Load and save MTRR state together with machine state.
Add support for the MTRRcap MSR which is used by the latest Bochs BIOS
and some operating systems.
Fix a typo in ext2_feature_name.
With this patch, MTRR emulation should be good enough to not trigger any
sanity checks in well behaved BIOS/kernel code.
Some corner cases for BIOS/firmware usage remain to be implemented, but
that can be deferred to another patch.
Also, MTRR accesses on hardware not supporting MTRRs should cause #GP.
That can be enforced by another patch as well.
Signed-off-by: Carl-Daniel Hailfinger <c-d.hailfinger.devel.2006@gmx.net>
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@6472 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
It seems that the conversion of the kernel-delivered eflags state into
qemu's internal split representation was once needed in an older kvm
design (register read-back may have taken place from inside cpu_exec).
Today it is plain wrong and causes incorrect cpu state reporting (gdb,
monitor) and should also corrupt its saving (savevm, migration). Drop
the related lines.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kiszka <jan.kiszka@siemens.com>
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@6461 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
As discussed a few times on this list: A triple fault causes a system
reset on x86, and some guests make use of this (e.g. 386BSD). To keep
the chance of tracing unexpected resets, log them if CPU_LOG_RESET is
set.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kiszka <jan.kiszka@siemens.com>
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@6453 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
Original idea&code by Kevin Wolf, split-up in two patches and added more
archs.
This patch introduces a flag to log CPU resets. Useful for tracing
unexpected resets (such as those triggered by x86 triple faults).
Signed-off-by: Jan Kiszka <jan.kiszka@siemens.com>
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@6452 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
The current codebase ignores MTRR (Memory Type Range Register)
configuration writes and reads because Qemu does not implement caching.
All BIOS/firmware in know of for x86 do implement a mode called
Cache-as-RAM (CAR) which locks down the CPU cache lines and uses the CPU
cache like RAM before RAM is enabled. Qemu assumes RAM is accessible
from the start, but it would be nice to be able to run real
BIOS/firmware in Qemu. For that, we need CAR support and for CAR support
we have to support MTRRs.
This patch is a first step in that direction. MTRRs are MSRs supported
by all recent x86 CPUs, even old i586. Besides influencing cache, the
MTRRs can be written and read back, so discarding MTRR writes violates
the expectations of existing code out there.
An added benefit of this patch is that it fixes the following Linux
kernel error message present in recent kernels (provided the BIOS has
the recent MTRR patches applied):
------------[ cut here ]------------
WARNING: at arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mtrr/main.c:1500 mtrr_trim_uncached_memory+0x382/0x384()
WARNING: strange, CPU MTRRs all blank?
Modules linked in:
Supported: Yes
Pid: 0, comm: swapper Not tainted 2.6.27.7-9-default #1
[<c0106570>] dump_trace+0x6b/0x249
[<c01070a5>] show_trace+0x20/0x39
[<c0343c02>] dump_stack+0x71/0x76
[<c012acb2>] warn_slowpath+0x6f/0x90
[<c0542f8f>] mtrr_trim_uncached_memory+0x382/0x384
[<c053f24d>] setup_arch+0x40d/0x639
[<c053a6ac>] start_kernel+0x6b/0x31f
=======================
---[ end trace 4eaa2a86a8e2da22 ]---
Handle common x86 MTRR reads and writes, but don't act on them.
Signed-off-by: Carl-Daniel Hailfinger <c-d.hailfinger.devel.2006@gmx.net>
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@6449 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
These are references to 'loglevel' that aren't on a simple 'if (loglevel &
X) qemu_log()' statement.
Signed-off-by: Eduardo Habkost <ehabkost@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@6340 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
This is a large patch that changes all occurrences of logfile/loglevel
global variables to use the new qemu_log*() macros.
Signed-off-by: Eduardo Habkost <ehabkost@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@6338 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
Use macros to avoid #ifdefs on debugging code.
This patch doesn't try to merge logging macros from different files,
but just unify the debugging code #ifdefs onto a macro on each file. A
further cleanup can unify the debugging macros on a common header, later
Signed-off-by: Eduardo Habkost <ehabkost@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@6332 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
Introduce noreturn attribute and attach it to cpu_loop_exit as well as
interrupt/exception helpers for i386. This avoids a bunch of gcc4
warnings.
