contig.c (FLATMEM) requires the same optimization as in discontig.c for show_mem
when VIRTUAL_MEM_MAP is in use. Otherwise FLATMEM has softlockup timeouts.
This was boot tested for memory configuration: SPARSEMEM,
DISCONTIG+VIRTUAL_MEM_MAP, FLATMEM, FLATMEM+VIRTUAL_MEM_MAP and
FLATMEM+VIRTUAL_MEM_MAP with largest memory gap less than LARGE_GAP by
using boot parameter "mem=".
This was boot tested and "echo m >/proc/sysrq-trigger" output evaluated for
: FLATMEM, FLATMEM+VIRTUAL_MEM_MAP, DISCONTIGMEM+VIRTUAL_MEM_MAP and
SPARSEMEM.
Signed-off-by: Bob Picco <bob.picco@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Assure that vmem_map's high endpoint is MAX_ORDER aligned. Not doing so violates
the buddy allocator algorithm. Also anyone using mem=XXX on boot line and
not aligned to MAX_ORDER requires this patch in order to satisfy buddy
allocator. vmem_map always starts at pfn 0. The potentially large MAX_ORDER
on ia64 (due to hugetlbfs) requires that the end of vmem_map be aligned
to MAX_ORDER_NR_PAGES.
This was boot tested for: FLATMEM, FLATMEM+VIRTUAL_MEM_MAP,
DISCONTIGMEM+VIRTUAL_MEM_MAP and SPARSEMEM.
Signed-off-by: Bob Picco <bob.picco@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Fix some sparse warnings on ia64. Large constants that should be long
instead of int. Use NULL instead of 0. Add some missing __iomem
casts. Replace a non-C99 structure assignment.
Signed-off-by: Keith Owens <kaos@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
I found a bug in memory hot-add code for ia64.
IA64's code has copies of pgdat's array on each node to reduce memory
access over crossing node. This array is used by NODE_DATA() macro. When
new node is hot-added, this pgdat's array should be updated and copied on
new node too.
However, I used for_each_online_node() in scatter_node_data() to copy
it. This meant its array is not copied on new node.
Because initialization of structures for new node was halfway,
so online_node_map couldn't be set at this time.
To copy arrays on new node, I changed it to check value of pgdat_list[]
which is source array of copies. I tested this patch with my Memory Hotadd
emulation on Tiger4. This patch is for 2.6.17-git20.
Signed-off-by: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This is a patch to allocate pgdat and per node data area for ia64. The size
for them can be calculated by compute_pernodesize().
Signed-off-by: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This is to refresh node_data[] array for ia64. As I mentioned previous
patches, ia64 has copies of information of pgdat address array on each node as
per node data.
At v2 of node_add, this function used stop_machine_run() to update them. (I
wished that they were copied safety as much as possible.) But, in this patch,
this arrays are just copied simply, and set node_online_map bit after
completion of pgdat initialization.
So, kernel must touch NODE_DATA() macro after checking node_online_map().
(Current code has already done it.) This is more simple way for just
hot-add.....
Note : It will be problem when hot-remove will occur,
because, even if online_map bit is set, kernel may
touch NODE_DATA() due to race condition. :-(
Signed-off-by: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This is a preparatory patch to make common code for updating of NODE_DATA() of
ia64 between boottime and hotplug.
Current code remembers pgdat address in mem_data which is used at just boot
time. But its information can be used at hotplug time by moving to global
value. The next patch uses this array.
Signed-off-by: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Change the name of old add_memory() to arch_add_memory. And use node id to
get pgdat for the node at NODE_DATA().
Note: Powerpc's old add_memory() is defined as __devinit. However,
add_memory() is usually called only after bootup.
I suppose it may be redundant. But, I'm not well known about powerpc.
So, I keep it. (But, __meminit is better at least.)
Signed-off-by: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: "Brown, Len" <len.brown@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Overloading of page fault notification with the notify_die() has performance
issues(since the only interested components for page fault is kprobes and/or
kdb) and hence this patch introduces the new notifier call chain exclusively
for page fault notifications their by avoiding notifying unnecessary
components in the do_page_fault() code path.
Signed-off-by: Anil S Keshavamurthy <anil.s.keshavamurthy@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
This closes a couple holes in our attribute aliasing avoidance scheme:
- The current kernel fails mmaps of some /dev/mem MMIO regions because
they don't appear in the EFI memory map. This keeps X from working
on the Intel Tiger box.
- The current kernel allows UC mmap of the 0-1MB region of
/sys/.../legacy_mem even when the chipset doesn't support UC
access. This causes an MCA when starting X on HP rx7620 and rx8620
boxes in the default configuration.
There's more detail in the Documentation/ia64/aliasing.txt file this
adds, but the general idea is that if a region might be covered by
a granule-sized kernel identity mapping, any access via /dev/mem or
mmap must use the same attribute as the identity mapping.
