
Copyright (C) 2012-2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification,
are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
notice and this notice are preserved.
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