[ Note that this patch comes with a workaround to include qemu-common.h
even in cases where is currently causes conflicts with dyngen-exec.h.
I've been told that these conflicts will get resolved in the future
(/me will try to have a look as well - as time permits). ]
Signed-off-by: Jan Kiszka <jan.kiszka@siemens.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@6303 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
The attached patch updates the FSF address in the GPL/LGPL boilerplate
in most GPL/LGPLed files, and also in COPYING.LIB.
Signed-off-by: Stuart Brady <stuart.brady@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Aurelien Jarno <aurelien@aurel32.net>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@6162 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
Change from v1:
Avoid changing the existing coding style in certain files.
Signed-off-by: Stuart Brady <stuart.brady@gmail.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@6120 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
Hollis Blanchard noticed that the last commit was not sufficient. We also need
to initialize the msr size in our newly allocated list.
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@6018 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
I believe this was spotted by Gerd Hoffman but I can't find his patch
now. This will cause very subtle corruption on the heap because we
don't allocate the appropriately sized buffer.
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@6017 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
Remove some unnecessary includes, add needed includes, move prototypes to
cpu.h to suppress missing prototype warnings.
Remove unused functions and prototypes (cpu_x86_flush_tlb, cpu_lock,
cpu_unlock, restore_native_fp_state, save_native_fp_state).
Make some functions and data static (f15rk, parity_table, rclw_table,
rclb_table, raise_interrupt, fpu_raise_exception), they are not used
outside op_helper.c anymore.
Make some x86_64 and user only code conditional to avoid warnings.
Document where each function is implemented in cpu.h and exec.h.
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@6005 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
Fix crash with kvm enabled.
Signed-off-by: Stefan Weil <weil@mail.berlios.de>
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5984 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
When running grub-install (32-bit) on an x86_64 Linux system in qemu, it
hangs on a pagefault forever, because an integer overflow occurs on the
IP on "jmp im". This patch masks overflows for 32 bit IPs on a 64 bit
system, just like it is done for 16 bit IPs already.
Using this patch, x86_64 openSUSE installation works again.
Signed-off-by: Alexander Graf <agraf@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Kevin Wolf <kwolf@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Aurelien Jarno <aurelien@aurel32.net>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5963 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
The icebp instruction can be abused to terminate the emulation,
resulting in denial of service.
Signed-off-by: Aurelien Jarno <aurelien@aurel32.net>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5921 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
All archs use the same cpu_loop_exit, so move the prototype in a common
header. i386 was carrying a __hidden attribute, but that was empty for
this arch anyway.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kiszka <jan.kiszka@siemens.com>
Signed-off-by: Aurelien Jarno <aurelien@aurel32.net>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5820 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
This switches cpu_break/watchpoint_* to TAILQ wrappers, simplifying the
code and also fixing a use after release issue in
cpu_break/watchpoint_remove_all.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kiszka <jan.kiszka@siemens.com>
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5799 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
As the debug registers are no longer dummies, let's include their
current state into the 'info registers' output and other register dumps.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kiszka <jan.kiszka@siemens.com>
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5748 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
Built on top of previously enhanced breakpoint/watchpoint support, this
patch adds full debug register emulation for the x86 architecture.
Many corner cases were considered, and the result was successfully
tested inside a Linux guest with gdb, but I won't be surprised if one
or two scenarios still behave differently in reality.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kiszka <jan.kiszka@siemens.com>
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5747 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
This patch prepares the QEMU cpu_watchpoint/breakpoint API to allow the
succeeding enhancements this series comes with.
First of all, it overcomes MAX_BREAKPOINTS/MAX_WATCHPOINTS by switching
to dynamically allocated data structures that are kept in linked lists.
This also allows to return a stable reference to the related objects,
required for later introduced x86 debug register support.