Otherwise, we fall back to using an attribute that is supported
according to the EFI memory map, or to using UC if the EFI memory
map doesn't mention the region.
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
This patch modifies ia64's show_mem() to walk the vmem_map page tables and
rapidly skip forward across regions where the page tables are missing.
This prevents the pfn_valid() check from causing numerous unnecessary
page faults.
Without this patch on a 512 node 512 cpu system where every node has four
memory holes, the show_mem() call takes 1 hour 18 minutes. With this
patch, it takes less than 3 seconds.
Signed-off-by: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Take a hint from an x86_64 optimization by Arjan van de Ven and use it
for ia64. See a9ba9a3b38
Prefetch the mmap_sem, which is critical for the performance of the page fault
handler.
Note: mm may be NULL but I guess that is safe.
See 458f935527
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
* 'release' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/aegl/linux-2.6:
[IA64] ioremap() should prefer WB over UC
[IA64] Add __mca_table to the DISCARD list in gate.lds
[IA64] Move __mca_table out of the __init section
[IA64] simplify some condition checks in iosapic_check_gsi_range
[IA64] correct some messages and fixes some minor things
[IA64-SGI] fix for-loop in sn_hwperf_geoid_to_cnode()
[IA64-SGI] sn_hwperf use of num_online_cpus()
[IA64] optimize flush_tlb_range on large numa box
[IA64] lazy_mmu_prot_update needs to be aware of huge pages
efi_memmap_init() collects full granules of WB memory, without
regard for whether they also support UC. So in order for ioremap()
to work for main memory, it must prefer WB mappings when possible.
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
It was reported from a field customer that global spin lock ptcg_lock
is giving a lot of grief on munmap performance running on a large numa
machine. What appears to be a problem coming from flush_tlb_range(),
which currently unconditionally calls platform_global_tlb_purge().
For some of the numa machines in existence today, this function is
mapped into ia64_global_tlb_purge(), which holds ptcg_lock spin lock
while executing ptc.ga instruction.
Here is a patch that attempt to avoid global tlb purge whenever
possible. It will use local tlb purge as much as possible. Though the
conditions to use local tlb purge is pretty restrictive. One of the
side effect of having flush tlb range instruction on ia64 is that
kernel don't get a chance to clear out cpu_vm_mask. On ia64, this mask
is sticky and it will accumulate if process bounces around. Thus
diminishing the possible use of ptc.l. Thoughts?
Signed-off-by: Ken Chen <kenneth.w.chen@intel.com>
Acked-by: Jack Steiner <steiner@sgi.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Function lazy_mmu_prot_update is also used on huge pages when it is called
by set_huge_ptep_writable, but it isn't aware of huge pages.
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanmin <yanmin.zhang@intel.com>
Acked-by: Ken Chen <kenneth.w.chen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Because pgdat_list was linked to pgdat_list in *reverse* order, (By default)
some of arch has to sort it by themselves.
for_each_pgdat has gone..for_each_online_pgdat() uses node_online_map, which
doesn't need to be sorted.
This patch removes codes for sorting pgdat.
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Check the EFI memory map so we can use the correct memory attributes for
ioremap(). Previously, we always used uncacheable access, which blows up on
some machines for regular system memory.
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Cc: Matt Domsch <Matt_Domsch@dell.com>
Cc: "Tolentino, Matthew E" <matthew.e.tolentino@intel.com>
Cc: "Brown, Len" <len.brown@intel.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@muc.de>
Acked-by: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Add init declaration to bunch of patch functions and gate
page setup function.
Signed-off-by: Ken Chen <kenneth.w.chen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Add init declaration to variables/functions used for memory
initialization. I don't think they would clash with memory
hotplug. If they do, please yell.
Signed-off-by: Ken Chen <kenneth.w.chen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Add init declaration to cpu initialization functions.
Signed-off-by: Ken Chen <kenneth.w.chen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
fix is_hugepage_only_range() definition to be "overlaps"
instead of "within architectural restricted hugetlb address
range". Simplify the ia64 specific code that used to use
is_hugepage_only_range() to just check which region the
address is in.
Signed-off-by: Ken Chen <kenneth.w.chen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Quite a long time back, prepare_hugepage_range() replaced
is_aligned_hugepage_range() as the callback from mm/mmap.c to arch code to
verify if an address range is suitable for a hugepage mapping.
is_aligned_hugepage_range() stuck around, but only to implement
prepare_hugepage_range() on archs which didn't implement their own.
Most archs (everything except ia64 and powerpc) used the same
implementation of is_aligned_hugepage_range(). On powerpc, which
implements its own prepare_hugepage_range(), the custom version was never
used.
In addition, "is_aligned_hugepage_range()" was a bad name, because it
suggests it returns true iff the given range is a good hugepage range,
whereas in fact it returns 0-or-error (so the sense is reversed).
This patch cleans up by abolishing is_aligned_hugepage_range(). Instead
prepare_hugepage_range() is defined directly. Most archs use the default
version, which simply checks the given region is aligned to the size of a
hugepage. ia64 and powerpc define custom versions. The ia64 one simply
checks that the range is in the correct address space region in addition to
being suitably aligned. The powerpc version (just as previously) checks
for suitable addresses, and if necessary performs low-level MMU frobbing to
set up new areas for use by hugepages.
No libhugetlbfs testsuite regressions on ppc64 (POWER5 LPAR).
Signed-off-by: David Gibson <david@gibson.dropbear.id.au>
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanmin <yanmin.zhang@intel.com>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: William Lee Irwin III <wli@holomorphy.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
set_page_count usage outside mm/ is limited to setting the refcount to 1.
Remove set_page_count from outside mm/, and replace those users with
init_page_count() and set_page_refcounted().
This allows more debug checking, and tighter control on how code is allowed
to play around with page->_count.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
First step to memory hotplug for ia64 (add only,
all new memory is added to node 0, does not use
ZONE_EASY_RECLAIM yet).
Signed-off-by: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
I originally thought this was an bug only in the SN code, but I think I
also see a hole in the generic IA64 tlb code. (Separate patch was sent
for the SN problem).
It looks like there is a bug in the TLB flushing code. During context switch,
kernel threads (kswapd, for example) inherit the mm of the task that was
previously running on the cpu. Normally, this is ok because the previous context
is still loaded into the RR registers. However, if the owner of the mm
migrates to another cpu, changes it's context number, and references a
page before kswapd issues a tlb_purge for that same page, the purge will be
done with a stale context number (& RR registers).
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
here is the BSP removal support for IA64. Its pretty much the same thing that
was released a while back, but has your feedback incorporated.
- Removed CONFIG_BSP_REMOVE_WORKAROUND and associated cmdline param
- Fixed compile issue with sn2/zx1 due to a undefined fix_b0_for_bsp
- some formatting nits (whitespace etc)
This has been tested on tiger and long back by alex on hp systems as well.
Signed-off-by: Ashok Raj <ashok.raj@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
The per-node data structures are allocated with strided offsets that are a
function of the node number. This prevents excessive cache-aliasing from
occurring.
On systems with a large number of nodes, the strided offset becomes
too large. This patch restricts the maximum offset to 32MB. This is far larger
than the size of any current L3 cache.
Signed-off-by: Jack Steiner <steiner@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
The original memory less node allocation attempted to use NODEDATA_ALIGN for
alignment. The bootmem allocator only allows a power of two alignments. This
causes a BUG_ON for some nodes. For cpu only nodes just allocate with a
PERCPU_PAGE_SIZE alignment.
Some older firmware reports SLIT distances of 0xff and results in bestnode
not being computed. This is now treated correctly.
The failed allocation check was removed because it's redundant. The
bootmem allocator already makes this check.
This fix has been boot tested on 4 node machine which has 4 cpu only nodes
and 1 memory node. Thanks to Pete Keilty for reporting this and helping me
test it.
Signed-off-by: Bob Picco <bob.picco@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
wrap_mmu_context(), delayed_tlb_flush(), get_mmu_context() all
have an extra { } block which cause one extra indentation.
get_mmu_context() is particularly bad with 5 indentations to
the most inner "if". It finally gets on my nerve that I can't
keep the code within 80 columns. Remove the extra { } block
and while I'm at it, reformat all the comments to 80-column
friendly. No functional change at all with this patch.
Signed-off-by: Ken Chen <kenneth.w.chen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Corrects the very inefficent method of finding free context_ids in
get_mmu_context(). Instead of walking the task_list of all processes,
2 bitmaps are used to efficently store and lookup state, inuse and
needs flushing. The entire rid address space is now used before calling
wrap_mmu_context and global tlb flushing.
Special thanks to Ken and Rohit for their review and modifications in
using a bit flushmap.
Signed-off-by: Peter Keilty <peter.keilty@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
pgdat->node_size_lock is basically only neeeded in one place in the normal
code: show_mem(), which is the arch-specific sysrq-m printing function.
Strictly speaking, the architectures not doing memory hotplug do no need this
locking in show_mem(). However, they are all included for completeness. This
should also make any future consolidation of all of the implementations a
little more straightforward.
This lock is also held in the sparsemem code during a memory removal, as
sections are invalidated. This is the place there pfn_valid() is made false
for a memory area that's being removed. The lock is only required when doing
pfn_valid() operations on memory which the user does not already have a
reference on the page, such as in show_mem().
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
There was one small but very significant change in the previous patch:
mprotect's flush_tlb_range fell outside the page_table_lock: as it is in 2.4,
but that doesn't prove it safe in 2.6.