Breakpoints and watchpoints are stored with their full information set
and an additional flag field that makes them easily extensible for use
beyond pure guest debugging.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kiszka <jan.kiszka@siemens.com>
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5738 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
This patch refactors the way the CPU state is handled that is associated
with a TB. The basic motivation is to move more arch specific code out
of generic files. Specifically the long #ifdef clutter in tb_find_fast()
has to be overcome in order to avoid duplicating it for the gdb
watchpoint fixes (patch "Restore pc on watchpoint hits").
Signed-off-by: Jan Kiszka <jan.kiszka@siemens.com>
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5736 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
as macros should be avoided when possible.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kiszka <jan.kiszka@siemens.com>
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5735 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
Warning is:
target-i386/helper.c: In function `cpu_x86_cpuid':
target-i386/helper.c:1373: warning: implicit declaration of function `host_cpuid'
Signed-off-by: Mark McLoughlin <markmc@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5718 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
Typo. Exposes rdtscp which kills some guests.
Signed-off-by: Avi Kivity <avi@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5717 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
The third argument to ioctl is a ... which allows any value to be passed. In
practice, glibc always treats the argument as a void *.
Do the same thing for the kvm ioctls to keep things consistent with a
traditional ioctl.
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5715 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
x86 CPUs feature extended family/model bits in CPUID leaf
0000_0001|EAX. Refer to page 10 in:
http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/white_papers_and_tech_docs/25481.pdf
Those bits are necessary to model newer AMD CPUs:
-cpu qemu64,family=15,model=65,stepping=3 or
-cpu qemu64,family=16,model=4,stepping=2
Signed-off-by: Andre Przywara <andre.przywara@amd.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5664 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
This patch adds very basic KVM support. KVM is a kernel module for Linux that
allows userspace programs to make use of hardware virtualization support. It
current supports x86 hardware virtualization using Intel VT-x or AMD-V. It
also supports IA64 VT-i, PPC 440, and S390.
This patch only implements the bare minimum support to get a guest booting. It
has very little impact the rest of QEMU and attempts to integrate nicely with
the rest of QEMU.
Even though this implementation is basic, it is significantly faster than TCG.
Booting and shutting down a Linux guest:
w/TCG: 1:32.36 elapsed 84% CPU
w/KVM: 0:31.14 elapsed 59% CPU
Right now, KVM is disabled by default and must be explicitly enabled with
-enable-kvm. We can enable it by default later when we have had better
testing.
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5627 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
KVM needs to call CPUID from outside of the TCG code. This patch
splits out the CPUID logic into a separate helper that both the op
helper and KVM can call.
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5626 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
Some x86 CPU definitions that KVM needs
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5625 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
A target_ulong may be 64-bit. Passing it to a function expecting a 32-bit
pointer is wrong and unfortunately happens to work for x86. It won't work on
big endian hosts though. Change the code to work properly on all hosts.
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5570 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
With SVM the TLB supports tagging to distinguish TLB entries from
different virtual CPUs. This tag is called an ASID. The amount of ASIDs is
given in EBX of the SVM-CPUID-leaf. Currently we return 0, which might
break hypervisors. Let's better return something >0 here, say 0x10.
Since we're flushing the complete TLB on every VM entry and exit we're not
making use of the ASID information anyways.
Signed-off-by: Alexander Graf <agraf@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Aurelien Jarno <aurelien@aurel32.net>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5496 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
This patch adds a CPU definition for the Core Duo CPU. I tried to
resemble the original as closely as possible and document what features
are missing still. This patch enables the use of a recent CPU definition
on 32 bit platforms.
It also fixes two issues that went along the line:
- invalid xlevel in core2duo spec
While looking though the CPUIDs again, I found that xlevel is actually 8.
- non-PSE36 support
The CoreDuo CPUID does not expose the PSE36 capability, but CPUID
0x80000008 is tied to 36 bits. This broke Windows XP installation for
me, so I just set it to 32 bits width when PSE36 is not available. The
original CPU also exposes 32 bit width in CPUID 0x80000008.
Signed-off-by: Alexander Graf <agraf@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Aurelien Jarno <aurelien@aurel32.net>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5488 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
Forced the constant's width to long long so that it doesn't overflow,
problem spotted by C. W. Betts.
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5417 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
This adds support for CPUID_EXT_SSE41, CPUID_EXT_SSE42, CPUID_EXT_POPCNT
extensions. Most instructions haven't been tested yet.
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5411 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
load_seg_vm calls cpu_x86_load_seg_cache which updates hflags of
current env, real hardware doesn't do this, nor the code that handles
real mode lret/lcall/ljmp.
This unbreaks "unreal mode" and makes QEMU the first emulator being
able to run Project Angel demo by IMPACT Studios. (Not that there are
many physical machines out there capable of doing the same)
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5403 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
sysenter_cs is a u32 and is loaded as a u32.
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5351 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
the CPUID specification. This patch addresses this by specifying exactly
what is missing.
While going along the missing CPUID entries I also stumbled across
invalid and missing CPUID #defines while comparing them to the Intel
Documentation. This patch also addresses these. I found them too minor
to split them up in a separate patch.
Furthermore I looked through CPUID functions > 5 and realized that it
should be safe to bump the level to 10. I tried booting Linux with that
and it worked fine.
Signed-off-by: Alexander Graf <agraf@suse.de>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5350 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
As noticed by Alexander Graf Atom is a name of a series with varying
features.
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5341 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
On Intel CPUs, sysenter and sysexit are valid in 64-bit mode. This patch
makes both 64-bit aware and enables them for Intel CPUs.
Add cpu save/load for 64-bit wide sysenter variables.
Signed-off-by: Alexander Graf <agraf@suse.de>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5318 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
This patch adds a Core 2 Duo CPU to the available CPU types. The CPU
definition tries to resemble a real CPU as good as possible, whilst not
exposing features qemu does not implement.
The patch also includes some minor additions that Core 2 Duo CPUs have:
- New MSR: MSR_IA32_PERF_STATUS
- CPUID up to level 5 (cache info and mwait)
Signed-off-by: Alexander Graf <agraf@suse.de>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5317 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
Right now CPU vendor identification contains a lot of magic numbers. The
patch cleans them up to defines, so we can identify the CPU later on
without copying magic numbers.
Signed-off-by: Alexander Graf <agraf@suse.de>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5316 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
As discussed in
http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/qemu-devel/2008-08/msg00667.html,
current pxe boot is broken for some use cases. The problem
goes away if we reduce the number of allowed bits in the address space
to 32 (which has the side effect of reducing guest max mem size to 4Gb).
After digging for a while, it turns out that it happens because pxelinux
tries to access address 0x10009e9a6, which does not fit a 32-bit address.
A closer look, however, reveals this access is totally valid: It's just
0x9e9a6 with an add carry.
To avoid this, this patch casts the address passed to the POPL macro to
a 32-bit value. This is also done, although just theorectically, for
PUSHL too.
Signed-off-by: Glauber Costa <glommer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
Reported-by: Chris Lalancette <clalance@redhat.com>
CC: Eduardo Habkost <ehabkost@redhat.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5182 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
It helps debugging guests when yet unmapped pages are correctly reported
as, well, unmapped.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kiszka <jan.kiszka@web.de>
Signed-off-by: Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@5025 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
Save and restore env->interrupt_request and env->halted.
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@4817 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
This patch fixes MMU emulation in PAE mode for > 4GB physical addresses:
- a20_mask should have the correct size to not clear the high part of
the addresses.
- PHYS_ADDR_MASK should not clear the high part of the addresses.
- pdpe, pde and pte could be located anywhere in memory on x86-64, but
only in the first 4GB on x86, define their pointer to as target_ulong.
- pml4e_addr could be located anywhere in memory, define its pointer
as uint64_t.
- paddr represents a physical address and thus should be of type
target_phys_addr_t.
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@4239 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
allowing support of more than 2 mmu access modes.
Add backward compatibility is_user variable in targets code when needed.
Implement per target cpu_mmu_index function, avoiding duplicated code
and #ifdef TARGET_xxx in softmmu core functions.
Implement per target mmu modes definitions. As an example, add PowerPC
hypervisor mode definition and Alpha executive and kernel modes definitions.
Optimize PowerPC case, precomputing mmu_idx when MSR register changes
and using the same definition in code translation code.
git-svn-id: svn://svn.savannah.nongnu.org/qemu/trunk@3384 c046a42c-6fe2-441c-8c8c-71466251a162
malc