On some architectures flush_tlb_range comes to the same as flush_tlb_mm, which
has always been called from outside page_table_lock in dup_mmap, and is so
proved safe. Others required a deeper audit: I could find no reliance on
page_table_lock in any; but in ia64 and parisc found some code which looks a
bit as if it might want preemption disabled. That won't do any actual harm,
so pending a decision from the maintainers, disable preemption there.
Remove comments on page_table_lock from flush_tlb_mm, flush_tlb_range and
flush_tlb_page entries in cachetlb.txt: they were rather misleading (what
generic code does is different from what usually happens), the rules are now
changing, and it's not yet clear where we'll end up (will the generic
tlb_flush_mmu happen always under lock? never under lock? or sometimes under
and sometimes not?).
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
First step in pushing down the page_table_lock. init_mm.page_table_lock has
been used throughout the architectures (usually for ioremap): not to serialize
kernel address space allocation (that's usually vmlist_lock), but because
pud_alloc,pmd_alloc,pte_alloc_kernel expect caller holds it.
Reverse that: don't lock or unlock init_mm.page_table_lock in any of the
architectures; instead rely on pud_alloc,pmd_alloc,pte_alloc_kernel to take
and drop it when allocating a new one, to check lest a racing task already
did. Similarly no page_table_lock in vmalloc's map_vm_area.
Some temporary ugliness in __pud_alloc and __pmd_alloc: since they also handle
user mms, which are converted only by a later patch, for now they have to lock
differently according to whether or not it's init_mm.
If sources get muddled, there's a danger that an arch source taking
init_mm.page_table_lock will be mixed with common source also taking it (or
neither take it). So break the rules and make another change, which should
break the build for such a mismatch: remove the redundant mm arg from
pte_alloc_kernel (ppc64 scrapped its distinct ioremap_mm in 2.6.13).
Exceptions: arm26 used pte_alloc_kernel on user mm, now pte_alloc_map; ia64
used pte_alloc_map on init_mm, now pte_alloc_kernel; parisc had bad args to
pmd_alloc and pte_alloc_kernel in unused USE_HPPA_IOREMAP code; ppc64
map_io_page forgot to unlock on failure; ppc mmu_mapin_ram and ppc64 im_free
took page_table_lock for no good reason.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
ia64 has expand_backing_store function for growing its Register Backing Store
vma upwards. But more complete code for this purpose is found in the
CONFIG_STACK_GROWSUP part of mm/mmap.c. Uglify its #ifdefs further to provide
expand_upwards for ia64 as well as expand_stack for parisc.
The Register Backing Store vma should be marked VM_ACCOUNT. Implement the
intention of growing it only a page at a time, instead of passing an address
outside of the vma to handle_mm_fault, with unknown consequences.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The original vm_stat_account has fallen into disuse, with only one user, and
only one user of vm_stat_unaccount. It's easier to keep track if we convert
them all to __vm_stat_account, then free it from its __shackles.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
flush_tlb_all() can be a scaling issue on large SGI Altix systems
since it uses the global call_lock and always executes on all cpus.
When a process enters flush_tlb_range() to purge TLBs for another
process, it is possible to avoid flush_tlb_all() and instead allow
sn2_global_tlb_purge() to purge TLBs only where necessary.
This patch modifies flush_tlb_range() so that this case can be handled
by platform TLB purge functions and updates ia64_global_tlb_purge()
accordingly. sn2_global_tlb_purge() now calculates the region register
value from the mm argument introduced with this patch.
Signed-off-by: Dean Roe <roe@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
In arch/ia64 change the explicit use of for-loops and NR_CPUS into the
general for_each_cpu() or for_each_online_cpu() constructs, as
appropriate. This widens the scope of potential future optimizations
of the general constructs, as well as takes advantage of the existing
optimizations of first_cpu() and next_cpu().
Signed-off-by: John Hawkes <hawkes@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
This patch is the minimal set of changes required by ia64 to use SPARSEMEM.
Signed-off-by: Bob Picco <bob.picco@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
For FLATMEM contig_page_data has been made transparent to the arch code.
This patch conforms to that change.
Signed-off-by: Bob Picco <bob.picco@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
The patch modifies the Kconfig file to introduce the new memory model
options and other related SPARSEMEM changes. There is also a minor change
in the Makefile.
Signed-off-by: Bob Picco <bob.picco@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Bob Picco
Keith Owens
Yasunori Goto
Jörn Engel
Anil S Keshavamurthy
Tony Luck
KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki
Bjorn Helgaas
Robin Holt
Christoph Lameter
Linus Torvalds
Chen, Kenneth W
Zhang, Yanmin
David Gibson
Nick Piggin
Jack Steiner
Ashok Raj
Peter Keilty
Dave Hansen
Hugh Dickins
Dean Roe
hawkes@sgi.com